CN109120062A - A kind of sampling unit of plug and play, intelligent GIS system and identification method of sensor - Google Patents
A kind of sampling unit of plug and play, intelligent GIS system and identification method of sensor Download PDFInfo
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- CN109120062A CN109120062A CN201710480837.4A CN201710480837A CN109120062A CN 109120062 A CN109120062 A CN 109120062A CN 201710480837 A CN201710480837 A CN 201710480837A CN 109120062 A CN109120062 A CN 109120062A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
- H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
- H02J13/00019—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using optical means
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02B90/20—Smart grids as enabling technology in buildings sector
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
- Y04S40/12—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment
- Y04S40/124—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment using wired telecommunication networks or data transmission busses
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of sampling unit of plug and play, intelligent GIS system and identification method of sensor, identification method of sensor includes: whether the periodic polling of process layer acquisition unit has sensor insertion；If acquisition unit detect sensor insertion and receive GIS comprehensive monitoring IED transmission actively call configuration order, the configuration information for the various kinds of sensors that the configuration information that then obtains the configuration information of the sensor of insertion, and will acquire is stored with itself is matched；If successful match, the parameter information of the sensor is obtained according to configuration information, and the parameter information is sent to GIS comprehensive monitoring IED；The parameter information of GIS comprehensive monitoring IED receiving sensor, and updated according to the parameter information that the parameter information carries out sensor.The present invention realizes that standardization access and system components quickly connect by the application of sensor plug and play technique, reduces personnel's operation and configuration fault possibility and the difficulty of generalized information system scene operation and maintenance.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of sampling unit of plug and play, intelligent GIS system and identification method of sensor, belong to high pressure
Device intelligence technical field.
Background technique
Key equipment one of of the GIS as electric system is by the electrical component closing in substation in addition to transformer
Combination is in grounded metal enclosure, using SF6 gas as the integrated system of dielectric.Compared with conventional electrical appliance, GIS, which has, to be accounted for
Ground area is small, easy for installation, be not easy to be affected by the external environment, the advantages such as operational reliability is high, the time between overhauls(TBO) is long, but due to it
Body structure is complicated, and manufacture and maintenance craft are various, once broken down, with the repair time is long, scope of power outage is wide, failure shadow
It rings big and system and repairs the features such as difficult.If GIS is broken down in the process of running again less than timely processing, may be to electricity
Net operation brings serious harm.Therefore, the fault detection means for increasing high pressure GIS to discovery incipient fault, reduce power train
System operating cost, raising power system security and reliability have very important significance.
Using " apparatus body+intelligent assembly " be main contents intelligent GIS as intelligent substation an importance,
The basic functions such as monitoring, control, measurement, the protection of GIS are realized, certain application achievements are achieved, but are also exposed very much
Problem.Such as: (1) the secondary devices spoilage such as strong electromagnetic harassing and wrecking environment lower sensor high.Currently, being integrated in the installation of GIS ontology
Monitoring sensor parameter export RS485 communication line, analog current voltage signal and on-off model mostly based on dielectric
Based on, dielectric circuit is not only easily influenced signal transmission by live electromagnetic disturbance, but also can not be to switching overvoltage, lightning stroke
Overvoltage is effectively isolated, and the equipment damages such as rear class intelligent assembly are caused.(2) privatization of sensor specification causes live operation
It is difficult in maintenance.Currently, in engineer application the communication of intelligent GIS sensor layer based on RS485 bus realize that each manufacturer's specification is private
Have, communication standard is open insufficient, needs to be mapped to the realization information sharing of DL/T 860 by monitoring IED on-line, interoperability is difficult, makes
It is more at field data transmission link, later period overhaul and operation maintenance very complicated, and replacing again also very after sensor degradation
It is difficult.(3) data transmission credibility is poor, sample-synchronous system complex.Existing on-line monitoring sensor layer communication is all based on greatly
RS485 realizes that physical layer transmission speed is low, and communication distance is close, and to impedance matching requirements, high, signal level is easily distorted.(4) right
It in the occasion for needing synchronized sampling, needs to increase additional clock synchronization bus, increases system complexity.On-Line Monitor Device at present
Have with routine transformer interface, and its low speed communication modes can not be compatible with electric mutual inductor high-speed sampling mode, cannot obtain
Take system running current information of voltage, influence arrester resistance current calculate, partial discharge synchronous base phase access and electric current/
Voltage effects type identification etc. function is realized, and then influences the Performance Evaluation of equipment running status.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of sampling unit of plug and play, intelligent GIS system and identification method of sensor,
For solving this difficult technical problem of existing generalized information system scene operation and maintenance.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a kind of sensors of plug and play intelligent GIS system to know automatically
Other method, steps are as follows:
Step 1, whether the periodic polling of process layer acquisition unit has sensor insertion；
Step 2, it is called together if acquisition unit detects sensor insertion and receives the active that GIS comprehensive monitoring IED is sent
Configuration order is called out, then the configuration information that obtains the configuration information of the sensor of insertion, and will acquire is stored all kinds of with itself
The configuration information of sensor is matched；
Step 3, if successful match, acquisition unit obtains the sensor itself stored according to the configuration information
Parameter information, and the parameter information for the sensor that will acquire is sent to GIS comprehensive monitoring IED；
Step 4, GIS comprehensive monitoring IED receives the parameter information for the sensor that the acquisition unit sends over, and according to
The parameter information that the parameter information of the sensor received carries out sensor updates.
