CN109121121B - Communication establishing method, terminal and storage medium - Google Patents
Communication establishing method, terminal and storage medium Download PDFInfo
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- CN109121121B CN109121121B CN201811151578.1A CN201811151578A CN109121121B CN 109121121 B CN109121121 B CN 109121121B CN 201811151578 A CN201811151578 A CN 201811151578A CN 109121121 B CN109121121 B CN 109121121B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
- H04W4/70—Services for machine-to-machine communication [M2M] or machine type communication [MTC]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
- H04W4/02—Services making use of location information
- H04W4/021—Services related to particular areas, e.g. point of interest [POI] services, venue services or geofences
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
- H04W4/02—Services making use of location information
- H04W4/023—Services making use of location information using mutual or relative location information between multiple location based services [LBS] targets or of distance thresholds
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W76/00—Connection management
- H04W76/10—Connection setup
- H04W76/14—Direct-mode setup
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W72/00—Local resource management
- H04W72/04—Wireless resource allocation
Abstract
The embodiment of the application discloses a communication establishing method, which is applied to a first terminal and comprises the following steps: acquiring the position information of a first terminal and the position information of a second terminal; determining that the first terminal and the second terminal satisfy the D2D communication condition based on the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal; sending a communication establishment request to a base station, so that the base station allocates channel resources for D2D communication between the first terminal and a second terminal based on the communication establishment request; and establishing D2D communication connection with the second terminal based on the channel resources allocated by the base station. The embodiment of the application also discloses a terminal and a storage medium.
Description
Technical Field
The present application relates to communications technologies, and in particular, to a communication establishing method, a terminal, and a storage medium.
Background
The long term evolution of the third Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP), and in particular the future fifth Generation mobile communication technology (5G, 5th Generation) communication, facilitates access to a local Internet Protocol (IP) service in an office, home, public hot spot, or outdoor environment. The most simple use case of local connectivity or local access is the way of direct communication between close-range terminals at a distance of ten or even a hundred meters, that is, Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, D2D communication is communication between terminals as the name implies, and a general D2D communication flow is that when a Device a needs to perform D2D communication with a Device B, the Device a first establishes a connection with a base station, and the base station then sends a connection confirmation message to the Device B, when the base station confirms that the device B can communicate with the device A in D2D, the base station allocates a signal space to the device A, the device A uses the signal space to realize the communication with the device B, after the connection is realized, the device A and the device B need to periodically send signals to carry out state maintenance with the base station, however, the connection process of the D2D communication establishment method is complex, the signaling overhead is large, and the connection speed is slow.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the foregoing technical problem, embodiments of the present application are directed to providing a communication establishing method, a terminal, and a storage medium, which are capable of quickly establishing a D2D communication connection between terminals.
The technical scheme of the application is realized as follows:
the embodiment of the application provides a communication establishing method, which is applied to a first terminal and comprises the following steps:
acquiring the position information of a first terminal and the position information of a second terminal;
determining that the first terminal and the second terminal satisfy the D2D communication condition based on the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal;
sending a communication establishment request to a base station, so that the base station allocates channel resources for D2D communication between the first terminal and a second terminal based on the communication establishment request;
and establishing D2D communication connection with the second terminal based on the channel resources allocated by the base station.
In the foregoing solution, before the obtaining of the location information of the second terminal, the method further includes: establishing a wireless connection with the second terminal; wherein the wireless connection and the D2D communication connection are different connection modes.
In the foregoing solution, the communication condition includes: the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal is less than or equal to a distance threshold.
In the foregoing solution, the determining that the first terminal and the second terminal satisfy the D2D communication condition based on the location information of the first terminal and the location information of the second terminal includes: determining the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal based on the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal; and the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal is smaller than or equal to a distance threshold value, and the first terminal and the second terminal are determined to meet the D2D communication condition.
In the foregoing solution, after establishing the D2D communication connection with the second terminal, the method further includes: and when the first terminal and the second terminal are determined not to meet the D2D communication condition, sending a disconnection request to the base station so that the base station can recover the channel resources based on the disconnection request.
The embodiment of the present application further provides a first terminal, where the first terminal includes:
the processing unit is used for acquiring the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal; determining that the first terminal and the second terminal satisfy the D2D communication condition based on the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal;
a transceiving unit, configured to send a communication establishment request to a base station, so that the base station allocates channel resources for D2D communication between the first terminal and a second terminal based on the communication establishment request;
the processing unit is further configured to establish a D2D communication connection with the second terminal based on the channel resource allocated by the base station.
