CN108944352A - vehicle heating system and control method - Google Patents
vehicle heating system and control method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108944352A CN108944352A CN201810918105.3A CN201810918105A CN108944352A CN 108944352 A CN108944352 A CN 108944352A CN 201810918105 A CN201810918105 A CN 201810918105A CN 108944352 A CN108944352 A CN 108944352A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- heat
- heating
- water pump
- automobile
- regenerative apparatus
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 101
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 56
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 50
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 abstract 7
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009408 flooring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/22—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/00357—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles
- B60H1/00385—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles for vehicles having an electrical drive, e.g. hybrid or fuel cell
- B60H1/00392—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles for vehicles having an electrical drive, e.g. hybrid or fuel cell for electric vehicles having only electric drive means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/00421—Driving arrangements for parts of a vehicle air-conditioning
- B60H1/00428—Driving arrangements for parts of a vehicle air-conditioning electric
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/00492—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices comprising regenerative heating or cooling means, e.g. heat accumulators
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/22—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant
- B60H2001/2268—Constructional features
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/80—Technologies aiming to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions common to all road transportation technologies
- Y02T10/88—Optimized components or subsystems, e.g. lighting, actively controlled glasses
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
The application provides a vehicle heating system and a control method. The vehicle heating system comprises a vehicle-mounted battery, a heating device, a heat storage device and an electric energy receiving device. The heat supply device is arranged on the vehicle body and used for supplying heat to the interior of the vehicle, and the heat storage device is connected with the heat supply device through a heat supply pipeline. The electric energy receiving device is electrically connected with the vehicle-mounted battery and the heat storage device, and is used for charging the vehicle-mounted battery and storing heat for the heat storage device. By applying the technical scheme of the invention, the heat storage device is matched with the heat supply device, so that the heat storage device provides heating energy for the heat supply device. Further, the heat storage device may store heat when the in-vehicle battery is charged. Therefore, the electric energy consumption of the vehicle-mounted battery during heat supply is reduced, and the vehicle-mounted battery is ensured to have enough electric quantity to be supplied to the electric vehicle for running.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to air conditioner technical fields, in particular to a kind of automobile-used heating system and control method.
Background technique
The heating system of traditional new-energy automobile is to be heated using air conditioner to car, and this heating system is being made
The incipient stage of heat operation, the leaving air temp of indoor unit is generally lower, and the people for seriously affecting system feels comfort, and uses tradition
PTC heating air heating system, energy utilization rate is low, and there are the damage of equipment and security risks, and increases low
Battery power consumption under warm environment.
Summary of the invention
The embodiment of the invention provides a kind of automobile-used heating system and control methods, to solve new energy vapour in the prior art
The technical problem excessive for heat loss battery capacity of vehicle.
The application embodiment provides a kind of automobile-used heating system, comprising: on-vehicle battery;Heating plant, for being arranged
On the car body to interior heat supply;Regenerative apparatus is connect with heating plant by heat supply pipeline;Electric energy reception device, with vehicle mounted electric
Pond and regenerative apparatus electrical connection, electric energy reception device is for receiving electric energy to charging on-vehicle battery and to regenerative apparatus accumulation of heat.
In one embodiment, regenerative apparatus and heat supply pipeline are detachably connected.
In one embodiment, automobile-used heating system further includes solar energy heat collector, solar energy heat collector and storage
Thermal passes through heating pipeline connection.
In one embodiment, it is provided with the first water pump on heat supply pipeline, heats and is provided with the second water pump on pipeline.
In one embodiment, the first water pump and heat supply pipeline are detachably connected, and the second water pump and heating pipeline can
Releasably connect.
In one embodiment, it is provided with the first fill port on heat supply pipeline, heats and is provided with the second filling on pipeline
Mouthful.
In one embodiment, on-vehicle battery is electrically connected with regenerative apparatus or heating plant.
