Preparation method of silicon-based composite material
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of silicon-based materials, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a silicon-based composite material.
Background
The lithium ion battery has the advantages of high energy density, long service life, no environmental pollution and the like, and is widely used in the 3C field. In recent years, the development of the automobile power system has been widely realized. With the rapid development of the new energy automobile market, the energy density requirement of the battery is higher and higher, the traditional graphite cathode is close to the theoretical value and is difficult to further improve, and new anode and cathode materials are urgently needed to be developed to meet the development of the new energy automobile market.
The theoretical specific capacity of the silicon-based material is 4200mAh/g, and the silicon-based material is one of the materials with the highest specific capacity. The silicon source is rich, the silicon element content in the earth crust is high, the earth crust is environment-friendly, the voltage platform of the silicon in the lithium intercalation and lithium deintercalation reaction is low, lithium cannot be separated out on the surface, and the safety is good. But silicon has also significant disadvantages, silicon being a semiconductor material, with low electrical conductivity; in addition, the volume expansion change is huge in the silicon circulation process, pulverization is easy to happen, active substances and a current collector lose electric contact, and even further fall off from the current collector, so that the circulation performance is seriously attenuated finally. In addition, the swelling causes the formed SEI film to be broken, exposes a new interface, and continues to form a new SEI film, resulting in an increasingly thick SEI film on the outer layer of the silicon particles after cycling, and eventually blocking the intercalation of lithium ions.
To solve the problem of silicon volume expansion, one skilled in the art modifies silicon by various methods, including nanocrystallization, alloying, porosification of silicon, and dispersion of silicon in various network systems, among others. These methods can improve the silicon cycle performance to some extent, but still have many problems, such as poor long cycle performance and excessive expansion.
CN102306757B discloses a preparation method of a silicon graphene composite negative electrode material for a lithium ion battery, which is composed of 10-99% of silicon powder, 1-90% of graphene and 0-40% of amorphous carbon, and the preparation method of the silicon graphene composite negative electrode material for the lithium ion battery comprises the following steps: firstly, the first step is carried out: uniformly dispersing silicon powder and graphene oxide in a solvent, uniformly dispersing, then carrying out spray drying, wherein the inlet temperature is 120-140 ℃, the outlet temperature is 80-140 ℃, removing the solvent, then placing the solvent in a high-temperature furnace, introducing a protective body, heating to 500-1100 ℃, carrying out high-temperature annealing, keeping the temperature for 1-24 hours, reducing the graphene oxide, cooling to room temperature, and then carrying out a second step: placing the prepared substance in a high-temperature furnace, heating to 600-1100 ℃ in protective gas, then loading the protective gas into a gaseous carbon source or a liquid carbon source, and preserving the heat for 1-12h to obtain the silicon-graphene composite cathode material of the lithium ion battery; the second step can also be operated as follows: and (3) uniformly dispersing the substance obtained in the first step and a solid carbon source in a solvent through ultrasonic treatment and stirring, evaporating the solvent to dryness, transferring the solvent to a high-temperature furnace, heating to 600-1100 ℃ in protective gas, and preserving the heat for 1-12 hours to obtain the silicon-graphene composite cathode material of the lithium ion battery. The composite negative electrode material prepared by the method has excellent cycle performance, and a battery assembled by the lithium ion battery silicon graphene composite negative electrode material with a metal lithium sheet as a counter electrode shows the first reversible capacity of 562-1525mAh/g, and the first coulombic efficiency is 42-70%. However, the first coulombic efficiency is low and is below 70%, and the preparation method is complicated, so that the industrial production is not adopted, and the practical application of the coulombic is seriously influenced.
Therefore, how to more effectively relieve the volume expansion of silicon, ensure the cycling stability of the silicon cathode and obtain the silicon cathode material with high specific capacity and long cycle life is a technical hotspot to be solved urgently in the field of the current lithium batteries.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a preparation method of a silicon-based composite material, which solves the problem of silicon volume expansion, forms compact solidification on a silicon material, can effectively inhibit the silicon expansion and has the characteristic of good cycle stability.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a preparation method of a silicon-based composite material comprises the following steps:
step 1, adding a nano silicon material into absolute ethyl alcohol, then adding a silane coupling agent, and uniformly stirring to form a silicon dispersion liquid;
step 2, adding activated carbon into the sodium polyacrylate aqueous solution, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10-20min, taking out, and slightly drying activated carbon coated particles through heating;
step 3, adding the activated carbon coated particles into the silicon dispersion liquid, and then quickly taking out and drying to obtain silicon-based coated particles;
step 4, spraying phenolic resin liquid on the surfaces of the silicon-based covering particles, and drying to obtain multilayer covering particles;
and 5, adding the multilayer coated particles into a reaction kettle for reduction reaction for 2-5h, then carrying out nitrogen carbonization reaction for 3-8h, cooling, and standing for 20-40min at constant pressure and constant temperature to obtain the silicon-based composite material.