Further, if further including that matching is unsuccessful, acquisition unit carry out event triggering and on send GIS comprehensive monitoring
IED。
The present invention also provides a kind of plug and play intelligent GIS systems, and the process layer including being stored with configuration information senses
The process layer acquisition unit and wall GIS comprehensive monitoring of device, the configuration information for being stored with various kinds of sensors and parameter information
IED, the acquisition unit sampling connect the sensor, and the acquisition unit communicates to connect the GIS comprehensive monitoring IED；
The acquisition unit is used for: whether periodic polling has sensor insertion；If having detected sensor insertion and having received
Configuration order is actively called to what GIS comprehensive monitoring IED was sent, then obtains the configuration information of the sensor of insertion, and will acquire
The configuration information of various kinds of sensors that is stored with itself of configuration information matched；If successful match is matched according to
Confidence breath obtains the parameter information of the sensor itself stored, and the parameter information for the sensor that will acquire is sent to
GIS comprehensive monitoring IED；
The GIS comprehensive monitoring IED is used for: the parameter information for the sensor that the acquisition unit sends over is received, and
It is updated according to the parameter information that the parameter information of the sensor received carries out sensor.
Further, the sensor is combined including at least following two: SF6Gas sensor, breaker mechanic property
Sensor, arrester current sensor.
Further, it is logical to be equipped with the bidirectional optical fiber being communicatively coupled with the GIS comprehensive monitoring IED for the acquisition unit
Believe interface.
Further, it is total to be additionally provided with RS485 interface, the CAN for carrying out sampling connection with the sensor for the acquisition unit
Line interface or FT3 communication protocol interface.
Further, the GIS comprehensive monitoring IED is equipped with for flat with station level on-line monitoring host/integrated information
The fiber optic data communication interface that platform is communicatively coupled.
The present invention also provides a kind of acquisition unit of plug and play intelligent GIS system, the acquisition unit includes processing
Device and memory, the memory are used to store the configuration information and parameter information of various kinds of sensors；The acquisition unit is also set
Have for the Sampling Interface of connection procedure layer sensor and the communication interface for connecting wall GIS comprehensive monitoring IED；
The processor is for executing instruction to realize following method:
Whether there is sensor insertion by the Sampling Interface periodic polling, detects whether to receive by the communication interface
Configuration order is actively called to what wall GIS comprehensive monitoring IED was sent；
If detect sensor insertion and receive GIS comprehensive monitoring IED transmission actively call configuration order, pass through
The Sampling Interface obtains the configuration information of the sensor of insertion, and all kinds of biographies of the configuration information that will acquire and memory storage
The configuration information of sensor is matched；
If successful match, the parameter information for the sensor that memory is stored is obtained according to the configuration information, and
The parameter information for the sensor that will acquire is sent to GIS comprehensive monitoring IED by the communication interface.
Further, the communication interface is bidirectional optical fiber communication interface.