In one embodiment, on-vehicle battery is electrically connected with regenerative apparatus, is arranged between on-vehicle battery and regenerative apparatus
There is power switch.
In one embodiment, automobile-used heating system further includes controller, controller and power switch, the first water pump and
Second water pump is electrically connected.
In one embodiment, heating plant is the radiation floor of setting in the car.
Present invention also provides a kind of control method, control method is for controlling above-mentioned automobile-used heating system, controlling party
Method include: when the amount of stored heat of regenerative apparatus be greater than the first heating load demand a when, open the first water pump, and close the second water pump and
Power switch;When the amount of stored heat of regenerative apparatus is less than the second heating load demand b, the first water pump and the second water pump are opened, and close
Close power switch;When the amount of stored heat of regenerative apparatus be less than third heating load demand c when, open the first water pump, the second water pump and
Power switch;a<b<c.
In the above-described embodiments, regenerative apparatus is had matched to heating plant, regenerative apparatus is allowed to provide heating to heating plant
Energy.It, can also be to regenerative apparatus accumulation of heat also, when charging to on-vehicle battery.So, just reduce heat supply
When to the power consumption of on-vehicle battery, guarantee that on-vehicle battery has enough electricity to be supplied to electric vehicle traveling.
Detailed description of the invention
The attached drawing constituted part of this application is used to provide further understanding of the present invention, schematic reality of the invention
It applies example and its explanation is used to explain the present invention, do not constitute improper limitations of the present invention.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 is the overall structure diagram of the embodiment of automobile-used heating system according to the present invention.
Specific embodiment
To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, right below with reference to embodiment and attached drawing
The present invention is described in further details.Here, exemplary embodiment and its explanation of the invention is used to explain the present invention, but simultaneously
It is not as a limitation of the invention.
Fig. 1 shows the embodiment of automobile-used heating system of the invention, the automobile-used heating system include: on-vehicle battery 10,
Heating plant 20, regenerative apparatus 30 and electric energy reception device 40.Wherein, heating plant 20, for being arranged on the car body to car
Heat supply, regenerative apparatus 30 are connect with heating plant 20 by heat supply pipeline.Electric energy reception device 40 and on-vehicle battery 10 and accumulation of heat
Device 30 is electrically connected, and electric energy reception device 40 is used to charge to on-vehicle battery 10 and to 30 accumulation of heat of regenerative apparatus.
It applies the technical scheme of the present invention, has matched regenerative apparatus 30 to heating plant 20, allow regenerative apparatus 30 to heat supply
Device 20 provides the energy of heating.It, can also be to 30 accumulation of heat of regenerative apparatus also, when charging to on-vehicle battery 10.This
As soon as sample guarantees that on-vehicle battery 10 has enough electricity to be supplied to the power consumption of on-vehicle battery 10 when reducing heat supply
Electric vehicle traveling.
Optionally, in the technical scheme of this embodiment, application be wired acquisition electric energy technology, electric energy reception device
40 be charging plug.In other optional embodiments, dress can also be received using the wireless technology for obtaining electric energy, electric energy
40 are set as the device of wireless receiving electric energy.
Optionally, in the technical solution of the present embodiment, being charged using electric energy reception device 40 to on-vehicle battery 10 and
When to 30 accumulation of heat of regenerative apparatus, first accumulation of heat can also be filled first to the charging of on-vehicle battery 10 again to 30 accumulation of heat of regenerative apparatus
It sets 30 accumulation of heats again to charge to on-vehicle battery 10, or charges simultaneously to on-vehicle battery 10 and be also to 30 accumulation of heat of regenerative apparatus
It is feasible.
It should be noted that in the technical scheme of this embodiment, regenerative apparatus 30 is the accumulation of heat dress of subsidiary electric heating wire
It sets.
