CN109089970A - A kind of improved shrimps hatching and collection method - Google Patents
A kind of improved shrimps hatching and collection method Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/50—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish
- A01K61/59—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish of crustaceans, e.g. lobsters or shrimps
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
- A01K61/17—Hatching, e.g. incubators
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/22—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
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- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Biotechnology (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of improved shrimps hatching and collection methods, comprising: carries out disinfection cleaning to incubator;Incubation fluid is added into incubator, then puts into the shrimp ovum of shrimps, hatches 20h~28h at 24 DEG C~32 DEG C;Wherein, incubation fluid is concentration 5 ‰~25 ‰ sea salt aqueous solution, and pH is 7.0~10;After the completion of hatching, shrimps larva is collected;It carries out disinfection cleaning to the shrimps larva of collection, then collects and obtain shrimps.The shrimps larva that the present invention has to be optimized, laboratory hatching shrimps not yet to be formed after standard and hatching for current shrimps incubation condition may provide solution containing the deficiencies of pathogenic microorganism, provide a kind of improved shrimps hatching and collection method, it can get the shrimps larva of high hatchability, high viability, high pick-up rate, and shrimps hatching is easy to operate, incubation condition is easy to control, raw material environmental protection needed for hatching is easy to get and forms laboratory shrimps hatching standard.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of aquaculture, and in particular to a kind of improved shrimps hatching and collection method.
Background technique
Shrimps also known as fairy shrimp, fairy maiden shrimp, are distributed widely in the salt pan or salt lake of land, and nutritive value is high.It is rich
The winter egg of year shrimp, even more a kind of very special resting egg.Resting egg can dry tinning, with commercial form restocking sale;It can also
To be hatched by brine shrimp ovum, as high-quality living bait.Shrimps have many good qualities, such as brine shrimp ovum is largely acquired and is easy,
And it can be reserved for as long as the several years;Brine shrimp ovum hatching only needs culture in about one day to be easy at naupiar larva;As life food, it is not easy
Cause water quality deterioration;Do not sink, there is slow Burden-Swimming Ability of KM;Shrimps larva is of moderate size, and contains protein abundant and fat
Acid.Currently, standard has not yet been formed in the concrete operations process of laboratory hatching brine shrimp ovum.The good year is collected further according to conventional method
Shrimp larva may contain the microorganisms such as pathogen, this generates certain influence to the subsequent small fish fed using shrimps larva, can
It can reduce small fish survival rate.
As the starter diet of fish early stage, shrimps are of crucial importance in aquaculture, especially small fishes, such as spot
Horse fish etc..This research is this shrimps hatching and collection method to have been invented, with length for model animal zebra fish early rearing
Phase provides stable starter diet for zebra fish breeding.Zebra fish is due to some physiological properties: early development is rapid;Ovum is big and saturating
It is bright, it is convenient for micromanipulation;The models such as brain, heart, liver, pancreas are extremely similar to the mankind;Meanwhile zebra fish and people are in genome
Upper homology is up to 87%.These characteristics make zebra fish, are increasingly becoming the hot spot of model animal.In zebra fish research, zebra
The building of fish model be unable to do without the successful raising of zebra fish juvenile fish.Zebra fish juvenile fish is fed at this stage forms standardization not yet
Feeding pattern, the raw material fed at present mainly shelling shrimps and paramecium.In the actual operation process, it needs according to zebra
The different developmental stage of fish juvenile fish feeds different raw materials.The high-quality paramecium of high density is fed after usual 5dpf, is mixed after 15dpf
Feed paramecium and shelling shrimps.During juvenile fish feeding, if feeding is improper to will lead to juvenile fish mortality.Mainly have
The following aspects reason: feed that shrimps density is low, and zebra fish juvenile fish is because of the death that is short of food;Feeding shrimps has middle carrying
Other pathogenic microorganisms etc. are mixed with, juvenile fish easy infection is dead;It is low to feed shrimps survival rate, dead shrimps nutritional ingredient is rotten
Cause juvenile fish dead;Furthermore dead shrimps cause juvenile fish life water pollution that pH, conductivity is widely varied, juvenile fish
Water body environment is not adapted to and dead.