Further, the Sampling Interface is RS485 interface, CAN interface or FT3 communication protocol interface.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
When the input port of acquisition unit has, sensor access, the acquisition unit periodic polling time arrives and GIS comprehensive monitoring
When configuration order is actively called in IED transmission, acquisition unit carries out sensor and changes detection, in the sensor by acquisition insertion
Configuration information, and the configuration information for the various kinds of sensors that the configuration information is stored with itself is matched, and then find and adopt
The parameter information of the sensor stored in collection unit, and parameter information is sent to wall GIS comprehensive monitoring IED, most
Realize that the data of sensor parameters information update eventually.The present invention realizes that standardization connects by the application of sensor plug and play technique
Enter and system components quickly connect, reduces personnel's operation and configuration fault possibility and the operation and maintenance of generalized information system scene
Difficulty.
Acquisition unit is communicated using bidirectional optical fiber communication interface with GIS comprehensive monitoring IED, while being suitable for electronic type
The different application of mutual inductor and routine transformer improves the reliability of system data transmission.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the network diagram of the intelligent GIS system of plug and play；
Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram of the intelligent GIS system of plug and play.
Specific embodiment
With reference to the accompanying drawing and specific embodiment detailed description of the preferred embodiments.
The network diagram of the intelligent GIS system of plug and play of the present invention as shown in Figure 1, include process layer sensing equipment,
Wall GIS comprehensive monitoring IED and station level integrated information platform/on-line monitoring host.The communication bag of intelligent GIS system
Include process-level network communication and station level network communication, wherein process-level network communication support fieldbus, FT3 communication protocol and
IEC61850 communication protocol；61850 communication protocol of IEC is supported in station level network communication.
Specifically, process layer sensing equipment includes acquisition unit and the various sensors for being installed on GIS ontology, acquisition is single
The input port sampling of member connects various sensors, and the output port of acquisition unit communicates to connect GIS comprehensive monitoring IED.Wherein,
Acquisition unit carries out sampling connection using the various sensors of FT3 communication protocol interface and GIS ontology, and acquisition unit is comprehensive with GIS
It closes and information exchange is carried out using optical fiber according to FT3 communication protocol between monitoring IED.As other embodiments, acquisition unit
Can also carry out sampling connection using other ports between the various sensors of GIS ontology, for example, RS485 interface or CAN it is total
Line interface；It can also be communicated using other bidirectional optical fiber communication interfaces between acquisition unit and GIS comprehensive monitoring IED
Connection.
The configuration information of the sensor is stored in various sensors, the main function of the configuration information is for biography
Sensor identified, to help to obtain the parameter information of the sensor.In the present embodiment, which includes sensing
The type of device and manufacturer.Certainly, the configuration information of sensor, which also can according to need, is set as other content.Acquisition unit
In be stored with the configuration information and parameter information of various kinds of sensors, the configuration information of the various kinds of sensors stored in acquisition unit with
The configuration information that sensor is stored matches.Match transmitted by the sensor that its input terminal is newly inserted into when acquisition unit receives
When confidence ceases, the configuration information for the various kinds of sensors which is stored with itself is matched, and according to being matched to
Configuration information so that the parameter information of sensor that is newly inserted into.
Various kinds of sensors in above process layer sensing equipment specifically includes: 1) bent for acquiring breaker actuation stroke
Line, branch wire time characteristic and circuit breaker position contact, disconnecting switch, earthing switch, energy storage motor position contact etc. GIS
Set the mechanical property sensor of state；2) for acquiring SF6 gas humidity in GIS gas chamber, density, dew point, pressure and temperature
SF6 gas sensor；3) for acquiring the arrester current sensor of leakage current of an arrester.
Above-mentioned mechanical property sensor, SF6 gas sensor and arrester current sensor is connect by acquisition unit
Enter wall GIS comprehensive monitoring IED, there is plug-and-play feature.In process layer, sensor and acquisition unit are using on the spot one
Bodyization configuration, can configure corresponding acquisition unit according to the number of sensor.When the Sampling Interface of acquisition unit is used enough
When, multiple sensors can share an acquisition unit according to nearby principle, can only configure an acquisition unit at this time；And when one
When the Sampling Interface of a acquisition unit is not enough, multiple acquisition units can be configured.
In addition, being additionally provided with the UHF partial discharge monitoring unit for acquiring shelf depreciation information inside GIS, UHF in process layer
Partial discharge monitoring unit is directly accessed station level network using optical fiber according to 61850 standard of IEC, with integrated information platform/online
It monitors host and carries out information exchange.