Preferably, heating plant 20 is the radiation floor of setting in the car.Using the heating system of flooring radiation, nothing is made an uproar
Sound is begun to warm up from sole, and comfort is good.It should be noted that, although it is lower using radiation heat transfer efficiency, but be particularly suitable for
Charge the technical solution of accumulation of heat when heating of the invention.
Optionally, as shown in Figure 1, electric energy reception device 40 is adapted with charging pile 41.
As a preferred embodiment, automobile-used heating system further includes solar energy heat collector 50, solar energy heating
Device 50 is connect with regenerative apparatus 30 by heating pipeline.It can be in the mistake that vehicle uses daytime by solar energy heat collector 50
Cheng Zhong carries out accumulation of energy to regenerative apparatus 30, more environmentally protective.Optionally, as shown in Figure 1, heating pipeline and heat supply pipeline all
It is connected respectively by inlet and outlet with regenerative apparatus 30.
Optionally, regenerative apparatus 30 and heat supply pipeline are detachably connected.More preferably, solar energy heat collector 50 with
Regenerative apparatus 30 is also detachably connected.In this way, solar energy heating can be filled when summer being not suitable for use for heat function
It sets 50 to disassemble with regenerative apparatus 30, mitigates the weight of electric vehicle, extend course continuation mileage.When winter arrives, then to the sun
Energy heat collector 50 and regenerative apparatus 30 are installed.
More preferably, it is provided with the first fill port 22 on heat supply pipeline, heats and is provided with the second fill port on pipeline
52.It, can be by the first fill port 22 and the second fill port 52 by heat supply pipeline and heating in this way, when not using heating function
Refrigerant discharge in pipeline, in order to dismantle solar energy heat collector 50 and regenerative apparatus 30.When reusing heating function, then
Refrigerant is added by the first fill port 22 and the second fill port 52.
Optionally, the refrigerant added in heat supply pipeline is anti-icing fluid A, and the refrigerant added in heating pipeline is anti-icing fluid
B。
As shown in Figure 1, being provided with the first water pump 21 in the technical scheme of this embodiment, on heat supply pipeline, pipeline is heated
On be provided with the second water pump 51.First water pump 21 is used to provide the refrigerant in heat supply pipeline circulation power, and the second water pump 51 is used
In to the refrigerant offer circulation power in heating pipeline.Preferably, the first water pump 21 and heat supply pipeline are detachably connected, and second
Water pump 51 and heating pipeline are detachably connected.In this way, can be when summer being not suitable for use for heat function, it can also be by first
Water pump 21 and the second water pump 51 also disassemble, and further mitigate the weight of electric vehicle, extend course continuation mileage.
As shown in Figure 1, the technical solution in the present embodiment is red, on-vehicle battery 10 is electrically connected with regenerative apparatus 30.In this way, can
To be heated by on-vehicle battery 10 to regenerative apparatus 30, to supply the energy of the heating of heating plant 20.As other optional
Embodiment can also allow on-vehicle battery 10 to be directly connected to heating plant 20.In this embodiment, heating plant 20 should
It is accompanied with electric heating equipment.
As a preferred embodiment, on-vehicle battery 10 is electrically connected with regenerative apparatus 30, on-vehicle battery 10 and accumulation of heat
Power switch 11 is provided between device 30.When in use, on-vehicle battery 10 is controlled to regenerative apparatus 30 by power switch 11
Power supply.
More preferably, automobile-used heating system further includes controller 60, controller 60 and power switch 11, the first water pump 21
It is electrically connected with the second water pump 51.In this manner it is possible to control power switch 11 by controller 60, state the first water pump 21 and the
The operation of automobile-used heating system different mode is realized in the operation of two water pumps 51.Optionally, which may include display mould
Block, with information such as real-time display amount of stored heat, interior heating load, vehicle interior temperatures.
