CN108983309B - Method for detecting coal fire by combining thermal infrared and radar remote sensing - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for detecting coal fire by combining thermal infrared and radar remote sensing, which comprises the following steps: acquiring a thermal infrared remote sensing image of a predetermined area, and obtaining earth surface temperature information of the predetermined area through earth surface temperature inversion; acquiring an SAR image of a predetermined area, and obtaining surface deformation information of the predetermined area through InSAR time sequence analysis; designing and generating a corresponding band-pass filter according to the earth surface deformation information of the preset area; and carrying out spatial filtering on the surface temperature information through a band-pass filter to obtain the suspected coal fire distribution position of the preset area. According to the method disclosed by the invention, the efficiency, the accuracy and the reliability of coal fire detection can be improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of exploration, in particular to a method for detecting coal fire by combining thermal infrared and radar remote sensing.
Background
The coal fire refers to a large-scale coal field fire which is formed by gradual spreading and development of coal buried underground and cannot be found and managed in time after being ignited by natural or human factors. Coal fire not only can cause a great deal of waste of coal resources, but also can generate a great deal of toxic and harmful gas, endanger the production safety of mines, cause atmospheric pollution, endanger the fragile ecological environment of mining areas, and even endanger the health of residents. Meanwhile, fire in the coal field can eat coal pillars in the mine, the stability of the geological structure of the abandoned mine is damaged, geological disasters such as ground settlement, collapse, ground cracks and the like are caused, and the life and property safety of local infrastructure and residents is threatened. In addition, geological disasters such as collapse, ground cracks and the like can aggravate oxygen delivery, further aggravate combustion strength of underground coal fire, form a vicious circle and cause great difficulty for fire extinguishing work of the underground coal fire, so that timely discovery and treatment of the underground coal fire are very necessary for inhibiting the too fast development trend of the coal fire and reducing environmental hazards.
In recent years, the development of coal fire has emerged as a new feature: (1) with the increase of the mining depth of the mine, the coal fire develops to the deep part; (2) deep coal fires become more concealed; (3) the residual coal fire is difficult to be treated again after the coal fire treatment; (4) the treated coal fire area has a re-combustion phenomenon. The traditional field investigation method is difficult to meet the actual requirement for coal fire detection, and the efficiency, accuracy and reliability of various other existing coal fire detection methods are still required to be further improved.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to solving, at least to some extent, one of the technical problems in the art described above. Therefore, the invention aims to provide a method for detecting coal fire by combining thermal infrared and radar remote sensing, which can improve the efficiency, accuracy and reliability of coal fire detection.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides a method for detecting coal fire by combining thermal infrared and radar remote sensing, which comprises the following steps: acquiring a thermal infrared remote sensing image of a predetermined area, and obtaining earth surface temperature information of the predetermined area through earth surface temperature inversion; acquiring an SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) image of a predetermined area, and obtaining surface deformation information of the predetermined area through InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) time sequence analysis; designing and generating a corresponding band-pass filter according to the earth surface deformation information of the preset area; and carrying out spatial filtering on the surface temperature information through the band-pass filter to obtain the suspected coal fire distribution position of the preset area.
According to the method for detecting the coal fire by combining the thermal infrared remote sensing with the radar remote sensing, the earth surface temperature information of the preset area is obtained according to the thermal infrared remote sensing image of the preset area, the earth surface deformation information of the preset area is obtained according to the SAR image of the preset area, the corresponding band-pass filter is designed and generated according to the earth surface deformation information of the preset area, and the earth surface temperature information is subjected to spatial filtering through the band-pass filter to obtain the suspected coal fire distribution position of the preset area, so that the coal fire position is determined by combining two conditions of temperature and earth surface deformation, and the efficiency, the accuracy and the reliability of coal fire detection can be improved.