The concentration of the nano silicon material in the step 1 in the absolute ethyl alcohol is 30-60g/L, the adding amount of the silane coupling agent is 50-70% of the mass of the nano silicon material, and the stirring speed for uniformly stirring is 700 r/min.
The adding amount of the activated carbon in the step 2 is 70-100% of the mass of the nano silicon material, the concentration of the sodium polyacrylate water solution is 0.03-0.06mol/L, and the ultrasonic frequency of the ultrasonic is 30-50 kHz.
The temperature of the micro-heating drying in the step 2 is 100-110 ℃.
The drying temperature in the step 3 is 80-90 ℃.
The spraying amount of the phenolic resin liquid on the surface of the particles in the step 4 is 0.02-0.04 mg-cm2The drying temperature is 80-100 ℃.
The reduction reaction in the step 5 adopts a hydrogen atmosphere, and the temperature is 300-500 ℃.
The temperature of the nitrogen carbonization reaction in the step 5 is 700-800 ℃.
The pressure of the constant-temperature constant-pressure standing in the step 5 is 0.04-0.06Mpa, and the temperature is 150-200 ℃.
Step 1, adding a nano silicon material and a silane coupling agent into absolute ethyl alcohol, and uniformly stirring to form a good silicon dispersion system.
Step 2, adding activated carbon into the sodium polyacrylate aqueous solution to form a turbid liquid system, adsorbing sodium polyacrylate into a porous structure by utilizing the porosity and adsorbability of the activated carbon to form a good gap filling effect, and then drying under a micro-heating condition.
And 3, soaking the activated carbon coated particles in the silicon dispersion liquid, taking out the particles, forming a silicon-based film on the surface of the particles, and drying the particles to form a uniform surface silicon material layer.
And 4, uniformly coating the surface with phenolic resin, and forming an ultrathin resin layer to form a multilayer structure.
Step 5, carrying out reduction reaction on the multilayer coated particles in a reaction kettle to convert a silane coupling agent into a silicon material, filling up nano silicon gaps with the silane coupling agent, converting the filled nano silicon gaps into the silicon material to form a finished silicon layer structure, heating water in the sodium polyacrylate to lose in the reaction process to form a compact structure, enabling the silicon layer to be in surface contact with the activated carbon, and enabling the outer surface of the silicon layer to be in close contact with the phenolic resin; and performing carbonization reaction under the condition of nitrogen to form a carbon layer with a stable structure inside and outside the silicon layer, thereby having a good fixing effect on the position and the structure of the nano silicon material.
From the above description, it can be seen that the present invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention solves the problem of silicon volume expansion, forms compact solidification on silicon materials, can effectively inhibit the silicon expansion and has the characteristic of good cycle stability.
2. The invention adopts the silane coupling agent as the connecting agent between the nano silicon materials, not only forms a good stable structure, but also forms the silicon materials through reduction reaction in the later period.
3. According to the invention, a good interlayer structure is formed on the inner surface and the outer surface of the silicon layer, so that the compounding property of silicon and carbon can be greatly improved, the stability and the cyclicity of the silicon and carbon are effectively improved, and meanwhile, good high specific heat is reflected.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in detail with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to the claims.
Example 1
A preparation method of a silicon-based composite material comprises the following steps:
step 1, adding a nano silicon material into absolute ethyl alcohol, then adding a silane coupling agent, and uniformly stirring to form a silicon dispersion liquid;
step 2, adding activated carbon into the sodium polyacrylate aqueous solution, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, taking out, and slightly drying activated carbon coated particles through heating;
step 3, adding the activated carbon coated particles into the silicon dispersion liquid, and then quickly taking out and drying to obtain silicon-based coated particles;
step 4, spraying phenolic resin liquid on the surfaces of the silicon-based covering particles, and drying to obtain multilayer covering particles;
and 5, adding the multilayer coated particles into a reaction kettle for reduction reaction for 2 hours, then carrying out nitrogen carbonization reaction for 3 hours, cooling, and standing at constant pressure and constant temperature for 20min to obtain the silicon-based composite material.
The concentration of the nano silicon material in the step 1 in absolute ethyl alcohol is 30g/L, the adding amount of the silane coupling agent is 50% of the mass of the nano silicon material, and the stirring speed for uniformly stirring is 500 r/min.
The adding amount of the activated carbon in the step 2 is 70% of the mass of the nano silicon material, the concentration of the sodium polyacrylate water solution is 0.03mol/L, and the ultrasonic frequency of the ultrasonic is 30 kHz.
The temperature of the micro-heating drying in the step 2 is 100 ℃.
The drying temperature in the step 3 is 80 ℃.
The spraying amount of the phenolic resin liquid in the step 4 on the particle surface is 0.02mg/cm2The drying temperature is 80 ℃.
The reduction reaction in the step 5 adopts a hydrogen atmosphere, and the temperature is 300 ℃.