The present invention also provides a kind of control method, the control method is for controlling above-mentioned automobile-used heating system.Control
Method includes:
When the amount of stored heat of regenerative apparatus 30 is greater than the first heating load demand a, the first water pump 21 is opened, and close the second water
Pump 51 and power switch 11;
When the amount of stored heat of regenerative apparatus 30 is less than the second heating load demand b, the first water pump 21 and the second water pump 51 are opened,
And turn off the power switch 11;
When the amount of stored heat of regenerative apparatus 30 be less than third heating load demand c when, open the first water pump 21, the second water pump 51 with
And power switch 11;
a<b<c。
When the amount of stored heat of regenerative apparatus 30 is greater than the first heating load demand a, heating load demand is lower, regenerative apparatus 30
Amount of stored heat is fully able to meet interior heating load demand, need to only open the first water pump 21 at this time, directly will be in regenerative apparatus 30
Heat transmission heats to car to heating plant 20.
When the amount of stored heat of regenerative apparatus 30 is less than the second heating load demand b, heating load demand is higher, regenerative apparatus 30
Amount of stored heat is insufficient for interior heating load demand, after adding the amount of stored heat of solar energy heat collector 50, if heating amount
When can satisfy interior heating load demand, then needs for the first water pump 21, the second water pump 51 to be switched on, heat to car.
When the amount of stored heat of regenerative apparatus 30 is less than third heating load demand c, heating load demand is maximum, regenerative apparatus 30
Amount of stored heat and the amount of stored heat of solar energy heat collector 50, which add up, is all insufficient for interior heating amount demand, then need at this time by
First water pump 21, the second water pump 51 and power switch 11, allow on-vehicle battery 10 also to regenerative apparatus 30 heat, with to car into
Row heating.
It should be noted that radiating at this time without solar heat when night heating, the second water pump 51 is not turned on, and car supplies
Heat is generated heat entirely from on-vehicle battery 10, should be noted the power consumption rate of battery at this time.Meanwhile after 3 points of every afternoon,
Though the Quantity of heat of regenerative apparatus 30 be it is how many, open the second water pump 51 and carry out accumulation of heat, until intensity of solar radiation is lower than
When certain value, closes the second water pump 51 and stop accumulation of heat.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, is not intended to restrict the invention, for the skill of this field
For art personnel, the embodiment of the present invention can have various modifications and variations.All within the spirits and principles of the present invention, made
Any modification, equivalent substitution, improvement and etc. should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (11)
1. a kind of automobile-used heating system characterized by comprising
On-vehicle battery (10);
Heating plant (20), for being arranged on the car body to interior heat supply;
Regenerative apparatus (30) is connect with the heating plant (20) by heat supply pipeline;
Electric energy reception device (40) is electrically connected with the on-vehicle battery (10) and the regenerative apparatus (30), and the electric energy receives
Device (40) charges to the on-vehicle battery (10) and for receiving electric energy to the regenerative apparatus (30) accumulation of heat.
2. automobile-used heating system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the regenerative apparatus (30) and the heating tube
Line is detachably connected.
3. automobile-used heating system according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the automobile-used heating system further includes solar energy
Heat collector (50), the solar energy heat collector (50) are connect with the regenerative apparatus (30) by heating pipeline.
4. automobile-used heating system according to claim 3, which is characterized in that be provided with the first water pump on the heat supply pipeline
(21), the second water pump (51) are provided on the heating pipeline.
5. automobile-used heating system according to claim 4, which is characterized in that first water pump (21) and the heating tube
Line is detachably connected, and second water pump (51) and the heating pipeline are detachably connected.
6. automobile-used heating system according to claim 3, which is characterized in that be provided with the first filling on the heat supply pipeline
Mouthful (22) are provided with the second fill port (52) on the heating pipeline.
7. automobile-used heating system according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the on-vehicle battery (10) and the accumulation of heat fill
Set (30) or the heating plant (20) electrical connection.
8. automobile-used heating system according to claim 7, which is characterized in that the on-vehicle battery (10) and the accumulation of heat fill
(30) electrical connection is set, power switch (11) are provided between the on-vehicle battery (10) and the regenerative apparatus (30).