Summary of the invention
Goal of the invention: the present invention has to be optimized, laboratory hatching shrimps not yet shape for current shrimps incubation condition
The deficiencies of pathogenic microorganism may be contained at the shrimps larva after standard and hatching, provides solution, provides one kind
The hatching of improved shrimps and collection method, can get high hatchability, high viability, high quality shrimps larva, and good year
Shrimp hatching is easy to operate, incubation condition is easy to control, and raw material environmental protection needed for hatching is easy to get and forms the hatching of laboratory shrimps
Standard.
Technical solution:
Improved shrimps hatching of the present invention and collection method, comprising:
(1) it carries out disinfection cleaning to incubator;
(2) incubation fluid is added into incubator, then put into shrimps shrimp ovum, at 24 DEG C~32 DEG C hatch 20h~
28h;Wherein, incubation fluid is concentration 5 ‰~25 ‰ sea salt aqueous solution, and pH is 7.0~10;
(3) after the completion of hatching, shrimps larva is collected;
(4) it carries out disinfection cleaning to the shrimps larva of collection, then collects and obtain shrimps.
The purpose of the present invention is forming brine shrimp ovum laboratory to hatch standard, high hatchability, high viability, high quality are obtained
Shrimps larva.By screening high quality shrimps shrimp ovum (rejecting damaged, shrivelled shrimp ovum), disappear before hatching to incubator
Poison cleaning, optimum incubation temp, pH value, salinity, time are chosen when hatching, carries out disinfection, clean to shrimps after hatching, thus
Obtain high hatchability, high viability and the few shrimps larva of contained pathogen.
In step (1), to incubator carry out disinfection cleaning method include: with concentration be 45~50ppm sodium hypochlorite
Solution carries out aeration sterilization 3-4h to incubator, after flushing, then is aerated with pure water and cleans 1~2h.
Preferably, the temperature of the hatching is 26 DEG C~31 DEG C, is further 29 DEG C~31 DEG C, more preferably 30 DEG C, incubates
The time of change is 20h~for 24 hours, is further 21h~23h, more preferably 22h.
Preferably, the incubation fluid is preferably concentration 5 ‰~15 ‰, is further 8 ‰~12 ‰, more preferably 10 ‰ seas
The aqueous solution of salt, pH are 9.0~10, are further 9.3~9.5, more preferably 9.5.Wherein sea salt is conventional commercial product.
The investment density of the shrimp ovum of the shrimps is 100~900/mL, is further 300~500/mL, more excellent
It is selected as 349/mL.
In step (4), the sterilization method of the shrimps larva includes: into the incubation fluid of the larva containing shrimps of collection
Sodium hypochlorite is added to carry out disinfection, shrimps larva, soaking and washing are collected after the completion of disinfection.
Wherein, final concentration of 1~5ppm of sodium hypochlorite, preferably 4ppm, disinfecting time are 5~10min, preferably
10min, the disinfection cleaning method of the condition not will cause the death of shrimps.When collection, the good year is collected with two layers of 100 mesh filter screens
Shrimp larva.
The present invention also provides a kind of feeding methods of zebra fish, including feed shrimps, wherein the acquisition side of shrimps
Method is as described above.
The utility model has the advantages that
(1) hatching front and back cleans incubator, is sterilized, shadow of the pathogenic microorganism to hatching in reduction environment of hatching
It rings;
(2) prawn ovum is screened before hatching, and removes unqualified shrimp ovum, improves brine shrimp ovum hatching rate;
(3) constent temperature heater is used, it is ensured that temperature is constant in hatching process, reduces ambient temperature to the shadow of hatching
It rings;
(4) incubation condition is optimized by experiment, chooses best incubation condition, improve brine shrimp ovum hatching rate and at
Motility rate reduces influence of the dead shrimps to feeding small fish, improves feeding small fish survival rate by improving survival rate;
(5) after collecting shrimps, carry out disinfection to it cleaning, reduces shrimps and carries pathogenic microorganism, improves and raise small fish
Survival rate;
(6) the shrimps larva of the available high hatchability of the present invention, high viability, high pick-up rate, and shrimps hatching behaviour
Make simple, incubation condition to be easy to control, raw material environmental protection needed for hatching is easy to get and forms laboratory shrimps hatching standard.
(7) the good shrimps that the present invention is hatched can effectively propose the survival rate of zebra fish as starter diet
It is high by 25%~30%.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is that brine shrimp ovum of the present invention hatches general flow chart;
Fig. 2 is that shrimps incubation condition of the present invention determines general flow chart.
