CN109031145B - Series-parallel battery pack model considering inconsistency and implementation method - Google Patents

Series-parallel battery pack model considering inconsistency and implementation method Download PDF

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CN109031145B
CN109031145B CN201810907573.0A CN201810907573A CN109031145B CN 109031145 B CN109031145 B CN 109031145B CN 201810907573 A CN201810907573 A CN 201810907573A CN 109031145 B CN109031145 B CN 109031145B
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张奇
张承慧
崔纳新
商云龙
段彬
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Shandong University
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Abstract

The invention discloses a series-parallel battery pack model considering inconsistency, which comprises the following components: the battery management system comprises K battery monomer models, wherein the K battery monomer models are all modeled by a Rint battery model; according to the requirements of the total capacity, the total voltage and the total power of the system, the K battery monomer models are firstly connected in parallel to form a battery pack, then the N battery packs are connected in series to form a series-parallel battery pack model, a plurality of battery monomers are tested to obtain a normal distribution curve of each parameter type, and the obtained normal distribution function is used for generating corresponding parameter data of each battery monomer in the series-parallel battery pack model. The invention has the beneficial effects that: the inconsistency among the open-circuit voltage, the internal resistance and the capacity of the battery monomers is considered, the influence of the temperature distribution difference of the battery on the parameters of the battery model is considered, the series-parallel battery module can be realized more accurately, and the precision of the battery module is improved.

Description

Series-parallel battery pack model considering inconsistency and implementation method
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of battery modeling, and particularly relates to a series-parallel battery pack model considering inconsistency and an implementation method thereof.
Background
The electric automobile has become a necessary trend of the future automobile industry development due to energy conservation and environmental protection, and is also a key way for solving energy and environmental crisis. As a power source of the electric automobile, the power battery is crucial to the performances of the power performance, the economy, the safety and the like of the whole automobile, and is a key factor for restricting the scale development of the electric automobile. At present, the lithium ion power battery is one of the most attractive power batteries for the electric automobile due to the advantages of high energy density, high monomer voltage, low self-discharge rate, no memory effect and the like.
However, the terminal voltage of the lithium ion battery cell is generally low, and is only 2V to 4.2V. In order to meet the requirements of the load on voltage, power and capacity, the lithium ion battery cells are required to be connected in series and in parallel to be used in a group. However, due to differences in raw materials of batteries, design of battery packs, manufacturing processes of parts, screening grouping technology, use environment and the like, in the process of using the batteries in series-parallel grouping, the open-circuit voltage, internal resistance, capacity, temperature and the like of each battery cell inevitably have differences, and the differences increase with aging of the battery packs, and finally unbalance of terminal voltages of the battery cells is caused, so that overcharge or overdischarge of some battery cells is caused, the usable capacity and cycle life of the battery packs are greatly reduced, and safety accidents such as explosion, ignition and the like can be caused.
The battery model plays a significant role in battery manufacturing, design, safe operation and the like. Because the open-circuit voltage, the internal resistance, the capacity, the temperature and the like of the battery monomers inevitably have differences, the modeling process of the battery series-parallel connection model considering the inconsistency is complex, the current research of the battery model mainly focuses on the research of a battery monomer modeling method, or the series-parallel connection battery pack is simply equivalent to a large battery monomer to carry out integral modeling, but the inconsistency among the battery monomers in the battery pack is ignored by the battery pack modeling method. However, the battery series-parallel connection model considering the inconsistency plays an important role in preventing the battery from being overcharged and overdischarged, diagnosing the fault, evaluating the inconsistency and the like in practical application, and therefore, the battery series-parallel connection model has great research value.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a series-parallel battery pack model considering inconsistency and an implementation method thereof, the method considers the inconsistency of parameters such as open-circuit voltage, internal resistance and capacity among battery monomers, simultaneously considers the influence of the inconsistency of battery temperature on the parameters of the battery model, can more accurately implement the series-parallel battery pack model, and improves the accuracy of the series-parallel battery pack model.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
disclosed in one or more embodiments is a series-parallel battery model considering inconsistency, including: the battery management system comprises K battery monomer models, wherein the K battery monomer models are all modeled by a Rint battery model; the K battery monomer models are firstly connected in parallel to form a battery pack according to the requirements of the total capacity, the total voltage and the total power of the system by adopting M battery monomer models, then the N battery packs are connected in series to form a series-parallel battery pack model, and the distribution conditions of the internal resistance, the capacity and the open-circuit voltage parameters of each battery monomer in the series-parallel battery pack model are obtained by the following method: the normal distribution curve of each parameter type is obtained by testing a plurality of battery monomers, and the obtained normal distribution function is utilized to generate corresponding parameter data of each battery monomer in the series-parallel battery pack model.