In the above scheme, the processing unit is further configured to establish a wireless connection with the second terminal; wherein the wireless connection and the D2D communication connection are different connection modes.
In the foregoing solution, the communication condition includes: the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal is less than or equal to a distance threshold.
In the foregoing solution, the processing unit is specifically configured to determine a distance between the first terminal and the second terminal based on the location information of the first terminal and the location information of the second terminal; and the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal is smaller than or equal to a distance threshold value, and the first terminal and the second terminal are determined to meet the D2D communication condition.
In the foregoing solution, the transceiver unit is further configured to send a disconnection request to the base station when it is determined that the first terminal and the second terminal do not satisfy the D2D communication condition, so that the base station recovers the channel resource based on the disconnection request.
The embodiment of the present application further provides a first terminal, including: a processor and a memory configured to store a computer program capable of running on the processor,
wherein the processor is configured to perform the steps of the aforementioned method when running the computer program.
A computer storage medium is also provided in an embodiment of the present application, on which a computer program is stored, wherein the computer program, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the aforementioned method.
By adopting the technical scheme, after the first terminal determines that the D2D communication can be carried out with the second terminal, the first terminal sends a communication establishment request carrying the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal to the base station, so that the base station can quickly locate the connection equipment, and allocate channel resources for the D2D communication connection without confirming the second terminal. Therefore, signaling overhead is reduced, and connection speed is improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a first flowchart of a communication establishment method according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 2 is a second flowchart of a communication establishment method according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 3 is a third flow chart of the communication establishment method in the embodiment of the present application
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a first component structure of a first terminal in an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a second component structure of the first terminal in the embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
So that the manner in which the features and elements of the present embodiments can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the embodiments, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings.
Example one
As shown in fig. 1, the method for establishing communication specifically includes:
step 101: acquiring the position information of a first terminal and the position information of a second terminal;
step 102: determining that the first terminal and the second terminal satisfy the D2D communication condition based on the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal;
step 103: sending a communication establishment request to the base station, so that the base station allocates channel resources for the D2D communication between the first terminal and the second terminal based on the communication establishment request;
step 104: and establishing the D2D communication connection with the second terminal based on the channel resources allocated by the base station.
Here, the execution subject of steps 101 to 104 may be a processor or a transceiver of the first terminal. The transceiver is used for executing information interaction with a second terminal or a base station, and the processor is used for executing the processing of data inside the terminal.
The communication establishing method provided by the embodiment of the application is suitable for a scene that the first terminal and the second terminal carry out D2D communication. The greatest difference between D2D communication and short-distance communication technologies based on ISM Band (Industrial Scientific Medical Band), such as bluetooth and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), is that it uses the licensed Band of the telecom operator, its interference environment is controllable, and data transmission has higher reliability. In addition, bluetooth requires manual matching of users to achieve communication, WLAN requires user-defined setting of Access Points (APs) before communication, and D2D communication does not require the above process, providing better user experience. In addition, D2D can satisfy a large amount of information interaction between people, and the transmission speed is faster, and has better Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee compared with free Wi-FiDirect.
In practical application, before step 101, the method further includes: establishing wireless connection with a second terminal; the wireless connection and the D2D communication connection are in different connection modes; and acquiring the position information of the second terminal and the position information of the first terminal.
Specifically, the wireless connection mode may be a connection mode such as bluetooth, ZigBee, WLAN, cellular mobile network, or the like.
Further, it is determined that the first terminal and the second terminal satisfy the D2D communication condition based on the location information of the first terminal and the location information of the second terminal.
That is, the first terminal acquires the location information of the second terminal in advance through wireless connection, and compares the location information of the first terminal with the location information of the second terminal to determine whether the distance satisfies the D2D communication condition.
In practical implementation, the communication conditions include: the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal is less than or equal to the distance threshold.
In practical applications, step 103 further includes: and receiving channel resource allocation information sent by the base station, and determining the channel resources allocated by the base station when the base station performs D2D communication for the first terminal and the second terminal based on the allocation information.
In some embodiments, after establishing the D2D communication connection with the second terminal, the method further comprises: and when the first terminal and the second terminal are determined not to meet the D2D communication condition, sending a disconnection request to the base station so that the base station can recover the channel resources based on the disconnection request.
That is to say, when the first terminal determines that the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal exceeds the maximum range allowed by the D2D communication, the first terminal sends a disconnection request to the base station, so that the base station recovers channel resources, avoids resource waste, does not need the base station to detect the D2D communication situation of both communication parties, and also reduces signaling interaction.