Specific embodiment
In order to clarify the technical solutions and technical objectives of the present invention, with reference to the accompanying drawing and specific embodiment is to the present invention
It is described further.Method in following embodiments is unless otherwise instructed conventional method.
Embodiment 1
A kind of improved shrimps hatching and collection method, specifically includes the following steps:
(1) hatching prepares
Aeration sterilization 3- is carried out to incubator (liking raw ESEN in brand Beijing) using the liquor natrii hypochloritis that concentration is 45ppm
With clear water repeated flushing incubator pure water aeration cleaning 2h is added, cleaning finishes, to its naturally dry in 4h later.
(2) brine shrimp ovum is hatched
Shrimp ovum of the screening for hatching rejects damaged, shrivelled shrimp ovum.2g shrimp ovum is accurately weighed, about 3.49 × 10^5 is a.
Accurately weigh 10g sea salt (main component NaCl, KCl, CaCl2、MgSO4) be put into ESEN incubator, it is molten that 1L pure water is added
Solution, adjusting PH with NaOH is 9.5, and adjusting temperature using constent temperature heater is 30 DEG C, hatches 22h.
(3) shrimps larvae collection, disinfection, tubulature, preservation
ESEN incubator is closed, 10min is stood, is separated to shrimp shell with shrimps larva, i.e., shrimp shell swims in upper layer, good year
Shrimp is settled down to ESEN incubator bottom.Shrimps are collected using 1L beaker, i.e. opening ESEN incubator valve, collects lower layer's good year
Shrimp drops to close to shrimp shell to liquid level, closes valve.0.082mL is added into beaker, 5.5% liquor natrii hypochloritis of concentration (disappears
Malicious concentration is 4ppm), sterilize 10min.Sanitized collects shrimps larva with two layers of 100 mesh filter screens.Specific collection method is such as
It is lower described, pure water is drawn using dropper and slowly rinses 100 mesh filter screens, and shrimps larva in strainer is rinsed to clean 1L beaker
In, be added 800mL pure water, impregnate 3min, repeated washing 3 times.Cleaning finishes, that is, collects the feeding that shrimps are used for fish,
Shrimps larva in beaker can also be transferred in 50mL sealing freezing plastic tube, -20 DEG C of preservations.
(4) incubator cleaning, disinfection
ESEN incubator valve is opened, shrimps shrimp shell is collected using 1L beaker, gives up.Tap water repeated flushing is used first
Then ESEN incubator removes the shrimp shell not cleaned up with rag, finally clear in the way of disinfection in step (1) and cleaning
It washes.
In the embodiment, the hatching rate of shrimp ovum is 91.37%, survival rate 78.96%.
The investigation method of hatching rate and survival rate is as described below.First, a certain amount of brine shrimp ovum is weighed, stereoscopic micro-
It is counted under mirror, records brine shrimp ovum total number N, then operated according to step (1) and (2).Second, according in step (3)
Method, shrimps are collected into 1L beaker.Third is mixed the shrimps being collected into 5mL plastic dropper, respectively from upper
In lower three layers of absorption 1mL, be added dropwise in 12 orifice plates respectively.4th, it is counted under stereomicroscope, records the good year respectively
Shrimp larva total number n1, n2, n3 and survival shrimps larva total number m1, m2, m3.5th, calculating is hatching rate=[(n1+n2
+ n3) × 1000]/N, survival rate=[(m1+m2+m3) × 1000]/N.
Embodiment 2
By the horizontal experiment of single factor of four factors (temperature, PH, salinity, time) five, each factor optimum level is obtained,
Then former and later two horizontal, progress four factors, three horizontal quadrature experiments of optimum level and optimum level obtained by selection single factor test.
The present embodiment 2 is compared with embodiment 1, in addition to incubation condition is hatched according to the following table 1 orthogonal test scheme, remaining
Method, step are all identical.
1 four factor of table, three horizontal quadrature experimental design
Experimental result is as shown in table 2.