Furthermore, the K battery cells are battery cells of the same type produced by the same material proportion and the same production process and flow.
Further, the Rint battery model is a battery model in which an ideal voltage source Uoc is used to describe the open-circuit voltage of the battery, and ohmic internal resistance is equivalent to internal resistance R, wherein the internal resistance R is determined by the drop value of the instant drop of the battery terminal voltage when the battery suddenly performs constant current discharge with a set large current, the jump value of the instant jump of the battery terminal voltage when the battery suddenly stops discharging, and the constant current discharge current.
Disclosed in one or more embodiments is a method for implementing a series-parallel battery model considering inconsistency, including:
selecting a plurality of power battery monomers of the same type as a tested object;
selecting a proper test temperature range and a proper temperature change step length, testing the tested object, and respectively obtaining the ohmic internal resistance of the battery of the tested object at different temperatures and different SOC positions, the maximum available capacity of a single battery and the change condition of the open-circuit voltage of the battery along with the charge-discharge process of the battery;
respectively obtaining the ohm internal resistance, the maximum available capacity and the average value and the variance of the battery open-circuit voltage data of all the tested objects;
and generating the ohm internal resistance, the maximum available capacity and the battery open-circuit voltage data of each battery monomer in the series-parallel battery pack model by utilizing the normal distribution function according to the obtained average value and variance.
Further, the object to be tested is tested to obtain the ohmic internal resistance of the battery of the object to be tested at different temperatures and different SOC positions, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
under different temperatures T and different discharge depths SOC, according to the national industry standard QC/T743-2006, constant current discharge is carried out on a battery monomer by current with set discharge rate of 1/2C, and the instant drop value of the battery terminal voltage is recorded;
when the battery monomer stops discharging, recording the instantaneous jump value of the battery terminal voltage;
and obtaining the ohmic internal resistance of the battery according to the instantaneous drop value, the instantaneous jump value and the constant current discharge current.
Further, the tested object is tested to obtain the maximum available capacity of the battery monomer and the change condition of the battery open circuit voltage along with the charging and discharging process of the battery, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
under different temperatures T, constant-current and constant-voltage charging is carried out on the tested object, so that the single battery is restored to a fully charged state; and then, carrying out a sufficiently small current constant current discharge experiment on the single battery to obtain the maximum available capacity of the single battery and the change condition of the open circuit voltage of the battery along with the charge and discharge process of the battery.
Further, the value ranges of the ohmic internal resistance, the maximum available capacity and the battery open-circuit voltage data should satisfy:
the maximum value of the ohmic internal resistance of all the battery monomers, the maximum available capacity or the sum of the open-circuit voltages of the battery is less than the maximum value of the ohmic internal resistance of all the battery monomers, the maximum available capacity or the sum of the open-circuit voltages of the battery.
Further, when the ohmic internal resistance and the maximum available capacity of the battery cell are taken as values, the following relationship should be satisfied: along with the increase of the aging degree of the battery, the internal resistance of the battery is gradually increased, and the capacity is gradually reduced.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the inconsistency among the open-circuit voltage, the internal resistance and the capacity of the battery monomers is considered, the influence of the temperature distribution difference of the battery on the parameters of the battery model is considered, the series-parallel battery module can be realized more accurately, and the precision of the battery module is improved.
(2) The battery Rint model is used as a basic model of a battery monomer, and the model is simple, reliable and easy to realize; meanwhile, a more accurate series-parallel battery pack modeling method is provided, and basic guarantee is provided for safe, reasonable and efficient use of the power battery pack by a battery management system.