In practical application, when it is determined that the first terminal and the second terminal do not satisfy the D2D communication condition, the method specifically includes: and when the duration time which does not meet the D2D communication condition is determined to exceed the time threshold, disconnecting the D2D communication connection with the second terminal, and sending a disconnection request to the base station so that the base station recovers the channel resources based on the disconnection request.
By adopting the technical scheme, after the first terminal determines that the D2D communication can be carried out with the second terminal, the first terminal sends a communication establishment request carrying the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal to the base station, so that the base station can quickly locate the connection equipment, and allocate channel resources for the D2D communication connection without confirming the second terminal. Therefore, signaling overhead is reduced, and connection speed is improved.
Example two
To further illustrate the object of the present application on the basis of the first embodiment of the present application, as shown in fig. 2, the method for establishing communication specifically includes:
step 201: the first terminal and the second terminal establish wireless connection;
specifically, the wireless connection mode may be a connection mode such as bluetooth, ZigBee, WLAN, cellular mobile network, or the like.
That is, the position information of the second terminal is acquired in advance through wireless connection, and the position information of the second terminal is compared with the position information of the second terminal to determine whether the distance satisfies the D2D communication condition.
For example, the first terminal is bluetooth connected with the second terminal in advance, the first terminal acquires the position information of the second terminal through bluetooth, and determines that the D2D communication connection can be established with the second terminal based on the position information of the second terminal. Or, since the distance range of the bluetooth connection is smaller than that of the D2D communication connection, when the first terminal and the second terminal can be bluetooth connected, it can be directly confirmed that the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal satisfies the D2D connection requirement, and the location information of the second terminal is acquired.
Step 202: the method comprises the steps that a first terminal obtains position information of a second terminal and position information of the first terminal;
here, the precedence relationship between the position information of the second terminal and the position information of the first terminal itself is not affected by the embodiment of the present application, and may be obtained before the first terminal is wirelessly connected to the second terminal, or obtained later.
Step 203: the first terminal determines that the first terminal and the second terminal meet the D2D communication condition based on the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal;
here, the communication conditions include: the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal is less than or equal to the distance threshold.
Specifically, based on the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal, the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal is determined, and whether the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal is smaller than or equal to a distance threshold value is judged; if yes, determining that the first terminal and the second terminal meet the D2D communication condition; if not, the communication condition is not satisfied. The communication distance threshold may take 50 meters for D2D.
Step 204: sending a communication establishment request to a base station;
here, the communication establishment request includes at least the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal.
Step 205: the base station receives the communication establishment request, and allocates channel resources for the D2D communication between the first terminal and the second terminal based on the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal in the communication establishment request;
specifically, the base station determines which idle channel resources in the current range can be allocated to the first terminal and the second terminal based on the location information of the first terminal and the location information of the second terminal, and after the resource allocation is completed, sends a channel resource allocation message to the first terminal, where the channel resource allocation message is used to indicate the channel resources allocated by the base station.
Step 206: a first terminal receives a channel resource allocation message sent by a base station;
specifically, the first terminal determines, based on the received channel resource allocation message, channel resources that can be used when establishing D2D communication with the second terminal.
Step 207: the first terminal establishes a D2D communication connection with the second terminal based on the channel resources allocated by the base station.
Specifically, the first terminal and the second terminal may directly establish the D2D connection by using the channel resource allocated by the base station.
After this step the method further comprises: and detecting the position between the first terminal and the second terminal in real time, and when the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal does not meet the D2D communication condition, disconnecting the D2D connection with the second terminal and sending a disconnection request to the base station so that the base station recovers the channel resources.
The existing D2D communication establishment process includes that when device a needs to perform D2D communication with device B, device a establishes connection with the base station first, and then the base station sends a connection confirmation message to device B, and when the base station confirms that device B can perform D2D communication with device a, the base station allocates a signal space to device a, and device a uses the signal space to perform communication with device B. It can be seen that, in the existing D2D communication establishing method, signaling interaction is required between the base station and both communication parties to confirm that both communication parties satisfy the D2D communication condition, but in the present application, both communication parties realize confirmation whether the D2D communication condition is satisfied, and only one communication party performs signaling interaction with the base station, so that allocation of D2D communication resources can be completed, signaling interaction is reduced, and connection speed is increased.