The temperature of the nitrogen carbonization reaction in the step 5 is 700 ℃.
And 5, standing at constant temperature and constant pressure under the pressure of 0.04Mpa at the temperature of 150 ℃.
Example 2
A preparation method of a silicon-based composite material comprises the following steps:
step 1, adding a nano silicon material into absolute ethyl alcohol, then adding a silane coupling agent, and uniformly stirring to form a silicon dispersion liquid;
step 2, adding activated carbon into the sodium polyacrylate aqueous solution, performing ultrasonic treatment for 20min, taking out, and slightly drying activated carbon coated particles through heating;
step 3, adding the activated carbon coated particles into the silicon dispersion liquid, and then quickly taking out and drying to obtain silicon-based coated particles;
step 4, spraying phenolic resin liquid on the surfaces of the silicon-based covering particles, and drying to obtain multilayer covering particles;
and 5, adding the multilayer coated particles into a reaction kettle for reduction reaction for 5 hours, then carrying out nitrogen carbonization reaction for 8 hours, cooling, and standing at constant pressure and constant temperature for 40min to obtain the silicon-based composite material.
The concentration of the nano silicon material in the step 1 in absolute ethyl alcohol is 60g/L, the adding amount of the silane coupling agent is 70% of the mass of the nano silicon material, and the stirring speed for uniformly stirring is 700 r/min.
The adding amount of the activated carbon in the step 2 is 100% of the mass of the nano silicon material, the concentration of the sodium polyacrylate water solution is 0.06mol/L, and the ultrasonic frequency of the ultrasonic is 50 kHz.
The temperature of the micro-heating drying in the step 2 is 110 ℃.
The drying temperature in the step 3 is 90 ℃.
The spraying amount of the phenolic resin liquid in the step 4 on the particle surface is 0.04mg/cm2The drying temperature is 100 ℃.
The reduction reaction in the step 5 adopts a hydrogen atmosphere, and the temperature is 500 ℃.
The temperature of the nitrogen carbonization reaction in the step 5 is 800 ℃.
And 5, standing at constant temperature and constant pressure under the pressure of 0.06Mpa at the temperature of 200 ℃.
Example 3
A preparation method of a silicon-based composite material comprises the following steps:
step 1, adding a nano silicon material into absolute ethyl alcohol, then adding a silane coupling agent, and uniformly stirring to form a silicon dispersion liquid;
step 2, adding activated carbon into the sodium polyacrylate aqueous solution, performing ultrasonic treatment for 15min, taking out, and slightly drying activated carbon coated particles through heating;
step 3, adding the activated carbon coated particles into the silicon dispersion liquid, and then quickly taking out and drying to obtain silicon-based coated particles;
step 4, spraying phenolic resin liquid on the surfaces of the silicon-based covering particles, and drying to obtain multilayer covering particles;
and 5, adding the multilayer coated particles into a reaction kettle for reduction reaction for 4 hours, then carrying out nitrogen carbonization reaction for 6 hours, cooling, and standing for 30min at constant pressure and constant temperature to obtain the silicon-based composite material.
The concentration of the nano silicon material in the step 1 in absolute ethyl alcohol is 50g/L, the adding amount of the silane coupling agent is 60% of the mass of the nano silicon material, and the stirring speed for uniformly stirring is 600 r/min.
The adding amount of the activated carbon in the step 2 is 90% of the mass of the nano silicon material, the concentration of the sodium polyacrylate water solution is 0.05mol/L, and the ultrasonic frequency of the ultrasonic is 40 kHz.
The temperature of the micro-heating drying in the step 2 is 105 ℃.
The drying temperature in the step 3 is 85 ℃.
The spraying amount of the phenolic resin liquid in the step 4 on the particle surface is 0.03mg/cm2The drying temperature is 90 ℃.
The reduction reaction in the step 5 adopts a hydrogen atmosphere, and the temperature is 400 ℃.
The temperature of the nitrogen carbonization reaction in the step 5 is 750 ℃.
And 5, standing at constant temperature and constant pressure under the pressure of 0.05Mpa at the temperature of 180 ℃.
Performance detection
In summary, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention solves the problem of silicon volume expansion, forms compact solidification on silicon materials, can effectively inhibit the silicon expansion and has the characteristic of good cycle stability.
2. The invention adopts the silane coupling agent as the connecting agent between the nano silicon materials, not only forms a good stable structure, but also forms the silicon materials through reduction reaction in the later period.
3. According to the invention, a good interlayer structure is formed on the inner surface and the outer surface of the silicon layer, so that the compounding property of silicon and carbon can be greatly improved, the stability and the cyclicity of the silicon and carbon are effectively improved, and meanwhile, good high specific heat is reflected.
It should be understood that the detailed description of the invention is merely illustrative of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments described. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be modified or substituted equally as well to achieve the same technical result; as long as the use requirements are met, the method is within the protection scope of the invention.