CN108986928B - Electron drift injection system - Google Patents
Electron drift injection system Download PDFInfo
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- CN108986928B CN108986928B CN201810820896.6A CN201810820896A CN108986928B CN 108986928 B CN108986928 B CN 108986928B CN 201810820896 A CN201810820896 A CN 201810820896A CN 108986928 B CN108986928 B CN 108986928B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
- G21B1/05—Thermonuclear fusion reactors with magnetic or electric plasma confinement
- G21B1/057—Tokamaks
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
Abstract
The invention discloses an electronic drift injection system, which comprises a remote connection module, a control module, a power supply module, an electronic emission module, an acquisition module and a feedback module, wherein the remote connection module is used for connecting a remote control module; the input end of the electronic emission module is connected to the output end of the power supply module, the control end of the electronic emission module is connected to the second output end of the control module, the input end of the acquisition module is connected to the output end of the electronic emission module, the input end of the feedback module is connected to the output end of the acquisition module, and the second input end of the control module is connected to the output end of the feedback module; the remote connection module realizes triggering and sets an initial current value through a remote connection control signal; the control module outputs a trigger signal and controls the operation of automatically increasing the current in the cathode preheating stage according to the magnitude of the injection current output by the feedback module. The invention introduces the feedback module, can greatly reduce the labor cost in the cathode preheating stage, and can automatically find out the downward detection distance of the electron gun when the electron injection quantity is maximum.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of magnetic confinement fusion, and particularly relates to an electron drift injection system.
Background
Electron drift injection, a newer modulation mode of tokamak plasma, has the main purpose of injecting free electrons into a tokamak vacuum chamber by means of electric field drift and magnetic field gradient drift interface. It can reduce the voltage needed by current starting by increasing the number of seed electrons in the initial stage of discharge. Meanwhile, the boundary electric field can be changed by changing the charge injection amount and the injection current in the plasma discharge stage, so that the effect of adjusting the shear flow is obtained. Therefore, the development of experimental research on electron drift injection can provide a simple and feasible candidate means for realizing low-ring voltage starting, and research can be performed on abnormal transportation, transportation constraint improvement and control of the magnetic confinement plasma. The results can provide experimental reference for the ITER program.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects and improvement requirements of the prior art, the invention provides an electron drift injection system, aiming at increasing the electron injection amount, realizing high modularization and facilitating problem elimination and maintenance, introducing a feedback module, greatly reducing the labor cost in the cathode preheating stage, remotely controlling the cathode to lift in the device and automatically finding out the downward probing distance of an electron gun when the electron injection amount is maximum.
The invention provides an electron drift injection system, comprising: the device comprises a remote connection module, a control module, a power supply module, an electron emission module, an acquisition module and a feedback module; the first input end of the control module is connected with the output end of the remote connection module, the input end of the power supply module is connected to the first output end of the control module, the input end of the electron emission module is connected to the output end of the power supply module, the control end of the electron emission module is connected to the second output end of the control module, the input end of the acquisition module is connected to the output end of the electron emission module, the input end of the feedback module is connected to the output end of the acquisition module, the second input end of the control module is connected to the output end of the feedback module, and the remote connection module is used for triggering and setting an initial current value through a; the control module is used for outputting a trigger signal and controlling the operation of automatically increasing current in the cathode preheating stage according to the magnitude of the injection current output by the feedback module; the power supply module is used for heating electrons emitted by the cathode and generating an electric field between the positive plate and the negative plate so that the electrons are deflected to facilitate the successful injection of the electrons; the acquisition module is used for acquiring the magnitude of the injection current, the voltages of the positive and negative electrode plates, the cathode heating voltage and the cathode current; the feedback module is used for feeding back the acquired injection current to the control module.
The trigger source in the control module is pulse wave with adjustable pulse width.
The positive plate power supply and the negative plate power supply in the power module adopt a trigger charging and discharging mode, the trigger response is in millisecond level, the charging and discharging time is in millisecond pulse type, the maximum pulse is 1000ms, and the positive plate power supply and the negative plate power supply are provided with voltage acquisition interfaces.