9. automobile-used heating system according to claim 8, which is characterized in that the automobile-used heating system further includes controller
(60), the controller (60) and the power switch (11), first water pump (21) and second water pump (51) difference
Electrical connection.
10. automobile-used heating system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the heating plant (20) is to be arranged in vehicle
Interior radiation floor.
11. a kind of control method, which is characterized in that the control method is for controlling automobile-used heating described in claim 8 or 9
System, the control method include:
It when the amount of stored heat of regenerative apparatus (30) is greater than the first heating load demand a, opens the first water pump (21), and closes the second water
Pump (51) and power switch (11);
When the amount of stored heat of regenerative apparatus (30) is less than the second heating load demand b, the first water pump (21) and the second water pump are opened
(51), and (11) are turned off the power switch;
When the amount of stored heat of regenerative apparatus (30) is less than third heating load demand c, the first water pump (21), the second water pump (51) are opened
And power switch (11);
a<b<c。
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201810918105.3A CN108944352A (en) | 2018-08-13 | 2018-08-13 | vehicle heating system and control method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201810918105.3A CN108944352A (en) | 2018-08-13 | 2018-08-13 | vehicle heating system and control method |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN108944352A true CN108944352A (en) | 2018-12-07 |
Family
ID=64469379
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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CN201810918105.3A Pending CN108944352A (en) | 2018-08-13 | 2018-08-13 | vehicle heating system and control method |
Country Status (1)
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CN (1) | CN108944352A (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN113085484A (en) * | 2021-04-28 | 2021-07-09 | 全球能源互联网欧洲研究院 | Air conditioner heat pump system and have its electric automobile |
Citations (5)
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US20100107635A1 (en) * | 2007-03-02 | 2010-05-06 | Kenji Tsubone | Thermal storage device |
DE102008057396A1 (en) * | 2008-11-14 | 2010-05-20 | Schaeffler Kg | Air conditioning device for heating motor vehicle interior, particularly for electric vehicle, has storage system with heat reservoir, heat supply unit integrated in heat reservoir and heat emission unit |
JP2013256255A (en) * | 2012-06-14 | 2013-12-26 | Hokuriku Electric Power Co Inc:The | Heater of electric vehicle |
WO2017175923A1 (en) * | 2016-04-07 | 2017-10-12 | 극동에너지 주식회사 | Combined boiler and solar-powered heating apparatus for preventing overheating |
CN208714898U (en) * | 2018-08-13 | 2019-04-09 | 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 | vehicle heating system |
-
2018
- 2018-08-13 CN CN201810918105.3A patent/CN108944352A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100107635A1 (en) * | 2007-03-02 | 2010-05-06 | Kenji Tsubone | Thermal storage device |
DE102008057396A1 (en) * | 2008-11-14 | 2010-05-20 | Schaeffler Kg | Air conditioning device for heating motor vehicle interior, particularly for electric vehicle, has storage system with heat reservoir, heat supply unit integrated in heat reservoir and heat emission unit |
JP2013256255A (en) * | 2012-06-14 | 2013-12-26 | Hokuriku Electric Power Co Inc:The | Heater of electric vehicle |
WO2017175923A1 (en) * | 2016-04-07 | 2017-10-12 | 극동에너지 주식회사 | Combined boiler and solar-powered heating apparatus for preventing overheating |
CN208714898U (en) * | 2018-08-13 | 2019-04-09 | 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 | vehicle heating system |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN113085484A (en) * | 2021-04-28 | 2021-07-09 | 全球能源互联网欧洲研究院 | Air conditioner heat pump system and have its electric automobile |
CN113085484B (en) * | 2021-04-28 | 2023-09-08 | 全球能源互联网欧洲研究院 | Air conditioner heat pump system and electric automobile with same |
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Application publication date: 20181207 |