In addition, the method for detecting coal fire by combining thermal infrared and radar remote sensing provided by the embodiment of the invention can also have the following additional technical characteristics:
the method comprises the following steps of obtaining a thermal infrared remote sensing image of a preset area, and obtaining earth surface temperature information of the preset area through earth surface temperature inversion, wherein the method specifically comprises the following steps: preprocessing the thermal infrared remote sensing image, wherein the preprocessing comprises geometric correction, radiation correction and atmospheric correction; cutting the remote sensing image of the suspected coal fire distribution area according to the interpretation of the vector boundary and the image of the mining area to obtain the thermal infrared remote sensing data of the predetermined area; calculating a normalized difference vegetation index through band operation, and calculating the ground surface emissivity; obtaining the atmospheric water vapor content of the preset area according to the auxiliary atmospheric transmittance data; and performing surface temperature inversion on the thermal infrared remote sensing data of the predetermined area to obtain surface temperature information of the predetermined area.
The calculation formula for performing surface temperature inversion on the thermal infrared remote sensing data of the predetermined area is as follows:
wherein gamma and delta are coefficients related to the Planck equation,
wherein epsiloniSpecific surface emissivity in the i-th band, LiRepresents the on-satellite radiance of the band in W.m-2·sr-1·μm-1，TiThe temperature of brightness on the satellite in K, psi1、ψ2、ψ3Calculated from the atmospheric water vapor content, are three atmospheric parameters.
The method includes the steps of obtaining an SAR image of a preset area, and obtaining surface deformation information of the preset area through InSAR time sequence analysis, and specifically includes the following steps: selecting one image from the N +1 SAR images in the preset area as a main image, taking the other N images as auxiliary images, registering the N auxiliary images and the main image, then carrying out interference processing to obtain N interference images, and obtaining a deformation sequence of the image coverage time through calculation, wherein N is a positive integer; obtaining an interference phase of the interference pattern, performing phase regression analysis and phase unwrapping, and removing a terrain coherent error and an atmospheric phase; and solving the data of the final average deformation rate and the deformation quantity of each period of time by establishing an observation equation to obtain the earth surface deformation information of the preset area.
The interference phase of the interference pattern is as follows:
Φ(x)＝ΦR(x)+Φu(x)+Φσ(x)+Φa(x)+Φn(x)，
wherein phiR(x) For the topographic phase, phiu(x) For deformation phase of the earth's surface, phiσ(x) Phase, phi, produced by non-uniformity of the atmosphere when acquiring two SAR images of an interferograma(x) For reference to the phase of the flat ground, Φ, caused by an ellipsoidn(x) Is a noise source, wherein,
wherein, B⊥The projection component of the baseline in the vertical direction of the radar visual line is shown, R is the slant distance from the radar antenna to two reference points on the ground, △ R is the difference of the slant distances from the radar visual line before and after the deformation of the ground point, h is the elevation of the ground point, lambda is the wavelength of the radar signal, and theta is the incident angle from the radar antenna to the two reference points on the ground.
The deformation of the midpoint of the surface deformation information is firstly converted into surface subsidence information of the surface of the predetermined area through interpolation, then the surface subsidence is used as the basis for constructing a band-pass filter, a reasonable threshold range is set, so that the heat signal of the corresponding area with the surface deformation larger than the threshold can pass through the band-pass filter, the heat signal of the corresponding area with the surface deformation smaller than the threshold can not pass through the band-pass filter or is weakened by the band-pass filter, and the high-temperature abnormity of the surface temperature after filtering is mainly influenced by coal fire.
The spatial filtering is performed on the earth surface temperature information through the band-pass filter to obtain the suspected coal fire distribution position of the predetermined area, and the method specifically includes: and performing statistical analysis on the earth surface temperature information before filtering, performing statistics on the average value mu and the variance sigma of the image, extracting pixels larger than mu + sigma and pixels larger than mu +2 sigma in the image, extracting an earth surface high-temperature abnormal area to perform two-stage distribution, filtering to eliminate part of earth surface high-temperature abnormal areas caused by non-coal fire, and taking the range corresponding to the left high-temperature abnormal area as the two-stage suspected distribution area of the finally extracted coal fire.
