CN109126819B - Preparation method of high-dispersity carbon-supported Pt-Ni catalyst - Google Patents

Preparation method of high-dispersity carbon-supported Pt-Ni catalyst Download PDF

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CN109126819B
CN109126819B CN201810954142.XA CN201810954142A CN109126819B CN 109126819 B CN109126819 B CN 109126819B CN 201810954142 A CN201810954142 A CN 201810954142A CN 109126819 B CN109126819 B CN 109126819B
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林瑞
蔡鑫
沈丹丹
朱玉
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Tongji University
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    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
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Abstract

The invention relates to a preparation method of a high-dispersity carbon-supported Pt-Ni catalyst, which comprises the following steps of: carrying out special dispersion treatment on a carrier carbon black material in deionized water; adding a soluble Pt precursor and a soluble Ni precursor into the carrier slurry, adding a reducing agent, reacting completely, and filtering, washing, precipitating, drying and grinding the product to obtain an intermediate product; and (3) carrying out heat treatment on the intermediate product at a high temperature by using reducing gas to obtain the Pt-Ni/C catalyst. The method has the advantages of simple operation, green and energy-saving preparation conditions, mildness and controllability, and can effectively control the components of the synthetic catalyst. The result shows that the prepared catalyst has uniform particle distribution, moderate size and higher oxygen reduction catalytic activity. The addition of Ni improves the catalytic performance while reducing the catalyst cost, and can be effectively applied to industrial production.

