CN108910864B - Graphene-based photoelectric conversion device and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Graphene-based photoelectric conversion device and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a graphene-based photoelectric conversion device and a preparation method and application thereof. According to the method, carbon fibers are used as an initial raw material, a graphene oxide solution is obtained through acid treatment, graphene oxide is deposited on carbon cloth through electrochemical deposition, and finally the graphene oxide is reduced to graphene through hydrogen reduction, so that the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device is obtained. The graphene-based photoelectric conversion device provided by the invention has good photoelectric conversion performance, can convert the energy of a solar evaporation solution into electric energy, can continuously output the electric energy outwards, can generate a conversion process under a natural environment, does not need additional energy input, and has high energy utilization rate.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of composite materials, in particular to a graphene-based photoelectric conversion device and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
In modern society, as the population is greatly increased, the problems of energy crisis and environmental pollution are becoming more serious, and solar energy is more and more concerned by researchers as a renewable energy source, so that the invention of a high-efficiency, low-cost and multifunctional energy conversion system is indispensable. Where electrical energy is a promising approach to meet the ever-increasing energy demand. Accordingly, scientists are continually striving to develop various energy conversion systems that are intended to convert such energy into electrical energy for use, such as solar cells, hydroelectric generators, and the like. In these energy collection systems, water evaporation induced power generation is a promising approach to solve energy problems in recent years.
At present, the reported materials for generating electric energy by water evaporation induction mainly include metal carbon nanotubes, semiconductor carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide and other nanomaterials and macroscopic systems assembled by the nanomaterials, but the materials are expensive and the preparation process is complex and unstable, so that the practical application of the materials is limited to a great extent. In addition, inorganic nanomaterials such as graphene oxide films and carbon films also have excellent performance of water evaporation induced electric energy generation, but most of these materials are used as upper layer materials in a conversion system of water evaporation induced electric energy generation, and water itself in the system consumes a large part of electric energy, so that a considerable part of unnecessary electric energy loss is caused. In addition, there are some reports of assembling inorganic nanoparticles into macroscopic bodies, but these macroscopic materials are complex in preparation process and have small output of electric energy.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the present invention aims to provide a graphene-based photoelectric conversion device with simple preparation method, low cost and good photoelectric conversion performance.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
a preparation method of a graphene-based photoelectric conversion device comprises the following steps:
diluting carbon fibers after acid treatment to obtain a graphene oxide solution; the acid for acid treatment includes nitric acid and sulfuric acid;
immersing hydrophilic carbon cloth into the graphene oxide solution for electrochemical deposition to obtain a graphene oxide-carbon cloth composite material;
and carrying out hydrogen reduction on the graphene oxide-carbon cloth composite material to obtain the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device.
Preferably, the mass concentration of the nitric acid is 65-68%; the mass concentration of the sulfuric acid is 95-98%; the mass ratio of the sulfuric acid to the nitric acid is 40-50: 7-15.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the sulfuric acid to the carbon fibers is 40-50: 1;
the mass ratio of the nitric acid to the carbon fibers is 7-15: 1.
Preferably, the temperature of the acid treatment is 100-140 ℃; the acid treatment time is 2-11 h.
Preferably, the concentration of the graphene oxide solution is 1.8-2.5 mg/mL, and the pH value is 2-5.
Preferably, the electrochemical deposition is a constant voltage deposition; the deposition voltage of the electrochemical deposition is 5-8V; the deposition time of the electrochemical deposition is 6-12 h.
Preferably, the temperature of the hydrogen reduction is 200-400 ℃, the time is 1.5-3 h, and the hydrogen flow is 50-80 mL/min.
The invention provides a graphene-based photoelectric conversion device prepared by the preparation method in the scheme, which comprises carbon cloth and graphene attached to the carbon cloth.
The invention provides application of the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device in the scheme in photoelectric conversion.
Preferably, the application comprises the following steps:
placing the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device in a liquid substance, and under the illumination condition, generating electricity by the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device through the evaporation induction of the liquid substance;
the liquid substance is water, inorganic salt solution, acid or alcohol solvent.
The invention provides a preparation method of a graphene-based photoelectric conversion device, which comprises the following steps: diluting carbon fibers after acid treatment to obtain a graphene oxide solution; immersing hydrophilic carbon cloth into the graphene oxide solution for electrochemical deposition to obtain a graphene oxide-carbon cloth composite material; and carrying out hydrogen reduction on the graphene oxide-carbon cloth composite material to obtain the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device. According to the method, carbon fibers are used as an initial raw material, a graphene oxide solution is obtained through acid treatment, the surface of the graphene oxide obtained through the acid treatment contains a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups (carboxyl and carbonyl), in the subsequent electrochemical deposition process, the oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the graphene oxide and hydrophilic functional groups (hydroxyl and carboxyl) on the surface of hydrophilic carbon cloth react to form chemical bonds such as ester groups, the graphene oxide and the carbon cloth are stably connected, and then the graphene oxide is reduced into graphene through hydrogen reduction, so that the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device is obtained. The preparation method provided by the invention has the advantages of simple steps, low cost and easiness in mass production.