Wherein, the electron emission module includes: the device comprises a cathode, a focusing coil, an electromagnetic shielding sleeve, a vacuum wall and a stepping motor; the focusing coil is arranged on the periphery of the cathode, the electromagnetic shielding sleeve is arranged outside the focusing coil, and the vacuum wall is arranged on the periphery of the electromagnetic shielding sleeve; the stepping motor is positioned above the vacuum wall; the components are insulated from each other and the vacuum degree is not lower than 1 x 10-5Pa。
Wherein the cathode material is barium tungsten; the vacuum evaporation device has long service life and very low evaporation rate at high temperature, and an electromagnetic shielding sleeve is sleeved around the cathode material to shield the magnetic field inside the tokamak device. The heating current of the hot cathode can be adjusted between 0 and 8A, and the adjustment is performed once every half hour without manual operation; when the drift current is over, a synchronous motor descending signal is sent to the control module, and the position of the cathode of the maximum injection current in a section of length can be searched.
Wherein, the cathode is insulated from the focusing coil by a ceramic bowl.
Wherein, the inner diameter of the electromagnetic shielding sleeve is 80mm, the outer diameter is 100mm, and the wall thickness is 10 mm.
The electromagnetic shielding sleeve is adopted, so that the magnetic field in the Tokamak device is effectively shielded, the interference of electrons to the magnetic field is small, and the injection amount is larger; a feedback module is introduced, current is sequentially added in the stage of heating the cathode, labor cost is replaced, and the lifting of an electron gun and the adjustment of the angle of a polar plate are automatically realized according to the quantity of injected electrons to control so as to find the most suitable injection angle; all parts of the system are designed in a modularized mode, and the upper computer realizes synchronous control of all parts.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an electronic drift injection system;
FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a warm-up phase procedure for the electron drift injection system;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the installation of the electron gun and electromagnetic shielding sleeve of the electron drift injection system;
fig. 4 is a flowchart of a process for finding an optimal position by a feedback module of the electronic drift injection system.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The electron drift injection system provided by the invention comprises: the remote control system comprises a remote connection module, a control module, a power supply module, an electronic emission module, an acquisition module and a feedback module, wherein a first input end of the control module is connected with an output end of the remote connection module, an input end of the power supply module is connected to a first output end of the control module, an input end of the electronic emission module is connected to an output end of the power supply module, a control end of the electronic emission module is connected to a second output end of the control module, an input end of the acquisition module is connected to an output end of the electronic emission module, an input end of the feedback module is connected to an output end of the acquisition module, and a second input end of the control module is connected to an output end of the feedback module; the remote connection module is used for triggering and setting an initial current value through a remote connection control signal. The control module is used for outputting a trigger signal, receiving the adjustment of the injection current of the feedback module and realizing the operation of automatically increasing the current in the cathode preheating stage. The power module is used for heating the cathode to emit electrons and generating an electric field between the positive plate and the negative plate so as to shift the electrons to facilitate the successful injection of the electrons. The acquisition module is used for acquiring the magnitude of the injection current, the voltages of the positive and negative electrode plates, the cathode heating voltage and the cathode current. The feedback module is used for feeding back the magnitude of the injected current to the control module so that the control module can correctly adjust the electron emission module.
As an embodiment of the invention, the trigger source in the control module adopts adjustable pulse width pulse waves, so that the power supply can be conveniently adjusted. The positive plate power supply and the negative plate power supply in the power supply module can adopt a triggering charge-discharge mode, the triggering response is in millisecond level, the charge-discharge time is in millisecond pulse type, the maximum pulse is 1000ms, and the positive plate power supply and the negative plate power supply are provided with voltage acquisition interfaces.