2 four factor of table, three horizontal quadrature experimental result
Interpretation of result
In table 2It is illustrated respectively in each factor each horizontal lower hatching rate (first) and survival rate
The summation of (second).Due to meeting the not equal situation of each factor level number on occasion, it is general with hatching rate and survival rate
Average value size reflects, the size that each different level of the same factor influences test result (extracted amount) and with this
Determine the optimum level that the factor should take.Very poor R with each horizontal lower average percentage hatch rate of same factor and survival rate is (very poor=flat
The minimum value of the one average percentage hatch rate of maximum value or survival rate of equal hatching rate or survival rate) reflect the level change pair of each factor
The size that test result (hatching rate or survival rate) influences.Shadow of the very poor level change for meaning that the factor greatly to test result
It rings greatly, influence of the very poor small level change for meaning that the factor to test result is small.It is obtained influencing hatching rate factor by table 2
Primary and secondary sequence is followed successively by temperature and salinity (factor A, C), pH value (factor B), time (factor D).It is obtained influencing survival rate by table 2
The primary and secondary sequence of factor is followed successively by temperature (factor A), pH value (factor B), time (factor C) and salinity (factor D).It is main because
Element should take best level.And secondary cause then can choose water appropriate according to considering as a whole for cost, time, income etc.
It is flat.Hatching rate should be considered in the experiment first, then influence of the Consideration to survival rate.It, can be in actual production process
It is adjusted according to practical condition.The best collocation that the experiment obtains each factor is A3B2C2D2, i.e. incubation condition is temperature 30
DEG C, pH value 9.5, salinity 10 ‰, time 22h.It is not occurred in 9 tests of orthogonal arrage by the test of this condition,
By doing complementary testing, the hatching rate for as a result obtaining brine shrimp ovum reaches 91%, most greater than hatching rate in orthogonal experiments
High level 85% illustrates feasible using optimization of orthogonal test brine shrimp ovum hatching method.
Embodiment 3
The present embodiment 3 is compared with embodiment 1, and hatching shrimp ovum density is hatched according to the following table 3, remaining incubation condition is adopted
With 30 DEG C of temperature, pH value 9.5, salinity 10 ‰, time 22h.Other specific methods, step are all same as Example 1.
Influence of the different shrimp ovum density of table 3 to brine shrimp ovum hatching rate, survival rate
As shown in Table 3, not significant to hatching rate and survival rate when shrimp ovum density is 100-500/mL, when shrimp ovum
When density continues to increase to 1100/mL, hatching rate and survival rate have downward trend.Needs when may be because of shrimps hatching
Demoulding, when shrimp ovum density is excessively high, egg membrane deposits in incubator, in addition shrimps brooding time is 22h.The above reason influence is incubated
Change water quality, to influence shrimps hatching rate and survival rate.When shrimp ovum density is too low, although hatching rate is high, actual cut
Shrimps larva is less.Therefore, when brine shrimp ovum is hatched, shrimp ovum density should be maintained at 300~500/mL.Actual production process
In, it can be adjusted according to practical condition.
Embodiment 4
According to method hatching, collection shrimps larva in embodiment 1.It obtains high-quality shrimps larva and feeds zebra fish stream
Journey includes following steps, and it is in 26~28 DEG C of water, to it that the freezing shrimps larva of experiment harvest, which is placed on temperature, first
Thawing completely can be fed.Then certain amount shrimps larva is drawn using 5mL plastic suction pipe to be fed (if rich
Year shrimp larval density is excessively high, can be drawn after pure water is diluted and be fed with plastic suction pipe).According to every cylinder zebra fish juvenile fish number
Amount, determines feeding volume (feeding volume is how many).It is arranged in contrast groups and does not carry out the shrimps larva of hypochlorite disinfectant and (specifically incubate
Change collection step in addition to not carrying out hypochlorite disinfectant, remaining step is same as Example 1.)
Influence of the 4 different openings feed of table to zebra fish juvenile fish survival rate
High-quality shrimps larva is fed as shown in Table 4, and zebra fish juvenile fish feeds the shelling good year without the significant peak mortality phase
Shrimp ovum dry feed, for zebra fish juvenile fish in first 10 days, the death rate reaches 40%, and after starting to ingest 10 days, survival rate tends to be steady
It is fixed.High-quality shrimps larva is fed compared with feeding shelling brine shrimp ovum dry feed, feeds high-quality fairy shrimp larva for zebra fish
Juvenile fish average viability improves about 27%.This may be the shrimps larva since the palatability and availability of food are determined
Individual is smaller, and Burden-Swimming Ability of KM is weak, is well suited for the zebra fish juvenile fish predation of first initial feeding, so zebra fish juvenile fish survival rate
It is high;Though the brine shrimp ovum dry feed that shells is easy to capture, granular size is different, agreeable to the taste for zebra fish juvenile fish without Burden-Swimming Ability of KM
Property is poor, and the shelling brine shrimp ovum dry feed that do not eat up in the short time is sunk to the bottom quickly, and zebra fish juvenile fish is difficult to absorb, so
It is rich low that the zebra fish juvenile fish survival rate ratio that opening initial stage feeds shelling brine shrimp ovum dry feed feeds high-quality shrimps larva.Furthermore
High-quality shrimps larva is fed compared with feeding the shrimps larva not sterilized, feeds high-quality fairy shrimp larva for zebra fish juvenile fish
Average viability improves about 20%, this may be because the shrimps larva that does not sterilize carries germ or pathogenic microorganisms, and
Zebra fish self immune system in the brephic is not perfect, so its zebra fish juvenile fish survival rate fed is lower than the high-quality good year
Shrimp larva.