Description

Preparation method of high-dispersity carbon-supported Pt-Ni catalyst
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of catalyst preparation, in particular to a preparation method of a high-dispersity carbon-supported Pt-Ni catalyst.
Background
With the progress of the times and the development of economy, the demand of human beings on energy is increasing day by day, and simultaneously, higher requirements are put forward on the sustainable construction idea. The traditional fossil fuel has serious pollution and damage to the ecological environment due to the non-regenerability and the emission of a large amount of waste gases and toxic gases such as carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and the like in the combustion process, and is one of the important reasons for the formation of severe weather such as haze and the like. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are an environmentally friendly energy source, and are drawing attention from academic and industrial circles of various countries in the world under the situation of increasing depletion of petroleum resources. The catalyst is a key material of the PEMFC, the catalytic efficiency of the catalyst determines the reaction rate of an electrode and the efficiency of a fuel cell, and meanwhile, the catalyst plays a non-negligible role in reducing the cost of the fuel cell and improving the durability of the fuel cell. The Pt-based alloy catalyst prepared by the method can reduce the content of Pt in the catalyst and improve the utilization rate of platinum metal on the one hand, and can play a role in improving the catalytic activity of Pt particles by doping other metal elements on the other hand, thereby being very beneficial to reducing the cost of fuel cells. The research and development of the dispersion of the alloy catalyst carrier, the improvement of the controllability of the catalyst components and the optimization of the chemical synthesis step for preparing the catalyst are key technologies for improving the performance and the durability of the catalyst, so that the preparation method of the catalyst can be suitable for large-scale preparation, and the cost of the catalyst is reduced.
In order to increase the utilization of noble metals, noble metals are often supported on certain supports to improve dispersibility. The catalyst carrier not only plays a role in supporting and dispersing active components of the catalyst, but also plays an important role in mass transfer, heat transfer, chemical stability, thermal stability and the like of the catalyst. Carbon black materials (vulcan XC-72, acetylene black, Ketjen black, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, carbon nanomolecular sieves, graphite nanofibers, graphene oxide, graphene and other carbon materials) are ideal carrier choices for fuel cell catalysts because they have the following conditions: (1) the specific surface area is high, so that the noble metal active component can be effectively dispersed; (2) the electronic conduction capacity is good; (3) appropriate pore structure to reduce transport migration resistance of reactants, intermediates and products. The traditional method for dispersing the carbon carrier is to directly dissolve carbon carrier powder in a solvent, perform ultrasonic oscillation outside a container to obtain ink slurry, and then perform preparation of the catalyst, but the carbon carrier dispersed by the method is greatly agglomerated, and carbon black particles cannot be dispersed to be uniform and fine enough, so that the uniformity and electrochemical performance of the catalyst are affected.
Chinese patent CN103157494A discloses a method for synthesizing a Pt-Ni catalyst material by a hydrothermal method. Preparing a Pt source and a Ni source into solutions by using secondary water respectively, mixing, adding a carbon source into the mixed solution, and performing ultrasonic dispersion on the mixed solution; transferring the mixed solution into a high-pressure kettle, and heating at constant temperature; filtering to remove liquid, filtering, precipitating, and naturally drying at room temperature to obtain Pt-Ni nano catalyst material with carbon source as carrier, but the method adopts common ultrasonic vibration to disperse carbon carrier, and the method has no way to obtain uniform and fine carbon particles. The reaction condition of the method is more rigorous, the reaction needs to be carried out for a long time under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure, and the method does not meet the requirements of green energy conservation. Meanwhile, in example 1, the molar ratio of Pt to Ni charged is 1:1, but as can be seen from the corresponding XRD patterns provided, the actual alloy ratio is far from the charged ratio, and the catalyst components cannot be well controlled.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above-mentioned shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention is directed to solving the problems of dispersion of carbon support and composition control of alloy catalyst, and providing a method for preparing carbon-supported Pt — Ni catalyst with high dispersibility and capable of realizing precise control of atomic ratio.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a preparation method of a high-dispersity carbon-supported Pt-Ni catalyst comprises the following steps:
(1) taking a carrier carbon black material, adding deionized water, and performing special dispersing treatment to obtain carrier slurry;
(2) adding a soluble Pt precursor and a soluble Ni precursor into the carrier slurry, adding a reducing agent, reacting completely, and filtering, washing, precipitating, drying and grinding the product to obtain an intermediate product;
(3) and (3) carrying out heat treatment on the intermediate product at a high temperature by using reducing gas to obtain the Pt-Ni/C catalyst.
Preferably, sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate is added in the step (1) to adjust the pH value of the carrier slurry to 7-11.
Preferably, the carbon black material is selected from one of vulcan XC-72, acetylene black, Ketjen black, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, carbon nanomolecular sieves, graphite nanofibers, graphene oxide or graphene.
Preferably, the dispersing treatment in step (1) is a combination of an ultrasonic method and a stress shear method, or a combination of an ultrasonic method and a cell pulverization method, or a combination of the three methods.
Preferably, the soluble Pt precursor is a soluble salt of Pt selected from chloroplatinic acid, platinum acetylacetonate or platinum chloride.
Preferably, the soluble Ni precursor is a soluble salt of Ni selected from nickel chloride, nickel nitrate, nickel acetate or nickel acetylacetonate.
Preferably, Pt accounts for 30-50% of the total mass of the catalyst in the Pt-Ni/C catalyst, and the molar ratio of Pt to Ni is 3: 1-1: 3.
Preferably, the reducing agent in the step (2) is ethylene glycol, formaldehyde or hydrogen, and the reaction temperature is 75-85 ℃.
Preferably, the intermediate product in the step (3) is subjected to heat treatment at the temperature of 350-900 ℃ for 2-6 h.
Preferably, the reducing gas in step (3) is a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and argon.
The method is suitable for industrial preparation, is simple to operate, has green and energy-saving preparation conditions, and the prepared catalyst particles are uniform in distribution, moderate in size and high in catalytic activity of oxygen reduction reaction, and has the following beneficial effects:
(1) combines a water phase dispersion mixing preparation method and a high-temperature gas reduction method, and the synthesis method is green and simple. The early preparation can be carried out at low temperature and normal pressure, has low requirement on equipment and low production cost, and is suitable for industrial mass preparation;
(2) under the prior art, the carbon carrier powder is directly dissolved in a solvent, a large amount of agglomeration occurs, carbon black particles cannot be dispersed uniformly enough, and the uniformity and electrochemical performance of the catalyst are affected. The special dispersing treatment of the carbon carrier can ensure that carbon black particles are fine enough and can be uniformly dispersed in a solvent at a temperature, the agglomeration condition is obviously improved, the prepared catalyst has small particle size and uniform particle size, and the repeatability and uniformity are also ensured;