In the embodiment of the invention, the hot cathode in the electron emission module is required to reach the electron emission intensity, and the surface of the cathode is 1 square centimeter according to the actual situation of a Tokamak device, such as the current pure metal hot cathode, an atomic thin film cathode, an oxide cathode, a boride cathode and the like, and the material is barium tungsten with long service life and low poisoning rate in vacuum. Weak leakage current can occur in the discharge of the vacuum chamber, and the electromagnetic shielding sleeve reduces the influence of the magnetic field in the Tokamak on emitted electrons and reduces the occurrence of the leakage current. The inner diameter of the magnetic shielding sleeve is 80mm, the outer diameter of the sleeve is 100mm, and the wall thickness of the sleeve is 10 mm.
Optionally, the acquisition module infers the current magnitude through a current conservation law. And giving a trigger signal, increasing the positive high-voltage power supply to 10kV, increasing the negative high-voltage power supply to-5 kV, acquiring the trigger, and keeping the consistency of data generation and acquisition. The computer language is used to write the graphic interactive interface of the synchronous motor and control the position of the cathode in the vacuum cavity.
Optionally, the feedback module adopts a single chip microcomputer to control the synchronous motor to rotate, and is provided with a circuit capable of detecting the heating cathode current. 2A was added every thirty minutes from 0A during the cathode warm-up phase until 8A. When the cathode releases electrons too little, the feedback module sends a synchronous motor descending signal to the control module, and the position of the cathode can be searched by a program to reach the maximum injection current.
Generally, compared with the prior art, the above technology contemplated by the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention provides an electronic drift injection system, which introduces a remote module to conveniently control the system at any time and any place; the control module can adjust the pulse width of the power supply trigger signal to adjust the magnitude of the injected current, so that the operation is more convenient; the power supply module provides millisecond-level trigger discharge type positive and negative plate voltages, the cathode heating power supply and the focusing coil power supply, and meanwhile, the power supply module is provided with a leakage protection system, so that the precision is higher, and the safety problem in operation is greatly improved. And all power supplies have voltage acquisition interfaces; the feedback module realizes the control of the position of the cathode to control the magnitude of the injected current, and the labor cost can be saved in the preheating stage. When the control module gives a trigger signal, the acquisition module and the power supply module act simultaneously to ensure the consistency of each module of the system, the feedback module effectively ensures the stability of the system operation and the requirement on the injection current, and the maximum current injection point can be obtained to a certain extent. The whole system is highly modularized, maintenance and troubleshooting are convenient, and efficient and stable operation of the system is improved. The whole structure is realized, the cathode current injection amount is larger, the stable operation time of the electron drift injection system is long, and the electron drift injection system is simple, efficient and easy to maintain.
The invention provides an electron drift injection system and a program block diagram for detailing how to find the optimal position of an electron gun, aiming at the problems that the electron quantity emitted by the electron gun is insufficient, the position of a cathode needs to be manually adjusted on a Tokamak device, all parts cannot be synchronized, and experimental equipment is difficult to troubleshoot.
The invention provides an electron drift injection system, comprising: the device comprises a remote connection module, a control module, a power supply module, an electron emission module, an acquisition module and a feedback module; the remote connection module is connected with the control module and can be in communication connection with the control module at a remote end. The output end of the control module is connected with the input end of the power supply module, and the voltage values of the positive plate and the negative plate in the power supply module and the heating current of the cathode heating power supply can be controlled in real time. And be connected with feedback module output, the experimenter can decide whether to make control command to power module according to feedback module output. The output end of the power supply module is connected with the input end of the electron emission module to provide cathode heating current for the electron emission module and provide voltage for the positive and negative plates. The electron emission module is connected with the acquisition module, and the acquisition module acquires cathode emission current and positive and negative plate voltage values. The input end of the feedback module is connected with the output end of the acquisition module, the feedback module is connected with the input end of the control module, the acquired current is fed back and compared, and the feedback module communicates with the control module to remind an experimenter of making a voltage value change instruction.
According to the scheme, the remote module comprises a program window, a network cable and an Ethernet communication port.
According to the scheme, the control module comprises a trigger source, a trigger channel and a control window.
According to the scheme, the power supply supports serial port, USB and Ethernet communication, and the voltage output can reach 5kV to 10 kV. And after the power supply is improved, compared with the prior art, the power supply has small heat productivity and more intelligent temperature control, and can work for a long time. The voltage is higher, the voltage rise time is shorter, and the voltage waveform is more stable.
