CN108957452A - A kind of adaptive FFBP imaging method of synthetic aperture radar - Google Patents

A kind of adaptive FFBP imaging method of synthetic aperture radar Download PDF

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CN108957452A
CN108957452A CN201810807978.7A CN201810807978A CN108957452A CN 108957452 A CN108957452 A CN 108957452A CN 201810807978 A CN201810807978 A CN 201810807978A CN 108957452 A CN108957452 A CN 108957452A
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刘峥
冉磊
赵晨
谢荣
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Xidian University
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/89—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
    • G01S13/90—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging using synthetic aperture techniques, e.g. synthetic aperture radar [SAR] techniques
    • G01S13/9004—SAR image acquisition techniques
    • G01S13/9017—SAR image acquisition techniques with time domain processing of the SAR signals in azimuth
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/89—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
    • G01S13/90—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging using synthetic aperture techniques, e.g. synthetic aperture radar [SAR] techniques
    • G01S13/904—SAR modes

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  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention proposes a kind of adaptive FFBP imaging method of synthetic aperture radar, solves the problems, such as that existing FFBP imaging method computational efficiency is lower.Implementation step are as follows: (1) distance is carried out to matched filtering to the echo-signal of synthetic aperture radar；(2) sub-aperture image is obtained；(3) multiple base two is carried out to sub- subaperture image to merge；(4) target detection is carried out to fused first width sub-aperture image；(5) target pixel points coordinate in remaining sub-aperture image is obtained；(5) to all sub-aperture image adaptive interpolation；(7) base two is carried out to all sub-aperture images after interpolation to merge；(8) target pixel points coordinate in prime sub-aperture image is transferred to the same level；(9) step (5) to (8) are repeated, a width full aperture SAR image is ultimately formed.In imaging process of the present invention, retains target pixel points and reject clutter background, reduce data volume and reduce interpolation number, improve computational efficiency.

Description

A kind of adaptive FFBP imaging method of synthetic aperture radar
Technical field
The invention belongs to digital signal processing technique fields, are related to a kind of adaptive under preceding side-looking mode suitable for SAR FFBP imaging method is answered, can be used for the real-time detection and imaging of high speed platform.
Background technique
Traditional synthetic aperture radar (Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR) is usually positive side-looking mode.So And requiring radar that there is front side to regard imaging capability in the numerous applications of reality, such as navigation, independent landing and ground taxi guide Deng.Therefore, view imaging technique has important application value on front side of radar.But it is regarded on front side of high-resolution in SAR imaging, mesh Coupling effect side-looking mode more positive than low resolution between gauge length descriscent and orientation is serious more, this is to SAR imaging algorithm Focusing performance proposes challenge.With the development of SAR technology, researcher proposes a variety of imaging algorithms.On the whole, it can incite somebody to action These imaging algorithms are divided into two classes: frequency domain algorithm and Time-Domain algorithm.
Frequency domain algorithm passes through the coupling adjusted the distance between orientation and is corrected, and realizes between peacekeeping azimuth dimension Two-dimentional separable dimension processing realizes simple, imaging efficiency height.However it is carried out when coupling of the frequency domain algorithm between correction distance and orientation Many approximations, these approximate conditions are usually more sensitive to SAR parameter, such as wavelength, bandwidth, angle of squint, aperture length.Institute With the application that frequency domain imaging algorithm is regarded on front side of high-resolution in SAR system is limited.
Currently, typical Time-Domain algorithm is standard rear orientation projection (Back-Projection Algorithm, BP) algorithm. The essence of BP algorithm is antenna phased array along specific direction progress Wave beam forming, and the integral passed through along oblique distance course realizes imaging The accumulation of each pixel energy on grid.BP algorithm is ideally solved apart from orientation coupled problem, is suitable for front side view or non- Image reconstruction under the complicated imaging geometry such as linear track.However the computation complexity of BP algorithm is up to O (N3), imaging efficiency It is low.To improve time-domain imaging efficiency, document " Synthetic aperture radar processing using fast factorized back-projection.IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol.39, no.3, pp.760-776, Jul.2003. " propose fast decoupled rear orientation projection (Fast Factorized Back-Projection, FFBP) imaging method.Specifically, FFBP imaging method is first by synthetic aperture thunder The full aperture even partition reached is several sub-apertures, the integral number power that sub-aperture number is 2, by each sub-aperture data projection To corresponding polar coordinate system, sub-aperture image is formed, then multiple base two is carried out to all sub-aperture images and is merged, in each image Point interpolation pixel-by-pixel will be carried out to sub- subaperture image in fusion process, until being finally fused into a width full aperture SAR image. Computation complexity is reduced to O (N by aperture segmentation by FFBP imaging method2log2N), it can be applied to front side view SAR imaging system System.But it has a defect that execution point interpolation and the accumulation pixel-by-pixel when carrying out sub-aperture image co-registration, and data volume is big, calculates Efficiency is still difficult to meet the needs of real-time detection.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to deficiencies present in view of the above technology, propose a kind of based on the adaptive of target detection FFBP imaging method is answered, for solving the lower technical problem of computational efficiency present in existing FFBP imaging method.