The invention provides a graphene-based photoelectric conversion device prepared by the preparation method in the scheme, which comprises carbon cloth and graphene attached to the carbon cloth. The photoelectric conversion device provided by the invention takes the carbon cloth as the base material, has excellent mechanical stability and flexibility, is convenient to carry, andthe photoelectric conversion performance is good. The photoelectric conversion device provided by the invention can generate electricity through the evaporation induction of the liquid substance under the illumination condition, and convert the energy of the solar evaporated liquid substance into electric energy to be continuously output outwards. And the process of solution evaporation induced power generation can be generated in a natural environment, no additional energy is needed to be input, the graphene photoelectric conversion device can directly convert environmental energy into electric energy, the energy utilization rate is high, and the application prospect is wide. The example results show that the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device provided by the invention is 1kWm in 0.5mol/L NaCl solution-2The generated electric energy under the illumination condition of the lamp is up to 0.37V.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a production process of a graphene-based photoelectric conversion device according to the present invention;
fig. 2 is an XRD chart of the graphene, carbon cloth, and graphene-based photoelectric conversion device in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an SEM photograph of graphene deposited on the surface of a carbon cloth in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an SEM photograph during photoelectric conversion of graphene in example 1 of the present invention;
fig. 5 is an infrared spectrum of the graphene, carbon cloth, and graphene-based photoelectric conversion device in example 1 of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a test chart of the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device prepared in example 1 of the present invention, which is subjected to evaporation induction in a sodium chloride solution to generate electric energy;
fig. 7 is a test chart of the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device prepared in example 1 of the present invention, which is subjected to evaporation induction in a sodium chloride solution, hydrochloric acid, and a sodium sulfate solution to generate electric energy;
fig. 8 is a test chart of the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device prepared in example 1 of the present invention, which is subjected to evaporation induction in an alcohol organic solvent to generate electric energy.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a preparation method of a graphene-based photoelectric conversion device, which comprises the following steps:
diluting carbon fibers after acid treatment to obtain a graphene oxide solution; the acid for acid treatment includes nitric acid and sulfuric acid;
immersing hydrophilic carbon cloth into the graphene oxide solution for electrochemical deposition to obtain a graphene oxide-carbon cloth composite material;
and carrying out hydrogen reduction on the graphene oxide-carbon cloth composite material to obtain the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device.
According to the invention, carbon fibers are diluted after being subjected to acid treatment, so that a graphene oxide solution is obtained. In the invention, the carbon fiber is preferably secondarily recycled carbon fiber, and the secondarily recycled carbon fiber is used as a raw material, so that the preparation cost can be further reduced; the present invention does not require the size of the carbon fibers, and carbon fibers of sizes well known to those skilled in the art may be used.
In the present invention, the acid for acid treatment includes nitric acid and sulfuric acid; the mass concentration of the nitric acid is preferably 65-68%, and more preferably 68%; the mass concentration of the sulfuric acid is preferably 95-98%, and more preferably 98%; the mass ratio of the sulfuric acid to the nitric acid is preferably 40-50: 7-15, and more preferably 43-48: 8-12; the mass ratio of the sulfuric acid to the carbon fiber is preferably 40-50: 1, and more preferably 43-48: 1; the mass ratio of the nitric acid to the carbon fiber is preferably 7-15: 1, and more preferably 8-12: 1. In the invention, the temperature of the acid treatment is preferably 100-140 ℃, and more preferably 110-130 ℃; the time of the acid treatment is preferably 2-11 hours, and more preferably 5-10 hours.
In the present invention, it is preferable to subject the carbon fiber to an acid treatment by immersing the carbon fiber in a mixed acid of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. In the acid treatment process, under the strong oxidation action of the mixed acid, the carbon fiber is subjected to oxidation reaction, and oxygen-containing functional groups, namely carbonyl and carboxyl, are introduced into the surface of the carbon fiber through the oxidation reaction, so that the carbon fiber is converted into graphene oxide.
After the acid treatment is completed, diluting the acid treatment solution to obtain a graphene oxide solution. In the invention, the diluent for dilution is preferably deionized water, and the mass ratio of the deionized water to the acid treatment solution is preferably 7-12: 1, and more preferably 10: 1.