As shown in Fig. 2, acquisition unit is turned by signal data acquisition module, signal conditioning module, data amplification module, A/D
Change the mold block, photoelectric conversion module, self diagnosis module, plug and play communications specification and standard interface and FT3 interface composition.It adopts
Collect unit according to the difference of access sensor, carries out self-adapting estimation, start different algorithm routines, various kinds of sensors is adopted
The sampled data of collection carries out preliminary working, it is made to meet the requirement that comprehensive monitoring IED transmits data, and acquisition unit is assisted by FT3
Data Jing Guo preparatory processing are output to comprehensive monitoring IED through optical fiber by view.
Wall GIS comprehensive monitoring IED includes data acquisition module, data processing module, warning module, status assessment mould
Block, data memory module, self-check of device module, plug and play communication protocol parsing module and standardized data communication module.
Wall GIS comprehensive monitoring IED carries out data summarization, processing and storage and state to all kinds of monitoring informations of GIS host equipment
Assessment.
Above-mentioned intelligent GIS system can be realized the plug-and-play feature of sensor, i.e., the access of realization sensor is automatic
Detection, sensor parameters automatically configure and the automatic acquisition of monitoring information.In the present embodiment, sensor access is realized
Automatic detection and automatically configuring through two-dimensional matrix for sensor parameters are realized, that is, are stored in acquisition unit all kinds of
The configuration information of sensor forms a two-dimensional matrix list, which, which can according to need, is configured and expanded
Exhibition, is modified by configuration file.Generally maximization configuration can be carried out to the Matrix List according to requirement of engineering, work as sensor
It when replacement, can adaptively be configured, two-dimensional matrix example is as shown in table 1:
Table 1
For every kind of configuration information in two-dimensional matrix list, the corresponding parameter information for being stored with the sensor.To match
For setting (4,1), corresponding parameter information is as shown in table 2:
Table 2
Specifically, intelligent GIS system realizes the automatic detection of sensor access, the step of automatically configuring of sensor parameters
It is as follows:
1) match when thering is sensor access, acquisition unit periodic polling time to, GIS comprehensive monitoring IED to send actively calling
Order is set, acquisition unit carries out sensor and changes detection；
2) acquisition unit obtains the sensor configuration information of access, and is matched with the allocation list in two-dimensional matrix；
3) according to the matching result in step 2, if successful match, sensor configuration information is updated, configuration is completed and reads
It takes, such as reads the parameter information of above-mentioned configuration (4,1), and parse and obtain sensor acquisition parameter information.If it fails to match,
The triggering of carry out event and on send GIS comprehensive monitoring IED, repeat step 2).
4) acquisition unit sends configuration update request to GIS comprehensive monitoring IED, and GIS comprehensive monitoring IED, which receives configuration, to be asked
It asks, carries out message authentication, the parameter information of read sensor is sent to GIS comprehensive monitoring IED by acquisition unit.
5) parameter information that GIS comprehensive monitoring IED is transmitted according to acquisition unit completes the configuration parameter based on acquisition unit
Modification and data information list refreshing.
By above step, sensor insertion or the automatic identification changed may be implemented and the automatic of sensor parameters is matched
It sets, the acquisition for carrying out related data for various sensors is ready.
Acquisition unit of the invention is by the output of FT3 agreement simultaneously suitable for electronic mutual inductor and routine transformer
Different application transmits the precision and reliability of raising system by site acquisition and optical fiber；System communication all uses
The optical fiber insensitive to electromagnetic interference improves communication reliability, improves generalized information system anti-interference ability and communication quality, reduced electricity
Equipment damage probability caused by pressing；By sensor plug and play technique application, standardization access and system components are realized
Quickly connection reduces personnel's operation and configuration fault possibility, shortens the interruption maintenance time；Pass through the comprehensive prison of integrated GIS
It surveys IED and replaces the multiple IED of monitoring function group, reduce cost of investment, reduce cumbersome too many levels and interconnect debugging work load, drop
Security risk caused by low too many levels couples.