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The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the application and, together with the description, serve to explain the application and are not intended to limit the application.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a series-parallel battery model and implementation method considering inconsistency;
fig. 2 is a frequency distribution of the cell open circuit voltage and a fitted normal distribution density curve.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the following detailed description is exemplary and is intended to provide further explanation of the disclosure. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments according to the present application. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, and it should be understood that when the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
As described in the background art, the existing battery pack modeling method ignores the inconsistency between the battery cells in the battery pack, and in order to solve the above technical problem, the present application proposes a series-parallel battery pack model considering the inconsistency, as shown in fig. 1, including: k battery monomer models are all modeled by a Rint battery model; according to the requirements of the total capacity, the total voltage and the total power of the system, the K battery monomer models are firstly connected in parallel to form a battery pack, then N battery packs are connected in series to form a series-parallel battery pack model, and the distribution conditions of the internal resistance, the capacity and the open-circuit voltage parameters of each battery monomer in the series-parallel battery pack model are obtained by the following method: the normal distribution curve of each parameter type is obtained by testing a plurality of battery monomers, and the obtained normal distribution function is utilized to generate corresponding parameter data of each battery monomer in the series-parallel battery pack model. The battery monomer refers to a battery monomer of the same type produced by adopting the same material proportion, the same production process and flow and the like;
the battery cell Rint model is a battery model which describes the open-circuit voltage of a battery by using an ideal voltage source Uoc, and the ohmic internal resistance is equivalent to the internal resistance R, and can be expressed as follows:
Figure BDA0001760984220000041
wherein, ULIs the terminal voltage of the battery; i.e. iLIs the charge and discharge current of the battery; r is the internal resistance of the battery, is a parameter influenced by the temperature T and is a function of the SOC of the battery; u shapeOCThe open-circuit voltage of the battery is also a parameter which changes under the influence of the temperature T, has a strong nonlinear relation with the SOC, and is also a function of the SOC of the battery.
The battery SOC is the percentage of the remaining capacity of the battery to the maximum available capacity, and can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0001760984220000042
wherein Q isremThe remaining capacity of the battery; qmaxThe maximum available capacity of the battery.
The open-circuit voltage Uoc of the battery is a function of the SOC of the battery, and an ideal open-circuit voltage model can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0001760984220000043
in the formula, a1-a5The undetermined constant can be identified based on a least square method according to experimental data.
The ohmic internal resistance R of the battery can be obtained by the following formula:
Figure BDA0001760984220000044
in the formula, when the battery suddenly discharges with a large current at a constant current, the terminal voltage of the battery will drop instantaneously, and the drop value is recorded as Δ U1(ii) a When the battery suddenly stops discharging, the battery terminal voltage will jump instantly, and the jump value is recorded as delta U2(ii) a And I is the magnitude of the constant current discharge current.
The series-parallel battery pack is formed by firstly connecting M battery monomers in parallel to form a battery pack and then connecting N battery packs in series according to the requirements of total capacity, total voltage, total power and the like.
The series-parallel battery pack model based on normal distribution is characterized in that parameters such as open-circuit voltage, internal resistance and capacity of the Rint battery cell model are obtained through charge and discharge tests of K battery cells and through test data and parameter identification processes, and normal distribution conditions of the parameters are counted and analyzed; and then according to the series-parallel connection mode of the M-parallel-N series battery pack, considering the inconsistency of parameters such as internal resistance, capacity, open-circuit voltage and the like among the battery monomers and the difference of temperature distribution, obtaining the parameter distribution condition of the battery monomers in the M-parallel-N series battery pack through probability calculation, and obtaining a series-parallel connection battery pack model considering the inconsistency.