Technical thought of the invention is: in adaptive FFBP imaging process, sub-aperture image is merged by multiple base two High-resolution sub-aperture image is formed afterwards, and target detection is carried out to high-resolution sub-aperture image, exports target pixel points coordinate；Then Interpolation only is carried out to target pixel points and accumulation, clutter pixel zero setting carry out the high-resolution sub-aperture image after interpolation again The multiple fusion of base two is until ultimately forming a width full aperture SAR image.Implementing step includes:
(1) distance is carried out to matched filtering to the echo-signal of synthetic aperture radar:
To the linear FM signal s of synthetic aperture radar emissiont(tr) echo-signal carry out carrier frequency, obtain fundamental frequency letter Number s (tr,ta;P), and to fundamental frequency signal s (tr,ta;P) distance is carried out to matched filtering, obtains synthetic aperture radar full aperture Range compress signal src(tr,ta;P), wherein trFor fast time, taFor the slow time, p indicates the coordinate of target；
(2) the sub-aperture image of synthetic aperture radar is obtained:
(2a) assumes that FFBP algorithm needs to carry out x grade image co-registrations, x >=2 and be integer, by the complete opening of synthetic aperture radar Diameter even partition is N number of sub-aperture that length is L/N, wherein L is the length of synthetic aperture radar full aperture, N=2x；
(2b) establishes the polar coordinate system of each sub-aperture, and by the Range compress signal s of each sub-aperturerc(tr,ta;p) Rear orientation projection obtains arrange from small to large comprising N width by sub-aperture sequencing the into the polar coordinate system of corresponding sub-aperture First order image set S[1],Wherein,Indicate i-th of sub-aperture image, ()[·] Indicate the series where present image；
(3) to first order image collection S[1]In N width sub-aperture image carry out multiple base two and merge:
To first order image collection S[1]In N width sub-aperture image carry out (k-1) secondary base two and merge, obtain comprising N/2(k -1)The kth grade image collection S of width sub-aperture image[k], fused sub-aperture image angular domain resolution ratio reaches λmin/ 2L rad, And by S[k]In N2(k-1)Width sub-aperture image is numbered from small to large by aperture sequencing, λminIndicate transmitting signal most small echo It is long；
(4) to kth grade image collection S[k]In the first width sub-aperture imageCarry out target detection:
To kth grade image collection S[k]In the first width sub-aperture imageTarget detection is carried out, the first width sub-aperture is obtained ImageIn target pixel points coordinate
(5) coordinate is obtainedIn sub-aperture imageIn corresponding coordinate
It willIn target pixel points coordinateIt is transferred to S[k]In removeRemaining sub-aperture image, obtain To coordinateIn sub-aperture imageIn corresponding coordinateWherein n indicates the serial number of subgraph, And
N=2,3 ..., N/2(k-1)；
(6) to kth grade image collection S[k]In N/2(k-1)Width sub-aperture image carries out adaptive-interpolation:
According to the first width sub-aperture imageThe coordinate of middle target pixel pointsAnd coordinate? Sub-aperture imageIn corresponding coordinateIn kth grade image collection S[k]N/2(k-1)In width sub-aperture image Interpolation, and the image collection S' by clutter pixel zero setting, after obtaining interpolation are carried out to target pixel points[k]；
(7) by S'[k]In all sub-aperture images carry out base two and merge:
By S'[k]In N/2(k-1)Width sub-aperture image carries out a base two and merges, and obtains comprising N/2[k-2]Width sub-aperture (k+1) grade sub-aperture image collection S of image[k+1], and by S[k+1]In N/2[k-2]Width sub-aperture image is successively suitable by aperture Sequence is numbered from small to large；
(8) by sub-aperture imageIn target pixel points coordinatePass to sub-aperture image
By kth grade image collection S[k]In the first width sub-aperture imageIn target pixel points coordinateIt passes It is handed to (k+1) grade image collection S[k+1]The first width sub-aperture imageObtain the first width sub-aperture imageIn The coordinate of target pixel points
(9) k=k+1 is enabled, and repeats step (5) to step (8), until forming the complete opening that a width only includes target pixel points Diameter SAR image.