The electron emission module has a structure as shown in fig. 3, wherein 1 is a cathode and 2 is a focusing coil, which facilitates concentration of electrons and prevents leakage current. And 3, an electromagnetic shielding sleeve is used for shielding an external interference magnetic field to better focus electrons. 4 is vacuum wall, 5 is stepper motor to send cathode to optimum injection position. The electron emission module includes: the cathode 1, the focusing coil 2, the electromagnetic shielding sleeve 3, the vacuum wall 4 and the stepping motor 5; the cathode 1 externally surrounds a focusing coil 2, an electromagnetic shielding sleeve 3 is arranged on the periphery of the focusing coil 2, a vacuum wall 4 is arranged on the periphery of the electromagnetic shielding sleeve 3, and all components are insulated from each other. Vacuum degree not lower than 1 × 10-5Pa。
In the embodiment of the invention, the periphery of the cathode 1 is surrounded by the focusing coil 2, but the cathode 1 is insulated from the focusing coil 2, wherein the cathode is isolated by a ceramic bowl, the cathode material is barium tungsten, and the cathode heating current ranges from 2A to 8A. But is required to withstand a heating current of at least 10A.
In the embodiment of the invention, the focusing coil 2 is arranged in the electromagnetic shielding sleeve 3, the electron gun is arranged in the focusing coil 2, the focusing coil 2 is an oxygen-free copper wire, the required electrifying current is 60A-100A when the focusing coil is used, and meanwhile, the focusing coil 2, the electromagnetic shielding sleeve 3 and the cathode 1 are mutually insulated. Before use, degassing operation is required, namely, 60A-100A current is applied in vacuum to carry out degassing.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the vacuum wall 4 is made of stainless steel, the inside is a cavity, the electromagnetic shielding sleeve 3 exists in the cavity, and the electromagnetic shielding sleeve 3 and the vacuum wall 4 are insulated from each other.
In the embodiment of the invention, the stepping motor 5 is positioned on the vacuum wall and is connected with the electron gun through ceramic isolation, and the stepping motor performs ascending and descending operation after giving a control signal to adjust the position of the electron gun.
According to the scheme, the feedback module comprises a feedback program and a feedback comparison circuit, and a feedback program block diagram is shown in fig. 4. The feedback program is implemented as follows:
(1) the system is initialized, a user gives a trigger signal, the microcontroller gives a pulse wave to the power supply, the voltage of the cathode heating power supply is up to 15V, and the highest current is up to 10A.
(2) And setting the running frequency of the preheating program and the heating current rising value through a remote interface. The heating current rise value range is 0.5A-2A, the default is 1A, and the operation frequency of the preheating program is 30 minutes.
(3) And sending the preset value to the controller through a communication protocol, and if the user does not set the system operation frequency, defaulting to once in half an hour. The initial value of the current is 0 and is within the range of 0-8A, the system starts to operate, the microcontroller reads the cathode heating current through the current detection circuit, and the current of 1A is added every half hour until the current reaches 8A.
After the preheating stage is finished, a trigger signal is remotely given out, the synchronous motor starts to operate, the microcontroller sends out pulse waves to the power module, the trigger response is in millisecond level, the charging and discharging time is millisecond pulse, the positive plate and negative plate power supply starts to operate, the voltage of the positive plate is increased to 10kV, the voltage of the negative plate is increased to-5 kV, the maximum pulse is 1000ms, and the leakage protection is provided; the positive and negative plate power supplies are provided with voltage acquisition interfaces and then connected with an acquisition module. When the trigger signal is given, the electrons are gathered by the focusing coil, the plate voltage is opposite to the polarity of the electrons, so the electrons are accelerated. Meanwhile, the battery shielding sleeve has the function of shielding the magnetic field in the Tokamak device, so that the electronic loss is reduced, and the collected current is increased. The electron gun part of the system is also improved, the current is larger, and more electrons can be emitted.