In the invention, the concentration of the graphene oxide solution is preferably 1.8-2.5 mg/mL, and more preferably 2.0-2.2 mg/mL; the pH value of the graphene oxide solution is preferably 2-5, and more preferably 3-4. In the invention, the acidity of the acid treatment solution obtained by acid treatment is higher, the concentration of graphene is higher, and the acidity is reduced by dilution to obtain the proper concentration of graphene so as to facilitate the subsequent electrochemical deposition.
After obtaining the graphene oxide solution, immersing the hydrophilic carbon cloth into the graphene oxide solution for electrochemical deposition to obtain the graphene oxide-carbon cloth composite material. In the present invention, the hydrophilic carbon cloth is preferably prepared from a carbon fiber sheet or a carbon fiber tape; the invention has no special requirement on the source of the hydrophilic carbon cloth, and the hydrophilic carbon cloth with the source well known by the technicians in the field can be used, such as the commercially available hydrophilic carbon cloth; the size of the hydrophilic carbon cloth is not particularly required, and in the specific embodiment of the invention, the size of the hydrophilic carbon cloth can be determined according to actual requirements. In the invention, the surface of the hydrophilic carbon cloth contains a large number of hydrophilic functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxyl and the like), thereby providing good conditions for electrochemical deposition of graphene oxide.
In the invention, the electrochemical deposition is preferably constant-voltage deposition, and the deposition voltage of the electrochemical deposition is preferably 5-8V, more preferably 6-7V; the deposition time of the electrochemical deposition is preferably 6-12 hours, and more preferably 8-10 hours.
Preferably, two pieces of hydrophilic carbon cloth are put into the graphene oxide solution, so that the two pieces of carbon cloth are respectively connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of an electrochemical workstation, in the electrochemical deposition process, graphene oxide is deposited on the surface of the carbon cloth connected with the positive electrode, the surface of the graphene oxide contains oxygen-containing functional groups such as carboxyl and carbonyl, the surface of the carbon cloth of relativity contains hydrophilic groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl, and the two groups generate groups such as ester groups through dehydration reaction in the electrochemical deposition process, so that the graphene oxide and the carbon cloth are stably connected; in the present invention, both surfaces of the carbon cloth have graphene oxide deposited thereon.
After the electrochemical deposition is finished, the graphene oxide-carbon cloth composite material is subjected to hydrogen reduction to obtain the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device. In the invention, the temperature of hydrogen reduction is preferably 200-400 ℃, more preferably 250-350 ℃, and the time of hydrogen reduction is preferably 1.5-3 h, more preferably 2-2.5 h; the hydrogen flow rate of the hydrogen reduction is preferably 50-80 mL/min, and more preferably 60-70 mL/min.
According to the invention, the graphene oxide-carbon cloth composite material is preferably directly placed in a tubular furnace in a hydrogen atmosphere for reduction; according to the invention, graphene oxide on the surface of the carbon cloth is reduced into graphene through hydrogen reduction, so that the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device is obtained.
The invention provides a graphene-based photoelectric conversion device prepared by the preparation method in the scheme, which comprises carbon cloth and graphene attached to the carbon cloth. The photoelectric conversion device provided by the invention takes the carbon cloth as the substrate, has good mechanical stability and flexibility, can directly convert environmental energy into electric energy under the illumination condition, and has good photoelectric conversion performance and high energy utilization rate.
The invention provides application of the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device in the scheme in photoelectric conversion. In the present invention, the application preferably comprises the steps of:
and placing the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device in a liquid substance, and under the illumination condition, generating electricity by the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device through the evaporation induction of the liquid substance.
In the present invention, the liquid substance is preferably water, an inorganic salt solution, an acid or an alcohol solvent; the inorganic salt solution is preferably a sodium chloride solution and/or a sodium sulfate solution; the concentration of the inorganic salt solution is preferably 0.01-1 mol/L, and more preferably 0.5 mol/L; the acid is preferably hydrochloric acid, and the concentration of the acid is preferably 0.01-1 mol/L, and more preferably 0.5 mol/L; the alcohol solvent is preferably one or more of ethylene glycol, ethanol, n-hexyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol, and more preferably ethylene glycol.