Compared with prior art, the present invention having the advantage that
The full aperture SAR image that the present invention obtains, the angular domain resolution ratio of group subaperture image is with image co-registration number Increase up to λminWhen/2L rad, only to image collection S[k]In the first width sub-aperture image carry out target detection, remaining sub-aperture Target pixel points coordinate in diameter image is obtained by coordinate transfer mode, and will be only to the sub-aperture after object pixel point interpolation Diameter image carries out what the method that multiple base two merges was realized, avoids the point interpolation pixel-by-pixel and product in existing FFBP imaging method Tired bring calculates the big defect of data volume, reduces the data volume of calculating, and dropped the number of undershoot value, with prior art phase Than effectively improving the efficiency of imaging.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is implementation flow chart of the invention；
Fig. 2 is that target pixel points coordinate transmits schematic diagram；
Fig. 3 is the present invention and the prior art to scene imaging effect comparison diagram in optical imagery；
Fig. 4 is the 6th to the 9th grade of sub-aperture image comparison figure that Same Scene is imaged in the present invention and the prior art；
Fig. 5 is the runing time comparison diagram of the present invention and the prior art to sub-aperture image procossings at different levels.
Specific embodiment
In the following with reference to the drawings and specific embodiments, present invention is further described in detail.
Referring to Fig.1, steps are as follows for realization of the invention:
Step 1) carries out distance to matched filtering to the echo-signal of synthetic aperture radar:
Step 1a) synthetic aperture radar with fixed pulse repetition rate emit linear FM signal st(tr):
st(tr)=rect (tr/ Tp)·exp[j2π(fctr+γtr 2/2)]
Wherein, trFor fast time, tpFor pulse width, fcFor carrier frequency, γ corresponds to frequency modulation rate.
Step 1b) it receives and carrier frequency, available fundamental frequency signal s (t is gone to echo-signal after echor,ta;p):
Wherein, αpFor target scattering intensity, wr(tr)=rect [(tr-Δt)/Tp], wa(ta) be radar beam orientation Window function, Δ t=2R (ta；P)/c is signal two-way time delay, taFor the slow time, c indicates that the light velocity, p indicate the coordinate of target.
Step 1c) to fundamental frequency signal s (tr,ta;P) distance is carried out to matched filtering, obtains synthetic aperture radar full aperture Range compress signal src(tr,ta;P):
Wherein, λ indicates carrier wavelength.
The sub-aperture image of step 2) acquisition synthetic aperture radar:
Step 2a) assume that FFBP algorithm needs to carry out x grade image co-registrations, x >=2 and be integer, by synthetic aperture radar Full aperture even partition is N number of sub-aperture that length is L/N, wherein L is the length of synthetic aperture radar full aperture, N=2x；
Step 2b) establish the polar coordinate system of each sub-aperture, and by the Range compress signal s of each sub-aperturerc(tr,ta; P) rear orientation projection obtains including what N width was arranged from small to large by sub-aperture sequencing into the polar coordinate system of corresponding sub-aperture First order image collection S[1],A wherein width sub-aperture imageExpression formula are as follows:
Wherein, i indicates i-th of sub-aperture, ()[·]Series where indicating image, m (m=1,2,3 ..., M) are pulse Index, α are the corresponding rear orientation projection's vector of pixel in scene, instantaneous oblique distance vector of the R between radar and pixel.
Step 3) is to first order image collection S[1]In N width sub-aperture image carry out multiple base two and merge:
To first order image collection S[1]In N width sub-aperture image carry out (k-1) secondary base two and merge, obtain comprising N/2(k -1)The kth grade image collection S of width sub-aperture image[k], fused sub-aperture image angular domain resolution ratio reaches λmin/ 2L rad, And by S[k]In N/2(k-1)Width sub-aperture image is numbered from small to large by aperture sequencing, λminIndicate transmitting signal most small echo Long, in two fusion process of base, the sinc function for being first 8 points with length is to prime sub-aperture imageWithIt carries out slotting Value obtainsWithThen by the sub-aperture image after interpolationWithPoint is added that obtain a width new pixel-by-pixel Sub-aperture image
Step 4) is to kth grade image collection S[k]In the first width sub-aperture imageCarry out target detection:
To kth grade image collection S[k]In the first width sub-aperture imageTarget detection is carried out using SP-CFAR algorithm, is obtained To the first width sub-aperture imageIn target pixel points coordinate
Step 5) obtains coordinateIn sub-aperture imageIn corresponding coordinate
It willIn target pixel points coordinateIt is transferred to S[k]In removeRemaining sub-aperture image, such as In Fig. 2 shown in the first row, coordinate is obtainedIn sub-aperture imageIn corresponding coordinate
Wherein, n indicates the serial number of subgraph, and n=2,3 ... ..., N/2(k-1), L[k]For the sub-aperture in the processing of kth grade Length.