In other embodiments, a series-parallel battery model and implementation method considering inconsistency is disclosed, which includes the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: selecting a plurality of groups of single power battery tested objects of the same type, selecting battery charging and discharging equipment with higher current control precision, a temperature control box with proper temperature precision and range, a high-precision current sensor and other testing equipment, and reducing measurement errors of voltage, current, temperature and the like;
step two: firstly, designing a proper test temperature range and a proper temperature change step length, then performing constant current discharge on a battery monomer at a discharge rate of 1/2C to the battery according to national industry standard QC/T743-2006 at different temperatures T and different discharge depths SOC, and when performing constant current discharge on the battery at a larger current, the terminal voltage of the battery drops instantly, and the drop value is recorded as delta U1When the battery stops discharging, the battery terminal voltage will jump instantly, and the jump value is recorded as delta U2Thereby obtaining the ohmic internal resistance of the battery at different temperatures and different SOC positions
Figure BDA0001760984220000051
Step three: under different temperatures T, constant-current and constant-voltage charging is carried out on selected partial power battery monomers, so that the power battery is restored to a fully charged state; then, a sufficiently small current constant current discharge experiment is carried out on the power battery to obtain the maximum available capacity Q of the power batterymaxAnd the variation U of the open-circuit voltage of the battery along with the charging and discharging process of the batteryocF (SOC, T); thus, an expression of the battery model is obtained:
Figure BDA0001760984220000052
in the above method described in step three, taking the calculation of the open circuit voltage parameters of 32 battery cells as an example, the open circuit voltage data of the battery cells of the Rint cell model obtained through the analysis and processing of the test data is data ═ 3.396, 3.405, 3.378, 3.394, 3.409, 3.412, 3.386, 3.409, 3.397, 3.402, 3.377, 3.402, 3.406, 3.362, 3.399, 3.398, 3.402, 3.414, 3.349, 3.409, 3.414, 3.422, 3.491, 3.419, 3.404, 3.409, 3.388, 3.409, 3.416, 3.394, 3.395, 3.399; firstly, whether the data basically accord with normal distribution is analyzed, because the statistical inference methods also take normal distribution as the theoretical basis when the data are large samples, the selected sample data are more possible, and the corresponding statistics are approximately in normal distribution when the data are large samples; then, for the data of the open circuit voltages of 32 battery cells, the average and variance are calculated:
Figure BDA0001760984220000061
and then, the frequency distribution of the open-circuit voltage of the battery cell and the fitted normal distribution density curve are obtained, as shown in fig. 2. From the histogram plotted from the frequency of the voltage distribution, it can be seen that the peak is located in the middle and is approximately symmetrical on the left and right sides. If the number of the tested battery monomers is enough, the histogram is continuously subdivided, the connecting line at the top end of the histogram gradually forms a smooth curve, the smooth curve is a frequency curve, the peak is positioned in the center, the two sides of the smooth curve are gradually reduced and are symmetrical left and right, and the smooth curve is not intersected with the horizontal axis. Since the sum of the frequencies is 1 (or 100%), the area below the curve and above the horizontal axis is 1.
According to the obtained average value and variance, by means of a Matlab tool, the ohmic internal resistance, the maximum available capacity and the battery open-circuit voltage data of each battery cell in the series-parallel battery pack model are generated by using a normal distribution function R (norm) (random data in the form of an m matrix which is consistent with normal distribution and has an average value of MU and a standard deviation of SIGMA) is returned by the function. When modeling the M parallel-to-N series-parallel battery pack, the average value U of the open-circuit voltage of the battery obtained in the above way can be usedocaveAnd generating required open circuit voltage data of M x N battery cells by using a normal distribution function under the condition of the sum of the variances sigma, wherein the value interval is
Figure BDA0001760984220000062
Thus, the open-circuit voltage of each battery monomer in the M parallel-to-N series parallel battery pack model is obtained;
by the same method, data such as internal resistance and capacity of the M parallel-N series battery pack can be obtained, and it should be noted that, because a certain non-linear relationship exists between internal resistance and capacity, generally speaking, as the aging degree of the battery increases, the internal resistance of the battery gradually increases and the capacity gradually decreases, so that the basic relationship needs to be satisfied when the internal resistance and capacity data of M × N battery cells generated by using the normal distribution function are used.
Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made without inventive efforts by those skilled in the art based on the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims (8)

1. A series-parallel battery model that accounts for inconsistencies, comprising: the battery management system comprises K battery monomer models, wherein the K battery monomer models are all modeled by a Rint battery model; the K battery monomer models are firstly connected in parallel to form a battery pack according to the requirements of the total capacity, the total voltage and the total power of the system by adopting M battery monomer models, then the N battery packs are connected in series to form a series-parallel battery pack model, and the distribution conditions of the internal resistance, the capacity and the open-circuit voltage parameters of each battery monomer in the series-parallel battery pack model are obtained by the following method: the method comprises the steps of selecting a proper test temperature range and a proper temperature change step length, testing a plurality of single batteries, carrying out constant current discharge on the single batteries at a set current of 1/2C discharge rate under different temperatures T and different discharge depths SOC to obtain a normal distribution curve of each parameter type, and generating corresponding parameter data of each single battery in a series-parallel battery pack model by using the obtained normal distribution function.