The acquisition module acquires cathode emission current, electron gun heating current, focusing coil current, positive plate voltage and negative plate voltage through the Hall element. And the acquisition module is connected with the feedback module.
When the acquisition module acquires the cathode emission current, the feedback module starts to operate, and a k value is preset according to previous experimental data, wherein the unit of the k value is 500mA-1A, and the recommended preset value is 750 mA. And presetting a certain frequency PWM pulse wave, wherein the frequency range of the PWM pulse wave is 10Hz-60Hz, and the recommended frequency is 20 Hz. The pulse width of the PWM pulse wave signal can be set according to the frequency of the trigger signal
The pulse width ranges from 500ms to 1000 ms. At the moment, the motor starts to send the cathode to perform downward exploration, the acquisition module continuously operates, when the PWM pulse wave amplitude value is 1, the acquisition module acquires the cathode emission current once and records the motor scale in an array, if the acquired current is larger than the k value, k is equal to I, I represents the cathode emission current, the unit is mA, and the value range of I is 200mA-1000 mA. And continuing to probe down after taking k as I until I is less than or equal to k, and taking the position of the motor close to the last array. The motor position at which the electron drift injection amount is maximum can be obtained. The system accuracy can be set by the frequency of the PWM, the higher the accuracy is, the longer the time is needed, and the larger the workload is, and a balance is selected between the system accuracy and the workload.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. An electron drift injection system, comprising: the device comprises a remote connection module, a control module, a power supply module, an electron emission module, an acquisition module and a feedback module;
the first input end of the control module is connected with the output end of the remote connection module, the input end of the power supply module is connected to the first output end of the control module, the input end of the electron emission module is connected to the output end of the power supply module, the control end of the electron emission module is connected to the second output end of the control module, the input end of the collection module is connected to the output end of the electron emission module, the input end of the feedback module is connected to the output end of the collection module, the second input end of the control module is connected to the output end of the feedback module,
the remote connection module is used for triggering and setting an initial current value through a remote connection control signal;
the control module is used for outputting a trigger signal and controlling the operation of automatically increasing current in the cathode preheating stage according to the magnitude of the injection current output by the feedback module;
the power supply module is used for heating electrons emitted by the cathode and generating an electric field between the positive plate and the negative plate so that the electrons are deflected to facilitate the successful injection of the electrons;
the acquisition module is used for acquiring the magnitude of the injection current, the voltages of the positive and negative electrode plates, the cathode heating voltage and the cathode current;
the feedback module is used for feeding back the acquired injection current to the control module, and the feedback module realizes the control of the position of the cathode to achieve the control of the injection current;
the electron emission module comprises a cathode, a focusing coil, an electromagnetic shielding sleeve, a vacuum wall and a stepping motor; the focusing coil is arranged on the periphery of the cathode, the electromagnetic shielding sleeve is arranged outside the focusing coil, and the vacuum wall is arranged on the periphery of the electromagnetic shielding sleeve; the stepping motor is positioned above the vacuum wall and used for performing lifting operation to adjust the position of the cathode; the components are insulated from each other, and the vacuum degree is not lower than 1 × 10-5Pa；
When the cathode releases electrons too little, the feedback module sends a motor descending signal to the control module, and the position of the cathode is searched by a program to reach the maximum injection current.
2. The electronic drift injection system of claim 1, wherein said trigger source in said control module is an adjustable pulse width pulse wave.
3. The electronic drift injection system of claim 1 or 2, wherein the positive and negative plate power supplies in the power module adopt a trigger charge and discharge form, the trigger response is in millisecond level, the charge and discharge time is in millisecond pulse type, the maximum pulse is 1000ms, and the positive and negative plate power supplies are provided with voltage acquisition interfaces.
4. The electron drift injection system of claim 1, wherein the cathode material is barium tungsten.
5. The electron drift injection system of claim 1 or 4, wherein said cathode is insulated from said focusing coil by a ceramic bowl.
6. The electronic drift injection system of claim 5, wherein said electromagnetic shielding sleeve has an inner diameter of 80mm, an outer diameter of 100mm and a wall thickness of 10 mm.
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