Step 6) is to kth grade image collection S[k]In N/2(k-1)Width sub-aperture image carries out adaptive-interpolation:
According to the first width sub-aperture imageThe coordinate of middle target pixel pointsAnd coordinate? Sub-aperture imageIn corresponding coordinateIn kth grade image collection S[k]N/2(k-1)In width sub-aperture image To target pixel points progress interpolation, the sinc function that interpolation kernel length is 8 points, and by clutter pixel zero setting, obtain interpolation Image collection S' afterwards[k]；
Step 7) is by S'[k]In all sub-aperture images carry out base two and merge:
By S'[k]In N/2(k-1)Width sub-aperture image carries out a base two and merges, and obtains comprising N/2[k-2]Width sub-aperture (k+1) grade sub-aperture image collection S of image[k+1], and by S[k+1]In N/2[k-2]Width sub-aperture image is successively suitable by aperture Sequence is numbered from small to large；
Step 8) is by sub-aperture imageIn target pixel points coordinatePass to sub-aperture image
By kth grade image collection S[k]In the first width sub-aperture imageIn target pixel points coordinateIt passes It is handed to (k+1) grade image collection S[k+1]The first width sub-aperture imageAs shown in the second row in Fig. 2, the first width is obtained Sub-aperture imageIn target pixel points coordinate
Step 9) enables k=k+1, and repeats step (5) to step (8), only includes target pixel points until forming a width Full aperture SAR image.
Experiment is handled below in conjunction with the measured data of Ku wave band, the technology of the present invention effect is described further:
1. experiment condition and content:
1. measured data system parameter of table
It is utilized respectively FFBP and Same Scene is imaged in adaptive FFBP imaging method, the main target in scene is Some cultures.In handling scene imaging, symbiosis is at 9 grades of sub-aperture images, when to the 6th grade of sub-aperture image procossing Start to carry out target detection with SP-CFAR algorithm.Experimental result as shown in figure 3, Fig. 3 (a) be existing FFBP imaging method at As a result, Fig. 3 (b) is the imaging results of adaptive FFBP imaging method, Fig. 3 (c) is corresponding Google Maps optical imagery.Figure 4 the 6th to the 9 grade of sub-aperture image comparison figures that Same Scene is imaged for FFBP and adaptive FFBP, wherein the first behavior FFBP Imaging results, the adaptive FFBP imaging results of the second behavior.FFBP and adaptive FFBP imaging method are to sub-aperture images at different levels The computer running time of processing is presented in Fig. 5.Measured data system parameter is as shown in table 1, when the imaging of two kinds of algorithms is total Between as shown in table 2.
2. measured data of table tests imaging time comparison
Imaging method Runing time (s)
FFBP 169.76
Adaptive FFBP 101.32
2. analysis of experimental results:
From figure 3, it can be seen that adaptive FFBP remains interesting target, while eliminating clutter background.From Fig. 4 As can be seen that, since sub-aperture image resolution ratio and signal-to-noise ratio are all lower, being deposited in testing result in the 6th grade of sub-aperture image In more clutter pixel.As sub-aperture electrical path length increases, object construction is more clear, and clutter pixel is also gradually eliminated.From Fig. 5 In as can be seen that when adaptive FFBP wants a little higher than FFBP corresponding operation to the runing time of the 6th grade of sub-aperture image procossing Between, this is because SP-CFAR detection starts from the 6th grade of sub-aperture image.In the processing to the 7th to 9 grade of sub-aperture image, base In testing result, only a small amount of pixel carries out interpolation, and adaptive every grade of FFBP imaging method of processing time all greatly shortens ?.
To sum up, the imaging efficiency of the image method of the invention is better than existing FFBP imaging method.