In hatching process, it is real that the present invention passes through the horizontal single factor test of four factors (temperature, PH, salinity, time) five first
It tests, obtains each factor optimum level;Then choosing optimum level and optimum level obtained by single factor test, former and later two are horizontal, into
The experiment of four factor of row, three horizontal quadrature, obtains best incubation condition under actual conditions;It is analyzed, is obtained by orthogonal experiment data again
Theoretical best incubation condition, then carries out experimental verification, by the hatching situation of theoretical optimum condition and actual conditions optimum condition
It compares and analyzes;Finally obtain optimal incubation condition (embodiment 1).
The basic principles, main features and advantages of the present invention have been shown and described above.The technology of the industry
Personnel should be recognized that.The present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and the above embodiments and description only describe this
The principle of invention, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, various changes and improvements may be made to the invention, the present invention
Claimed range is delineated by the appended claims, the specification and equivalents thereof from the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of improved shrimps hatching and collection method characterized by comprising
(1) it carries out disinfection cleaning to incubator;
(2) incubation fluid is added into incubator, then puts into the shrimp ovum of shrimps, hatches 20h~28h at 24 DEG C~32 DEG C;
Wherein, incubation fluid is concentration 5 ‰~25 ‰ sea salt aqueous solution, and pH is 7.0~10;
(3) after the completion of hatching, shrimps larva is collected;
(4) it carries out disinfection cleaning to the shrimps larva of collection, then collects and obtain shrimps.
2. improved shrimps hatching according to claim 1 and collection method, which is characterized in that in step (1), to incubating
Change device carry out disinfection cleaning method include: with concentration be 45~50ppm liquor natrii hypochloritis to incubator carry out aeration kill
Bacterium 3-4h after flushing, then is aerated with pure water and cleans 1~2h.
3. improved shrimps hatching according to claim 1 and collection method, which is characterized in that the temperature of hatching is 26
DEG C~31 DEG C, time of hatching is 20h~for 24 hours.
4. improved shrimps hatching according to claim 1 and collection method, which is characterized in that incubation fluid is concentration
The aqueous solution of 5 ‰~15 ‰ sea salt, pH are 9.0~10.
5. improved shrimps hatching according to claim 1 and collection method, which is characterized in that the shrimp of the shrimps
The investment density of ovum is 100~900/mL.
6. improved shrimps hatching according to claim 1 and collection method, which is characterized in that shrimps larva disappears
Malicious method includes: that sodium hypochlorite is added into the incubation fluid of the larva containing shrimps of collection to carry out disinfection, and is collected after the completion of disinfection
Shrimps larva, soaking and washing.
7. improved shrimps hatching according to claim 6 and collection method, which is characterized in that the end of sodium hypochlorite is dense
Degree is 1~5ppm, and disinfecting time is 5~10min.
8. a kind of feeding method of zebra fish, including feed shrimps, which is characterized in that the acquisition methods of shrimps such as right is wanted
It asks described in 1~7 any one.
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CN111296335A (en) * | 2020-03-23 | 2020-06-19 | 中国人民解放军海军军医大学 | Microscopic feeding method for Hydrangea aquatica in laboratory |
CN111466322A (en) * | 2020-04-01 | 2020-07-31 | 中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所热带水产研究开发中心 | Method for shelling fairy shrimp resting eggs |
CN112167441A (en) * | 2019-07-02 | 2021-01-05 | 中国科学技术大学 | Feed for feeding juvenile zebra fish and preparation method and feeding method thereof |
CN113455430A (en) * | 2021-06-01 | 2021-10-01 | 天津市职业大学 | Magnetic excitation artemia egg incubator |
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