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FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for detecting coal fire by combining thermal infrared and radar remote sensing according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a method for obtaining surface temperature information of a predetermined area according to a thermal infrared remote sensing image of the predetermined area according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a flowchart illustrating acquiring deformation information of a surface of a predetermined area according to an SAR image of the predetermined area according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of designing a band-pass filter and obtaining the distribution position of suspected coal fire in a predetermined area by filtering according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a filtering process according to an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar function throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the drawings are illustrative and intended to be illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
The method for detecting coal fire by combining thermal infrared and radar remote sensing according to the embodiment of the invention is described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, the method for detecting coal fire by combining thermal infrared and radar remote sensing according to the embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:
and S1, acquiring the thermal infrared remote sensing image of the preset area, and obtaining the earth surface temperature information of the preset area through earth surface temperature inversion.
In one embodiment of the invention, the thermal infrared remote sensing image can be obtained by a satellite such as Landsat.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 2, step S1 includes: firstly, preprocessing thermal infrared remote sensing images, wherein the preprocessing comprises geometric correction, radiation correction and atmospheric correction, then cutting the remote sensing images of suspected coal fire distribution areas according to the vector boundaries of mining areas and the interpretation of the images to obtain the thermal infrared remote sensing data of a preset area, then calculating a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) through wave band operation, and using the NDVITEMThe method calculates the earth surface emissivity. And then obtaining the atmosphere water vapor content of the preset area according to the auxiliary atmosphere transmittance data, and performing surface temperature inversion on the thermal infrared remote sensing data of the preset area through a universal single-channel algorithm to obtain surface temperature information of the preset area.
The calculation formula for performing surface temperature inversion on the thermal infrared remote sensing data of the predetermined area is as follows:
wherein gamma and delta are coefficients related to the Planck equation,
wherein epsiloniSpecific surface emissivity in the i-th band, LiRepresents the on-satellite radiance of the band in W.m-2·sr-1·μm-1，TiThe temperature of brightness on the satellite in K, psi1、ψ2、ψ3Calculated from the atmospheric water vapor content, are three atmospheric parameters.
Because the surface temperature is increased due to the combustion of underground coal, the surface temperature information can be used as a judgment basis for coal fire positions, for example, a high-temperature abnormal area is used as a suspected coal fire distribution area, but because the surface has a low-heat capacity covering, a high-temperature area on the surface caused by non-coal fire may occur, and the areas interfere the detection of the coal fire, so that the misjudgment of the coal fire area is caused. Therefore, in one embodiment of the present invention, the obtained surface temperature information of the predetermined area can be verified by using methods such as field synchronous measurement or multi-source data monitoring result comparison.
And S2, acquiring the SAR image of the preset area, and obtaining the earth surface deformation information of the preset area through InSAR time sequence analysis.
In one embodiment of the present invention, SAR images may be acquired from satellites such as Sentinel-1 and Radarsat-2. The InSAR time sequence analysis technology can comprise PS (Permanent scatterers) -InSAR and SBAS (Small-Baseline Subset) -InSAR technologies, and the PS-InSAR technology is taken as an example for explanation in the invention.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 3, one image may be selected from N +1 SAR images of a predetermined region as a master image, and the other N images may be selected as slave images, and the N slave images and the master image may be registered. And performing reverse geocoding based on the external DEM data and the orbit data before image registration. And then carrying out interference processing to obtain N differential interference images, and obtaining a deformation sequence of the image coverage time through calculation, wherein N is a positive integer.