The graphene-based photoelectric conversion device is directly placed in the liquid substance, and when graphene on the surface of the carbon cloth is contacted with the liquid substances such as water, inorganic salt solution, acid and the likeIn the process, positive ions in the solution are attracted to and move to the surface of the graphene due to the charge effect because the Zate potential of the graphene is negative, and electric energy is continuously output outwards during the movement of the ions because the negative ions have the negative Zate potential and are repelled away from the graphene, such as the NaCl solution and Na shown in FIG. 1+Is attracted to the surface of graphene and Cl-Will be repelled away from the graphene sheet; when the liquid substance is an alcohol solvent, the graphene on the surface of the carbon cloth can attract hydrogen ions on terminal hydroxyl groups of the alcohol to enable the hydrogen ions to generate certain deviation, and certain electric energy is generated in the deviation process; in addition, the graphene surface contains a large number of carboxyl groups, and in the process of contacting with a liquid substance, H on the carboxyl groups on the graphene surface+Ionization and directional movement occur, thereby generating electric power.
The invention has no special requirement on the illumination condition, and can carry out illumination under the natural condition, and the invention can realize photoelectric conversion under the natural condition without inputting extra energy, thereby improving the energy utilization rate.
The graphene-based photoelectric conversion device, the preparation method and the application thereof provided by the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
Preparing a graphene oxide solution: adding 2g of secondarily recovered carbon fibers into a mixed acid of 60mL of concentrated sulfuric acid and 20mL of concentrated nitric acid, then placing the mixture at 100 ℃ for reaction for 3h to obtain an acid treatment solution, and diluting the acid treatment solution by 10 times by using deionized water to obtain a graphene oxide solution (with the pH value of 2-5).
And (3) putting 200mL of graphene solution in a beaker, then respectively connecting two pieces of carbon cloth with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of an electrochemical workstation, and performing electrodeposition for 10 hours under the voltage of 6V to obtain the graphene oxide-carbon cloth composite material.
And (2) carrying out reduction treatment on the graphene oxide-carbon cloth composite material in a tubular furnace in a hydrogen atmosphere to obtain the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device, wherein the reduction temperature is 200 ℃, the reduction time is 2h, and the hydrogen flow is 50 ml/min.
A schematic diagram of a preparation flow of the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device is shown in fig. 1;
the prepared graphene-based photoelectric conversion device is characterized:
(1) x-ray diffraction tests were performed on untreated carbon cloth and the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device obtained in this example, and the obtained results are shown in fig. 2; as can be seen from fig. 2, the diffraction angle of the carbon cloth after graphene deposition is not substantially changed, and the diffraction peak intensity is reduced, which is caused by dense arrangement of graphene on the carbon cloth.
(2) SEM tests of the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device obtained in this example were performed, and the obtained results are shown in fig. 3 to 4, where fig. 3 is an SEM image of the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device at a scale bar of 200nm, and fig. 4 is an SEM image of the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device at a scale bar of 1 μm; as can be seen from fig. 3, graphene on the carbon cloth is a typical layered structure; FIG. 4 shows that graphene is densely arranged on a carbon cloth, and the graphene-arranged carbon cloth can better absorb solar energy and simultaneously can be more easily contacted with a solution, so that H on-COOH on the surface of graphene+Ionization occurs and directional movement generates electrical energy.
(3) Infrared spectroscopy tests were performed on the untreated carbon cloth, graphene, and the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device prepared in this example, and the obtained results are shown in fig. 5; it can be seen from fig. 5 that the carbon cloth after depositing graphene is about 1627cm longer than the untreated carbon cloth-1And 1720cm-1Two infrared stretching peaks are formed, the infrared stretching peaks completely accord with the stretching peaks of the graphene, and the result well proves that the graphene is deposited on the carbon cloth.
And carrying out photoelectric conversion performance test on the prepared graphene-based photoelectric conversion device:
(1) the concentration of the sodium chloride solution is controlled to be 0.01mol/L, 0.1mol/L, 0.5mol/L, 0.6mol/L and 1.0mol/L respectively at 1kWm-2The electrochemical test of the electric energy generated by evaporation induction is carried out under the illumination condition, and the obtained test result is shown in figure 6; as can be seen from FIG. 6, when the concentration of the NaCl solution was 0.5mol/L, evaporation of the solution occurredThe maximum electric energy is about 0.4V, which shows that the photoelectric conversion device of the invention has larger electric energy output outwards and good photoelectric conversion performance.
(2) The concentrations of the sodium chloride solution, the hydrochloric acid solution and the sodium sulfate solution are respectively controlled to be 0.01mol/L, 0.1mol/L, 0.5mol/L, 0.6mol/L and 1.0mol/L at 1kWm-2The electrochemical test of the electric energy generated by evaporation induction is carried out under the illumination condition, and the obtained test result is shown in figure 7; as can be seen from fig. 7, the trend of the electric energy generated by evaporation induction with the change of concentration is first increased and then decreased, and the three solutions all satisfy this rule.