2. The inconsistency-considered series-parallel battery module of claim 1, wherein the K battery cells are of the same type produced by the same material ratio and the same production process and flow.
3. The inconsistency-considered series-parallel battery model of claim 1, wherein the Rint battery model is a battery model in which an ideal voltage source Uoc is used to describe the open circuit voltage of the battery, and the ohmic internal resistance is equivalent to an internal resistance R determined based on a drop value of an instantaneous drop of the terminal voltage of the battery when the battery suddenly performs constant current discharge at a set current, a jump value of an instantaneous jump of the terminal voltage of the battery when the battery suddenly stops discharging, and the constant current discharge current.
4. An implementation method of a series-parallel battery pack model considering inconsistency is characterized by comprising the following steps: selecting a plurality of power battery monomers of the same type as a tested object; selecting a proper test temperature range and a proper temperature change step length, testing the tested object, and respectively obtaining the ohmic internal resistance of the battery of the tested object at different temperatures and different discharge depths SOC, the maximum available capacity of a battery monomer and the change condition of the open-circuit voltage of the battery along with the charge-discharge process of the battery; respectively obtaining the ohm internal resistance, the maximum available capacity and the average value and the variance of the battery open-circuit voltage data of all the tested objects; and generating the ohm internal resistance, the maximum available capacity and the battery open-circuit voltage data of each battery monomer in the series-parallel battery pack model by utilizing the normal distribution function according to the obtained average value and variance.
5. The method for implementing the series-parallel battery pack model considering the inconsistency according to claim 4, wherein the object to be tested is tested to obtain the ohmic internal resistances of the battery of the object to be tested at different temperatures and different discharge depths SOC, and specifically: under different temperatures T and different discharge depths SOC, performing constant current discharge on the single battery at a set current, and recording an instant drop value of the terminal voltage of the battery; when the battery monomer stops discharging, recording the instantaneous jump value of the battery terminal voltage; and obtaining the ohmic internal resistance of the battery according to the instantaneous drop value, the instantaneous jump value and the constant current discharge current.
6. The method for implementing the series-parallel battery pack model considering the inconsistency according to claim 4, wherein the tested object is tested to obtain the maximum available capacity of the battery cell and the variation of the battery open-circuit voltage along with the charging and discharging process of the battery, and specifically, the method comprises the following steps: under different temperatures T, constant-current and constant-voltage charging is carried out on the tested object, so that the single battery is restored to a fully charged state; and then, carrying out a sufficiently small current constant current discharge experiment on the single battery to obtain the maximum available capacity of the single battery and the change condition of the open circuit voltage of the battery along with the charge and discharge process of the battery.
7. The method for implementing the series-parallel battery pack model considering the inconsistency according to claim 4, wherein the value ranges of the ohmic internal resistance, the maximum available capacity and the battery open-circuit voltage data are as follows: the ohm internal resistance is larger than the minimum value of the sum of the ohm internal resistances of all the single batteries, the maximum available capacity is larger than the minimum value of the sum of all the maximum available capacities, or the battery open-circuit voltage data is larger than the minimum value of the sum of all the battery open-circuit voltages; the ohm internal resistance is smaller than the maximum value of the ohm internal resistance of all the battery single bodies, the maximum available capacity is smaller than the maximum value of all the available capacity, or the battery open-circuit voltage data is smaller than the maximum value of the sum of all the battery open-circuit voltages.
8. The method for implementing the series-parallel battery pack model considering the inconsistency according to claim 4, wherein the ohmic internal resistance and the maximum available capacity of the battery cells satisfy the following relationship when taking values: along with the increase of the aging degree of the battery, the internal resistance of the battery is gradually increased, and the capacity is gradually reduced.
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