Then obtaining the interference phase of the interference pattern, wherein the interference phase of the interference pattern is as follows:
Φ(x)＝ΦR(x)+Φu(x)+Φσ(x)+Φa(x)+Φn(x)，
wherein phiR(x) For the topographic phase, phiu(x) For deformation phase of the earth's surface, phiσ(x) Phase, phi, produced by non-uniformity of the atmosphere when acquiring two SAR images of an interferograma(x) As a reference ellipsePhase of flat ground, phi, induced by the balln(x) Is a noise source, wherein,
wherein, B⊥The projection component of the baseline in the vertical direction of the radar visual line is shown, R is the slant distance from the radar antenna to two reference points on the ground, △ R is the difference of the slant distances from the radar visual line before and after the deformation of the ground point, h is the elevation of the ground point, lambda is the wavelength of the radar signal, and theta is the incident angle from the radar antenna to the two reference points on the ground.
Furthermore, a time sequence processing method is executed, so that phase regression analysis and phase unwrapping can be carried out on the target set, and the terrain coherent error and the atmospheric phase can be removed. Specifically, the differential phase can be iterated step by step according to a phase unwrapping method, and finally, the items such as the deformation rate, elevation error correction and residual error are iterated. After the correction is obtained, the residual phase is filtered, and the phase difference before and after filtering is obtained through calculation to obtain the atmospheric and noise correction value. The result after filtering is a nonlinear variable, and the formula is specifically as follows:
Φdef＝Φlin_d+Φnon_d，
wherein phidefIs the actual amount of deformation, philin_dAnd phinon_dRespectively representing linear and non-linear deformation quantities.
And finally, solving the data of the final average deformation rate and each time deformation amount by establishing an observation equation to obtain the earth surface deformation information of the preset area.
As shown in fig. 3, for PS-InSAR techniques, PS points can be selected in a predetermined region, fine-chosen, and removed of the terrain-independent errors before phase unwrapping.
And S3, designing and generating a corresponding band-pass filter according to the surface deformation information of the preset area.
It should be noted that step S3 is executed after step S2, and step S1 and step S2 may not be in sequence.
And S4, carrying out spatial filtering on the surface temperature information through a band-pass filter to obtain the suspected coal fire distribution position of the preset area.
The combustion of underground coal can generate high temperature, and can also cause geological disasters such as collapse, ground cracks and the like due to the change of the volume and the mechanical property of surrounding rocks, the high temperature abnormality is shown on a thermal infrared image, the micro deformation of the ground surface is shown on the time sequence radar image analysis, and the distribution range of coal fire can not be greatly changed in a certain period according to the general characteristics of the generation and the development of the coal fire. Because the influence of the earth surface low heat capacity covering can cause the earth surface high temperature abnormity caused by non-coal fire, based on the principle, a corresponding band-pass filter can be designed and generated according to the earth surface micro deformation information at the same period, and the earth surface temperature information is filtered to eliminate the earth surface high temperature abnormity caused by non-coal fire, so that the accuracy and the reliability of coal fire detection are improved.
The deformation of the midpoint of the deformation information of the earth surface is converted into the earth surface settlement information of the surface of the predetermined area through interpolation, then the earth surface settlement is used as the basis for constructing the band-pass filter, a reasonable threshold range is set, so that the heat signal of the corresponding area with the earth surface deformation larger than the threshold can pass through the band-pass filter, the heat signal of the corresponding area with the earth surface deformation smaller than the threshold can not pass through the band-pass filter or is weakened by the band-pass filter, the high-temperature abnormity of the earth surface after filtering is mainly influenced by coal fire, and the coal fire information of the predetermined area can be obtained according to the pixel value of the image after filtering.