(3) At 1kWm-2The photoelectric conversion performance of the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device in ethylene glycol, ethanol, n-hexyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol is tested under the illumination condition, and the test result is shown in fig. 8; as can be seen from fig. 8, the photoelectric conversion device prepared by the present invention can also induce power generation in alcohol solvents, and the electric energy generated by evaporation of ethylene glycol is greater than that generated by other organic solvents, probably because ethylene glycol has the strongest polarity.
Example 2
The amount of carbon fibers was adjusted from 2g to 2.5g, and the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device was obtained under the same conditions as in example 1.
The graphene-based photoelectric conversion device was characterized and tested for photoelectric conversion performance in the same manner as in example 1, and the results were similar to those in example 1.
Example 3
The amount of concentrated sulfuric acid was adjusted from 60mL to 65mL, and the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device was obtained under the same conditions as in example 1.
The graphene-based photoelectric conversion device was characterized and tested for photoelectric conversion performance in the same manner as in example 1, and the results were similar to those in example 1.
Example 4
The electrochemical deposition time was adjusted from 3 hours to 12 hours, and the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device was obtained under the same conditions as in example 1.
The graphene-based photoelectric conversion device was characterized and tested for photoelectric conversion performance in the same manner as in example 1, and the results were similar to those in example 1.
Example 5
The amount of the concentrated nitric acid was adjusted from 20mL to 25mL, and the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device was obtained under the same conditions as in example 1.
The graphene-based photoelectric conversion device was characterized and tested for photoelectric conversion performance in the same manner as in example 1, and the results were similar to those in example 1.
Example 6
In the electrochemical deposition process, the amount of the graphene oxide solution was adjusted from 200ml to 230ml, and the other conditions were the same as in example 1, thereby obtaining a graphene-based photoelectric conversion device.
The graphene-based photoelectric conversion device was characterized and tested for photoelectric conversion performance in the same manner as in example 1, and the results were similar to those in example 1.
Example 7
The treatment temperature of the acid treatment was adjusted from 100 ℃ to 120 ℃, and the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device was obtained under the same conditions as in example 1.
The graphene-based photoelectric conversion device was characterized and tested for photoelectric conversion performance in the same manner as in example 1, and the results were similar to those in example 1.
The embodiments show that the photoelectric conversion device provided by the invention has good photoelectric conversion performance, can generate electricity by solution evaporation induction in a natural environment, can output different voltages in different solvents under a normal sunlight illumination condition, can generate different voltages by induction in solutions with different concentrations, does not need to input extra energy, can directly convert environmental energy into electric energy, has high energy utilization rate, and has the advantages of simple preparation method, low cost, short preparation time, flexibility, easy carrying and wide application prospect.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A preparation method of a graphene-based photoelectric conversion device comprises the following steps:
diluting carbon fibers after acid treatment to obtain a graphene oxide solution; the acid for acid treatment includes nitric acid and sulfuric acid; the mass concentration of the nitric acid is 65-68%; the mass concentration of the sulfuric acid is 95-98%; the mass ratio of the sulfuric acid to the nitric acid is 40-50: 7-15; the mass ratio of the sulfuric acid to the carbon fibers is 40-50: 1; the mass ratio of the nitric acid to the carbon fibers is 7-15: 1; soaking the carbon fiber in a mixed acid of nitric acid and sulfuric acid for acid treatment; the temperature of the acid treatment is 100-140 ℃; the acid treatment time is 2-11 h;
immersing hydrophilic carbon cloth into the graphene oxide solution for electrochemical deposition to obtain a graphene oxide-carbon cloth composite material; the electrochemical deposition is constant voltage deposition; the deposition voltage of the electrochemical deposition is 5-8V; the deposition time of the electrochemical deposition is 6-12 h;
and carrying out hydrogen reduction on the graphene oxide-carbon cloth composite material to obtain the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device.
2. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the graphene oxide solution has a concentration of 1.8-2.5 mg/mL and a pH value of 2-5.
3. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the hydrogen reduction is 200-400 ℃, the time is 1.5-3 h, and the hydrogen flow rate is 50-80 mL/min.
4. The graphene-based photoelectric conversion device prepared by the preparation method of any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising a carbon cloth and graphene attached to the carbon cloth.
5. Use of the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device according to claim 4 for photoelectric conversion.
6. Use according to claim 5, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: placing the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device in a liquid substance, and under the illumination condition, generating electricity by the graphene-based photoelectric conversion device through the evaporation induction of the liquid substance; the liquid substance is water, inorganic salt solution, acid or alcohol solvent.
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