(3) in the preparation process, the precursors of Pt and Ni exist in the state of high molecular polymer by adjusting the PH value, and are dispersed in the solution in the form of colloid, so that the proper chain length and molecular weight are obtained. When the pH is too low, incomplete reaction of the platinum high-molecular polymer occurs; when the pH is too high, the chain length of the platinum high-molecular polymer is not increased any more and starts to be dissolved, so that the preparation of the catalyst is not facilitated. Therefore, under a proper PH environment, the nano-sized precipitate can be obtained through reduction, and the alloy catalyst with smaller particle size is prepared;
(4) under the condition of the prior art, the batch charging ratio of the alloy catalyst prepared on a large scale usually has a certain error with the actual ratio, and the accurate control of the atomic ratio is difficult to realize. According to the invention, through adjustment and optimization of the pH value of the solution, the heat treatment temperature and the reducing gas components, the error between the actual atomic ratio and the feed ratio is small, the controllability in the catalyst preparation process is improved, and the alloy catalyst with good oxygen reduction catalytic performance under an acidic condition is obtained.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is Pt prepared in example 12TEM image of Ni/C catalyst.
FIG. 2 is a TEM image of the PtNi/C catalyst prepared in example 2.
FIG. 3 is Pt prepared in example 33XRD pattern of Ni/C catalyst.
FIG. 4 is a TEM image of the PtNi/C catalyst prepared in the comparative example.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and specific embodiments.
Example 1
Pt2Ni/C catalyst (Pt: Ni molar ratio 2:1, mass accounting for 30% of total mass of the catalyst), weighing carbon powder slurry which is equivalent to 0.4g of vulcan XC-72 carbon powder and is subjected to ultrasonic and stress shearing treatment, and sequentially adding 0.7g of NaCO according to the steps3Adjusting the pH value to 8, slowly dropping 6.6ml of chloroplatinic acid solution with the concentration of 0.1158mol/L, 3.3ml of nickel nitrate solution with the same concentration and prepared 1.5g of formaldehyde solution (preparation method: adding 14ml of deionized water into every 1ml of formaldehyde solution for dilution) into the slurry in turn under magnetic stirring, uniformly stirring, and controlling the reaction temperature to react at 75 ℃. After being filtered and washed, mixed gas (H) of hydrogen and nitrogen is introduced at 550 DEG C2:N21:4) for 5h, 30% Pt was obtained2Ni/C catalyst. TEM test (figure 1) and electrochemical characterization (table 1) are carried out on the catalyst, and figure 1 shows that the PtNi catalyst particles are uniformly dispersed and have moderate particle size of about 4.4 nm. It is known from table 1 that the catalyst has good oxygen reduction catalytic performance.
Example 2
The molar ratio of Pt to Ni in example 1 was varied to prepare a PtNi/C catalyst (Pt: Ni molar ratio 1:1, mass 30% of the total mass of the catalyst), and 0.35g of Ketjen black carbon powder was weighed and subjected to stress shearing and cell pulverization treatmentAdding 0.7g of NaHCO into the carbon powder slurry according to the steps3Adjusting the pH value to 8, slowly dropping 5.8267ml of chloroplatinic acid solution with the concentration of 0.1158mol/L, 5.8267ml of nickel nitrate solution with the same concentration and prepared 1.5g of formaldehyde solution (preparation method: adding 14ml of deionized water into every 1ml of formaldehyde solution for dilution) into the slurry in turn under magnetic stirring, uniformly stirring, and controlling the reaction temperature to react at 80 ℃. After being filtered, mixed gas (H) of hydrogen and nitrogen is introduced at 500 DEG C2:N21:19) was subjected to heat treatment for 5h to obtain 30% PtNi/C catalyst. Taking the catalyst to carry out TEM test (figure 2) and electrochemical characterization (table 1), wherein figure 1 shows that the PtNi catalyst has uniform particle size, good dispersion and basically no agglomeration phenomenon, the average particle size of the particles is 5.0nm, the alloying rate basically meets the target, and the calculated nickel element accounts for 50.5% of the metal and the theoretical proportion is 50.0%. It is known from table 1 that the catalyst has good oxygen reduction catalytic performance.
Example 3
Pt was prepared by varying the molar ratio of Pt to Ni in example 13Ni/C catalyst (Pt: Ni molar ratio 3:1, mass accounting for 30% of total mass of the catalyst), weighing carbon powder slurry which is equivalent to 0.4g of carbon powder and is subjected to ultrasonic and stress shearing treatment, and sequentially adding 0.8g of NaHCO according to the steps3Adjusting the pH value to 8.5, slowly dripping 6.8944ml of chloroplatinic acid solution with the concentration of 0.1158mol/L, 2.2522ml of nickel nitrate solution with the same concentration and prepared 1.5g of glycol solution into the slurry in sequence under the magnetic stirring, uniformly stirring, and controlling the reaction temperature to react at 85 ℃. After being filtered and washed, mixed gas (H) of hydrogen and argon is introduced at 600 DEG C2Ar is 1:4) and heat treatment is carried out for 2h, 30 percent of Pt is obtained3Ni/C catalyst. XRD test (figure 3) and electrochemical characterization (table 1) are carried out on the catalyst, and figure 3 shows that the Pt particle of the catalyst has good crystallization degree and moderate average particle size of 3.7 nm. It is known from table 1 that the catalyst has good oxygen reduction catalytic performance.
Example 4
PtNi was prepared by varying the molar ratio of Pt to Ni in example 13The phase is weighed according to the proportion of Pt to Ni (the mol ratio of Pt to Ni is 1:3, and the mass accounts for 30 percent of the total mass of the catalyst)/C catalystWhen 0.4g of carbon powder slurry is added, 0.8g of NaHCO is added in turn according to the above steps3Adjusting the pH value to 8.5, slowly dripping 5.5049ml of chloroplatinic acid solution with the concentration of 0.1158mol/L, 16.5147ml of nickel nitrate solution with the same concentration and prepared 1.5g of glycol solution into the slurry in sequence under the magnetic stirring, uniformly stirring, and controlling the reaction temperature to be about 85 ℃ for reaction. Filtering, washing, and heat treating at 900 deg.C to obtain 30% PtNi3a/C catalyst. The catalyst was taken for electrochemical characterization (table 1), and it can be seen from table 1 that the catalyst has good oxygen reduction catalytic performance.
Comparative example
This comparative example was prepared by the same method as in example 1, except that only ultrasonic dispersion treatment was applied to the carbon support during the preparation, and TEM and electrochemical characteristics thereof are shown in fig. 4 and table 1, respectively. FIG. 4 shows that the catalyst particles prepared in the comparative example have a particle size of 3.8nm, but are significantly agglomerated and unevenly dispersed. As can be seen from table 1, this results in a large reduction in the catalytic performance of the catalyst for oxygen reduction.
Table 1 shows the mass specific activity (MA), electrochemical active area (ECSA) and area Specific Activity (SA) of the Pt-Ni/C catalysts prepared in examples 1, 2, 3, 4 and comparative examples calculated from the cyclic voltammogram of the oxygen reduction reaction and the linear sweep curve, the test sweep range being 0.05-1V (vs. RHE), and the sweep rate being 5mV s-1The electrode rotation speed is 1600rpm, the solution is 0.1 mol.L saturated by oxygen-1HClO4And (3) solution.
TABLE 1 test results of examples and comparative examples
Figure BDA0001772264610000051
Figure BDA0001772264610000061
In summary, the present invention provides a method for preparing a highly dispersible carbon-supported Pt — Ni catalyst, which is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the application of the present invention is not limited to the above examples. It should be noted that modifications and optimizations based on the description of the invention should be considered by those skilled in the art as the scope of the invention.