EXAMPLE III
To further illustrate the object of the present application on the basis of the first embodiment of the present application, as shown in fig. 3, the method for establishing communication specifically includes:
step 301: determining that the first terminal and the second terminal satisfy the D2D communication condition based on the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal;
step 302: sending a communication establishment request to a base station;
step 303: receiving a channel resource allocation message sent by a base station; establishing D2D communication connection with the second terminal based on the channel resource distributed by the base station;
in practical application, after the first terminal establishes the D2D communication connection with the second terminal, the first terminal needs to monitor whether the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal continuously meets the D2D communication condition, and if so, the communication connection state is maintained; if not, the communication connection state is disconnected.
Step 304: and when the first terminal and the second terminal are determined not to meet the D2D communication condition, sending a disconnection request to the base station so that the base station can recover the channel resources based on the disconnection request.
Here, when it is detected that the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal does not satisfy the D2D communication condition, the method specifically includes: and when the duration time which does not meet the D2D communication condition is determined to exceed the time threshold, disconnecting the D2D communication connection with the second terminal, and sending a disconnection request to the base station so that the base station recovers the channel resources based on the disconnection request.
Here, the purpose of sending the disconnection request to the base station is to enable the base station to recover channel resources, avoid resource waste, and reduce signaling interaction without the base station detecting the communication situation of the two communication parties D2D.
By adopting the technical scheme, after the first terminal determines that the D2D communication can be carried out with the second terminal, the first terminal sends a communication establishment request carrying the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal to the base station, so that the base station can quickly locate the connection equipment, and allocate channel resources for the D2D communication connection without confirming the second terminal. And when the communication condition is beyond the allowable range, the first terminal only needs to send a disconnection request to the base station, and the base station directly recovers the channel resources based on the disconnection request. Therefore, signaling overhead is reduced, and connection speed is improved.
Example four
In order to implement the method of the embodiment of the present application, based on the same inventive concept, the embodiment of the present application further provides a first terminal, as shown in fig. 4, where the first terminal 40 includes:
a processing unit 401, configured to obtain location information of a first terminal and location information of a second terminal; determining that the first terminal and the second terminal satisfy the D2D communication condition based on the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal;
a transceiving unit 402, configured to send a communication establishment request to a base station, so that the base station allocates channel resources for D2D communication between a first terminal and a second terminal based on the communication establishment request;
the processing unit 401 is further configured to establish a D2D communication connection with the second terminal based on the channel resource allocated by the base station.
In some embodiments, the processing unit 401 is further configured to establish a wireless connection with a second terminal; the wireless connection and the D2D communication connection are different connection modes.
In some embodiments, the communication conditions include: the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal is less than or equal to the distance threshold.
In some embodiments, the processing unit 401 is specifically configured to determine, based on the location information of the first terminal and the location information of the second terminal, a distance between the first terminal and the second terminal; and the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal is smaller than or equal to a distance threshold value, and the first terminal and the second terminal are determined to meet the D2D communication condition.
In some embodiments, the transceiver unit 402 is further configured to send a disconnection request to the base station when it is determined that the first terminal and the second terminal do not satisfy the D2D communication condition, so that the base station recovers the channel resources based on the disconnection request.
By adopting the technical scheme, after the first terminal determines that the D2D communication can be carried out with the second terminal, the first terminal sends a communication establishment request carrying the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal to the base station, so that the base station can quickly locate the connection equipment, and allocate channel resources for the D2D communication connection without confirming the second terminal. Therefore, signaling overhead is reduced, and connection speed is improved.
EXAMPLE five
Based on the hardware implementation of each unit in the first terminal, an embodiment of the present application further provides another first terminal, as shown in fig. 5, where the first terminal 50 includes: a processor 501 and a memory 502 configured to store a computer program capable of running on the processor;
wherein the processor 501 is configured to execute the method steps in the previous embodiments when running the computer program.
Of course, in practice, the various components of the first terminal 50 are coupled together by a bus system 503, as shown in FIG. 5. It will be appreciated that the bus system 503 is used to enable communications among the components. The bus system 503 includes a power bus, a control bus, and a status signal bus in addition to the data bus. For clarity of illustration, however, the various buses are labeled as bus system 503 in fig. 5.
In practical applications, the processor may be at least one of an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Digital Signal Processing Device (DSPD), a Programmable Logic Device (PLD), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), a controller, a microcontroller, and a microprocessor. It is understood that the electronic devices for implementing the above processor functions may be other devices, and the embodiments of the present application are not limited in particular.