It should be noted that above be only described specific embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention does not limit to
In above-mentioned particular implementation, those skilled in the art can make various improvement and deformations within the scope of the claims,
Without departing from the technical principles of the invention, those modifications and variations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of sensor automatic identifying method of plug and play intelligent GIS system, which is characterized in that steps are as follows:
Step 1, whether the periodic polling of process layer acquisition unit has sensor insertion；
Step 2, match if acquisition unit detects sensor insertion and receives the active calling that GIS comprehensive monitoring IED is sent
Order is set, then the configuration information that obtains the configuration information of the sensor of insertion, and will acquire and all kinds of sensings itself stored
The configuration information of device is matched；
Step 3, if successful match, acquisition unit obtains the parameter of the sensor itself stored according to the configuration information
Information, and the parameter information for the sensor that will acquire is sent to GIS comprehensive monitoring IED；
Step 4, GIS comprehensive monitoring IED receives the parameter information for the sensor that the acquisition unit sends over, and according to receiving
Sensor parameter information carry out sensor parameter information update.
2. the sensor automatic identifying method of plug and play intelligent GIS system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
If further including that matching is unsuccessful, acquisition unit carry out event triggering and on send GIS comprehensive monitoring IED.
3. a kind of plug and play intelligent GIS system, which is characterized in that including being stored with the process layer sensor of configuration information, depositing
The configuration information of various kinds of sensors and the process layer acquisition unit of parameter information and wall GIS comprehensive monitoring IED are contained,
The acquisition unit sampling connects the sensor, and the acquisition unit communicates to connect the GIS comprehensive monitoring IED；
The acquisition unit is used for: whether periodic polling has sensor insertion；If having detected sensor insertion and having received GIS
What comprehensive monitoring IED was sent actively calls configuration order, then the configuration that obtains the configuration information of the sensor of insertion, and will acquire
The configuration information for the various kinds of sensors that information is stored with itself is matched；If successful match, according to the configuration information
It is comprehensive that the parameter information for the sensor that obtains the parameter information of the sensor itself stored, and will acquire is sent to GIS
Monitor IED；
The GIS comprehensive monitoring IED is used for: receive the parameter information for the sensor that the acquisition unit sends over, and according to
The parameter information that the parameter information of the sensor received carries out sensor updates.
4. plug and play intelligent GIS system according to claim 3, which is characterized in that the sensor include at least with
Lower two kinds of combinations: SF6Gas sensor, breaker mechanic property sensor, arrester current sensor.
5. plug and play intelligent GIS system according to claim 3 or 4, which is characterized in that the acquisition unit be equipped with
The bidirectional optical fiber communication interface that the GIS comprehensive monitoring IED is communicatively coupled.
6. plug and play intelligent GIS system according to claim 5, which is characterized in that the acquisition unit be additionally provided with
The sensor carries out RS485 interface, CAN interface or the FT3 communication protocol interface of sampling connection.
7. plug and play intelligent GIS system according to claim 5, which is characterized in that the GIS comprehensive monitoring IED is set
There is the fiber optic data communication interface for being communicatively coupled with station level on-line monitoring host/integrated information platform.
8. a kind of acquisition unit of plug and play intelligent GIS system, which is characterized in that the acquisition unit includes processor and deposits
Reservoir, the memory are used to store the configuration information and parameter information of various kinds of sensors；The acquisition unit, which is additionally provided with, to be used for
The Sampling Interface of connection procedure layer sensor and communication interface for connecting wall GIS comprehensive monitoring IED；
The processor is for executing instruction to realize following method:
Whether there is sensor insertion by the Sampling Interface periodic polling, is detected whether between receiving by the communication interface
What interlayer GIS comprehensive monitoring IED was sent actively calls configuration order；
If detect sensor insertion and receive GIS comprehensive monitoring IED transmission actively call configuration order, by described
Sampling Interface obtains the configuration information of the sensor of insertion, and the various kinds of sensors of the configuration information that will acquire and memory storage
Configuration information matched；
If successful match, the parameter information for the sensor that memory is stored is obtained according to the configuration information, and will be obtained
The parameter information of the sensor taken is sent to GIS comprehensive monitoring IED by the communication interface.
9. the acquisition unit of plug and play intelligent GIS system according to claim 8, which is characterized in that the communication connects
Mouth is bidirectional optical fiber communication interface.
10. the acquisition unit of plug and play intelligent GIS system according to claim 8 or claim 9, which is characterized in that described to adopt
Sample interface is RS485 interface, CAN interface or FT3 communication protocol interface.
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