Claims (5)

1. a kind of adaptive FFBP imaging method of synthetic aperture radar, which comprises the steps of:
(1) distance is carried out to matched filtering to the echo-signal of synthetic aperture radar:
To the linear FM signal s of synthetic aperture radar emissiont(tr) echo-signal carry out carrier frequency, obtain fundamental frequency signal s (tr, ta；P), and to fundamental frequency signal s (tr, ta；P) carry out distance to matched filtering, obtain synthetic aperture radar full aperture away from From compressed signal src(tr, ta；P), wherein trFor fast time, taFor the slow time, p indicates the coordinate of target；
(2) the sub-aperture image of synthetic aperture radar is obtained:
(2a) assumes that FFBP algorithm needs to carry out x grade image co-registrations, x >=2 and be integer, and the full aperture of synthetic aperture radar is equal It is even to be divided into N number of sub-aperture that length is L/N, wherein L is the length of synthetic aperture radar full aperture, N=2x；
(2b) establishes the polar coordinate system of each sub-aperture, and by the Range compress signal s of each sub-aperturerc(tr, ta；P) backward to throw Shadow obtains the first order figure arranged from small to large comprising N width by sub-aperture sequencing into the polar coordinate system of corresponding sub-aperture Image set closes S[1],Wherein,Indicate i-th of sub-aperture image, ()[·]Indicate current Series where image；
(3) to first order image collection S[1]In N width sub-aperture image carry out multiple base two and merge:
To first order image collection S[1]In N width sub-aperture image carry out (k-1) secondary base two and merge, obtain comprising N/2(k-1)Width The kth grade image collection S of sub-aperture image[k], fused sub-aperture image angular domain resolution ratio reaches λmin/ 2Lrad, and by S[k]In N/2(k-1)Width sub-aperture image is numbered from small to large by aperture sequencing, λminIndicate transmitting signal minimum wavelength；
(4) to kth grade image collection S[k]In the first width sub-aperture imageCarry out target detection:
To kth grade image collection S[k]In the first width sub-aperture imageTarget detection is carried out, the first width sub-aperture image is obtainedIn target pixel points coordinate
(5) coordinate is obtainedIn sub-aperture imageIn corresponding coordinate
It willIn target pixel points coordinateIt is transferred to S[k]In removeRemaining sub-aperture image, obtain coordinateIn sub-aperture imageIn corresponding coordinateWherein n indicates the serial number of subgraph, and n=2, 3 ... ..., N/2(k-1)；
(6) to kth grade image collection S[k]In N/2(k-1)Width sub-aperture image carries out adaptive-interpolation:
According to the first width sub-aperture imageThe coordinate of middle target pixel pointsAnd coordinateIn sub-aperture Diameter imageIn corresponding coordinateIn kth grade image collection S[k]N/2(k-1)To mesh in width sub-aperture image It marks pixel and carries out interpolation, and the image collection S ' by clutter pixel zero setting, after obtaining interpolation[k]；
(7) by S '[k]In all sub-aperture images carry out base two and merge:
By S '[k]In N/2(k-1)Width sub-aperture image carries out a base two and merges, and obtains comprising N/2[k-2]Width sub-aperture image (k+1) grade sub-aperture image collection S[k+1], and by S[k+1]In N/2[k-2]Width sub-aperture image is by aperture sequencing from small To big number；
(8) by sub-aperture imageIn target pixel points coordinatePass to sub-aperture image
By kth grade image collection S[k]In the first width sub-aperture imageIn target pixel points coordinateIt is transferred to (k+1) grade image collection S[k+1]The first width sub-aperture imageObtain the first width sub-aperture imageIn target The coordinate of pixel
(9) k=k+1 is enabled, and repeats step (5) to step (8), until forming the full aperture that a width only includes target pixel points SAR image.
2. the adaptive FFBP imaging method of a kind of synthetic aperture radar according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step (3) Described in first order image collection S[1]In N width sub-aperture image carry out multiple base two and merge, fusion method are as follows:
Using the fusion method in FFBP, to first order image collection S[1]In N width sub-aperture image carry out multiple base two and melt It closes, until fused every width sub-aperture image angular domain resolution ratio reaches λminStop when/2Lrad, obtains comprising N/2(k-1)Width The kth grade image collection S of subaperture image[k], λminTo emit signal minimum wavelength, L is synthetic aperture radar complete opening electrical path length.
3. the adaptive FFBP imaging method of a kind of synthetic aperture radar according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step (4) described in kth grade image collection S[k]In the first width sub-aperture imageTarget detection is carried out, using SP-CFAR Algorithm.
4. the adaptive FFBP imaging method of a kind of synthetic aperture radar according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step (5) coordinate described inIn sub-aperture imageIn corresponding coordinateWhereinWith's Calculation formula is respectively as follows:
Wherein, L[k]For the sub-aperture electrical path length in the processing of kth grade, ()[·]Indicate that the series where present image, n indicate image Serial number.
5. the adaptive FFBP imaging method of a kind of synthetic aperture radar according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step (8) the first width sub-aperture image described inIn target pixel points coordinateWhereinWithCalculation formula be respectively as follows:
Wherein, ()[·]Indicate the series where present image, L[k]For the sub-aperture electrical path length in the processing of kth grade.
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