Further, the earth surface temperature information before filtering can be subjected to statistical analysis, the mean value mu and the variance sigma of the image are counted, pixels larger than mu + sigma and pixels larger than mu +2 sigma in the image are extracted, an earth surface high-temperature abnormal area is extracted to be distributed in two stages, part of the earth surface high-temperature abnormal area caused by non-coal fire is eliminated through filtering, and the range corresponding to the reserved high-temperature abnormal area is used as the two-stage suspected distribution area of the finally extracted coal fire. Because the range of the area is not large, the sunlight condition and the atmospheric condition are the same, the normal earth surface temperature of the area can be considered to accord with normal distribution, the coal fire information of the preset area is obtained according to the pixel value of the filtered image, the area is considered to be an earth surface high temperature abnormal area when the pixel before filtering is larger than mu + sigma and larger than mu +2 sigma, and the area is an earth surface high temperature abnormal area caused by coal fire when the pixel after filtering is larger than mu + sigma and larger than mu +2 sigma, so that a two-stage coal fire suspected distribution area can be extracted.
In general, as shown in fig. 4, the steps S3 and S4 may include: obtaining a ground surface deformation grid diagram through format conversion spatial interpolation according to the ground surface deformation information; obtaining a surface deformation value and constructing a spatial filter based on the surface deformation value; filtering the earth surface temperature information through a spatial band-pass filter; and obtaining a suspected coal fire distribution area according to the filtered surface temperature information and the statistical analysis result.
The process of filtering through a band-pass filter is shown in fig. 5, where a in fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a band-pass filter generated by the surface deformation information obtained from the SAR image, and the filter can allow the thermal signal in the region corresponding to the larger amount of subsidence to pass through the filter, and the thermal signal in the region corresponding to the smaller amount or no amount of subsidence cannot pass through the filter or is weakened by the filter; part b of fig. 5 is a schematic representation of the earth's surface temperature information obtained from the thermal infrared remote sensing image, which includes some high temperature regions; part c in fig. 5 is a suspected coal fire distribution area extracted after spatial band-pass filtering, and it can be seen from fig. 5 that adverse effects of some high-temperature areas on the ground surface caused by non-coal fire on the determination of the suspected coal fire area are eliminated by filtering, so that the coal fire can be efficiently, accurately and reliably detected.
In summary, according to the method for detecting coal fire by combining thermal infrared remote sensing and radar remote sensing, according to the thermal infrared remote sensing image of the predetermined area, the earth surface temperature information of the predetermined area is obtained, according to the SAR image of the predetermined area, the earth surface deformation information of the predetermined area is obtained, and according to the earth surface deformation information of the predetermined area, a corresponding band-pass filter is designed and generated, and the earth surface temperature information is spatially filtered by the band-pass filter, so as to obtain the suspected coal fire distribution position of the predetermined area.
In the description herein, references to the description of the term "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "an example," "a specific example," or "some examples," etc., mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above are not necessarily intended to refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. Furthermore, various embodiments or examples and features of different embodiments or examples described in this specification can be combined and combined by one skilled in the art without contradiction.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and that variations, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to the above embodiments by those of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for detecting coal fire by combining thermal infrared and radar remote sensing is characterized by comprising the following steps:
acquiring a thermal infrared remote sensing image of a predetermined area, and obtaining earth surface temperature information of the predetermined area through earth surface temperature inversion;
acquiring an SAR image of a predetermined area, and obtaining surface deformation information of the predetermined area through InSAR time sequence analysis;
designing and generating a corresponding band-pass filter according to the earth surface deformation information of the preset area;
performing spatial filtering on the surface temperature information through the band-pass filter to obtain the suspected coal fire distribution position of the preset area,
wherein, firstly, the deformation of the midpoint of the surface deformation information is converted into the surface subsidence information of the surface of the predetermined area through interpolation, then the surface subsidence is taken as the basis for constructing a band-pass filter, through setting a reasonable threshold range, the heat signal of the corresponding area with the surface deformation larger than the threshold can pass through the band-pass filter, the heat signal of the corresponding area with the surface deformation smaller than the threshold can not pass through the band-pass filter or is weakened by the band-pass filter, so that the high temperature abnormity of the surface after filtering is mainly influenced by the coal fire,
the spatial filtering is performed on the earth surface temperature information through the band-pass filter to obtain the suspected coal fire distribution position of the predetermined area, and the method specifically includes: and performing statistical analysis on the earth surface temperature information before filtering, performing statistics on the mean value mu and the variance zeta of the image, extracting pixels larger than mu + zeta and pixels larger than mu +2 zeta in the image, extracting an earth surface high-temperature abnormal area to perform two-stage distribution, filtering to eliminate part of the earth surface high-temperature abnormal area caused by non-coal fire, and taking the range corresponding to the left high-temperature abnormal area as the two-stage suspected distribution area of the finally extracted coal fire.