Claims (2)

1. A preparation method of a high-dispersity carbon-supported Pt-Ni catalyst is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) taking a carrier carbon black material, adding deionized water, and carrying out dispersing treatment to obtain carrier slurry;
(2) adding a soluble Pt precursor and a soluble Ni precursor into the carrier slurry, adding a reducing agent, and reacting completely to obtain an intermediate product;
(3) carrying out heat treatment on the intermediate product at high temperature by using reducing gas to obtain a Pt-Ni/C catalyst;
adding sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate into the step (1) to adjust the pH value of the carrier slurry to 7-11;
the dispersing treatment method in the step (1) is the combination of an ultrasonic method and a stress shearing method, or the combination of the ultrasonic method and a cell crushing method, or the combination of the ultrasonic method, the stress shearing method and the cell crushing method;
the reducing agent in the step (2) is glycol, formaldehyde or hydrogen, and the reaction temperature is 75-85 ℃;
when the intermediate product in the step (3) is subjected to heat treatment, the temperature is 350-;
the reducing gas in the step (3) is hydrogen and nitrogen or a mixed gas of hydrogen and argon;
the soluble Pt precursor is soluble salt of Pt, and is selected from chloroplatinic acid, acetylacetone platinum or platinum chloride;
the soluble Ni precursor is soluble salt of Ni, and is selected from nickel chloride, nickel nitrate, nickel acetate or nickel acetylacetonate;
the Pt in the Pt-Ni/C catalyst accounts for 30-50% of the total mass of the catalyst, and the molar ratio of the Pt to the Ni is 3: 1-1: 3.
2. The method for preparing the highly dispersible carbon supported Pt-Ni catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the carbon black material is selected from vulcan XC-72, acetylene black, Ketjen black, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, carbon nanomolecular sieves, graphite nanofibers, graphene oxide, or graphene.
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