The Memory may be a volatile Memory (volatile Memory), such as a Random-Access Memory (RAM); or a non-volatile Memory (non-volatile Memory), such as a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a flash Memory (flash Memory), a Hard Disk (HDD), or a Solid-State Drive (SSD); or a combination of the above types of memories and provides instructions and data to the processor.
In an exemplary embodiment, the present application further provides a computer readable storage medium, such as a memory 502, comprising a computer program, which is executable by a processor 501 of the first terminal 50 to perform the aforementioned method steps.
The technical solutions described in the embodiments of the present application can be arbitrarily combined without conflict.
In the several embodiments provided in the present application, it should be understood that the disclosed method and intelligent device may be implemented in other ways. The above-described device embodiments are merely illustrative, for example, the division of a unit is only one logical function division, and there may be other division ways in actual implementation, such as: multiple units or components may be combined, or may be integrated into another system, or some features may be omitted, or not implemented. In addition, the coupling, direct coupling or communication connection between the components shown or discussed may be through some interfaces, and the indirect coupling or communication connection between the devices or units may be electrical, mechanical or other forms.
The units described as separate parts may or may not be physically separate, and parts displayed as units may or may not be physical units, that is, may be located in one place, or may be distributed on a plurality of network units; some or all of the units can be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of the embodiment.
In addition, all functional units in the embodiments of the present application may be integrated into one second processing unit, or each unit may be separately regarded as one unit, or two or more units may be integrated into one unit; the integrated unit can be realized in a form of hardware, or in a form of hardware plus a software functional unit.
The above description is only for the specific embodiments of the present application, but the scope of the present application is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of the changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present application, and shall be covered by the scope of the present application.
Claims (12)
1. A communication establishing method applied to a first terminal is characterized by comprising the following steps:
acquiring the position information of a first terminal and the position information of a second terminal;
determining that the first terminal and the second terminal satisfy the D2D communication condition based on the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal;
sending a communication establishment request to a base station, so that the base station allocates channel resources for D2D communication between the first terminal and a second terminal based on the communication establishment request;
and establishing D2D communication connection with the second terminal based on the channel resources allocated by the base station.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein before obtaining the location information of the second terminal, the method further comprises:
establishing a wireless connection with the second terminal; wherein, the wireless connection and the D2D communication connection are different connection modes.
3. The method according to any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the communication condition comprises: the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal is less than or equal to a distance threshold.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the determining that the first terminal and the second terminal satisfy the D2D communication condition based on the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal comprises:
determining the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal based on the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal;
and the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal is smaller than or equal to a distance threshold value, and the first terminal and the second terminal are determined to meet the D2D communication condition.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein after establishing the D2D communication connection with the second terminal, the method further comprises:
and when the first terminal and the second terminal are determined not to meet the D2D communication condition, sending a disconnection request to the base station so that the base station can recover the channel resources based on the disconnection request.
6. A first terminal, characterized in that the first terminal comprises:
the processing unit is used for acquiring the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal; determining that the first terminal and the second terminal satisfy the D2D communication condition based on the position information of the first terminal and the position information of the second terminal;
a transceiving unit, configured to send a communication establishment request to a base station, so that the base station allocates channel resources for D2D communication between the first terminal and a second terminal based on the communication establishment request;
the processing unit is further configured to establish a D2D communication connection with the second terminal based on the channel resource allocated by the base station.
7. The first terminal of claim 6, wherein the processing unit is further configured to establish a wireless connection with the second terminal; wherein the wireless connection and the D2D communication connection are different connection modes.
8. The first terminal according to any of claims 6 or 7, wherein the communication conditions comprise: the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal is less than or equal to a distance threshold.
9. The first terminal according to claim 8, wherein the processing unit is specifically configured to determine a distance between the first terminal and the second terminal based on the location information of the first terminal and the location information of the second terminal; and the distance between the first terminal and the second terminal is smaller than or equal to a distance threshold value, and the first terminal and the second terminal are determined to meet the D2D communication condition.
10. The first terminal of claim 6, wherein the transceiver unit is further configured to send a disconnection request to the base station when it is determined that the first terminal and the second terminal do not satisfy the D2D communication condition, so that the base station recovers the channel resource based on the disconnection request.
11. A first terminal, characterized in that the first terminal comprises: a processor and a memory configured to store a computer program operable on the processor;
wherein the processor is configured to perform the steps of the method of any one of claims 1 to 5 when running the computer program.
12. A computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored which, when being executed by a processor, carries out the steps of the method of any one of claims 1 to 5.
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