2. The method for detecting coal fire by combining thermal infrared and radar remote sensing according to claim 1, wherein a thermal infrared remote sensing image of a predetermined area is obtained, and surface temperature information of the predetermined area is obtained by surface temperature inversion, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
preprocessing the thermal infrared remote sensing image, wherein the preprocessing comprises geometric correction, radiation correction and atmospheric correction;
cutting the remote sensing image of the suspected coal fire distribution area according to the interpretation of the vector boundary and the image of the mining area to obtain the thermal infrared remote sensing data of the predetermined area;
calculating a normalized difference vegetation index through band operation, and calculating the ground surface emissivity;
obtaining the atmospheric water vapor content of the preset area according to the auxiliary atmospheric transmittance data;
and performing surface temperature inversion on the thermal infrared remote sensing data of the predetermined area to obtain surface temperature information of the predetermined area.
3. The method for detecting coal fire by combining thermal infrared remote sensing and radar remote sensing according to claim 2, wherein a calculation formula for performing surface temperature inversion on the thermal infrared remote sensing data of the predetermined area is as follows:
wherein gamma and delta are coefficients related to the Planck equation,
wherein epsiloniSpecific surface emissivity in the i-th band, LiRepresents the on-satellite radiance of the band in W.m-2·sr-1·μm-1，TiThe temperature of brightness on the satellite in K, psi1、ψ2、ψ3Calculated from the atmospheric water vapor content, are three atmospheric parameters.
4. The method for detecting coal fire by combining thermal infrared and radar remote sensing according to claim 2 or 3, wherein an SAR image of a predetermined area is obtained, and surface deformation information of the predetermined area is obtained by InSAR time sequence analysis, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
selecting one image from the N +1 SAR images in the preset area as a main image, taking the other N images as auxiliary images, registering the N auxiliary images and the main image, then carrying out interference processing to obtain N interference images, and obtaining a deformation sequence of the image coverage time through calculation, wherein N is a positive integer;
obtaining an interference phase of the interference pattern, performing phase regression analysis and phase unwrapping, and removing a terrain coherent error and an atmospheric phase;
and solving the data of the final average deformation rate and the deformation quantity of each period of time by establishing an observation equation to obtain the earth surface deformation information of the preset area.
5. The method for detecting coal fire by combining thermal infrared and radar remote sensing according to claim 4, wherein interference phases of the interference pattern are as follows:
Φ(x)＝ΦR(x)+Φu(x)+Φσ(x)+Φa(x)+Φn(x)，
wherein phiR(x) For the topographic phase, phiu(x) For deformation phase of the earth's surface, phiσ(x) Phase, phi, produced by non-uniformity of the atmosphere when acquiring two SAR images of an interferograma(x) For reference to the phase of the flat ground, Φ, caused by an ellipsoidn(x) Is a noise source, wherein,
wherein, B⊥The projection component of the baseline in the vertical direction of the radar visual line is shown, R is the slant distance from the radar antenna to two reference points on the ground, △ R is the difference of the slant distances from the radar visual line before and after the deformation of the ground point, h is the elevation of the ground point, lambda is the wavelength of the radar signal, and theta is the incident angle from the radar antenna to the two reference points on the ground.
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| CN113192007B (en) * | 2021-04-07 | 2022-01-21 | 青岛地质工程勘察院(青岛地质勘查开发局) | Multi-scale information fusion geothermal abnormal region extraction method |
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