CN108893251A

CN108893251A - Reconfigurable tooling housing

Info

Publication number: CN108893251A
Application number: CN201810788582.2A
Authority: CN
Inventors: M·梅多夫; T·C·马斯特曼; R·帕拉迪斯
Original assignee: Xyleco Inc
Current assignee: Xyleco Inc
Priority date: 2013-03-08
Filing date: 2014-03-07
Publication date: 2018-11-27
Also published as: CN108841876A; IL240716A0

Abstract

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) or other materials are processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods, or materials. For example, systems and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, in a vault in which the walls, and optionally the ceiling, comprise discrete units. The dome is reconfigurable.

Description

Restructural processing shell

The application is divisional application, female case application No. is 201480009480.6 (international application no PCT/US2014/ 021629), the applying date is on March 7th, 2014, entitled " restructural processing shell ".

The application is further described below：

Cross reference to related applications

This application claims the priority of following provisional application：The USSN 61/774,684 that on March 8th, 2013 submits；2013 The USSN 61/774,773 that on March 8, in submits；The USSN 61/774,731 that on March 8th, 2013 submits；On March 8th, 2013 The USSN 61/774,735 of submission；The USSN 61/774,740 that on March 8th, 2013 submits；What on March 8th, 2013 submitted USSN 61/774,744；The USSN 61/774,746 that on March 8th, 2013 submits；The USSN 61/ that on March 8th, 2013 submits 774,750；The USSN 61/774,752 that on March 8th, 2013 submits；The USSN 61/774,754 that on March 8th, 2013 submits； The USSN 61/774,775 that on March 8th, 2013 submits；The USSN 61/774,780 that on March 8th, 2013 submits；In March, 2013 The USSN 61/774,761 submitted for 8th；The USSN 61/774,723 that on March 8th, 2013 submits；And on March 15th, 2013 The USSN 61/793,336 of submission.The respective complete disclosure of these provisional applications is hereby incorporated herein by.

Background of invention

Now using many potential lignocellulosic materials, including for example agriculture residues, Wooden Biomass, city are useless Object, oilseeds/oil cake and sea grass.Currently, these materials are not often used sufficiently, it is used as such as animal feed, biology Composting material burns in cogeneration facility or is even landfilled.

Lignocellulose biomass includes in insertion hemicellulose matrix by the circumjacent avicel cellulose fibril of lignin Dimension.Which produces closely knit matrix, the closely knit matrix is difficult to by enzyme and other chemistry, biochemistry and/or biological method It is close.Cellulose biomass material (for example, the biological material for having removed delignification) is easier to by enzyme and other method for transformation It is close, but nonetheless, naturally-produced cellulosic material usually has low-yield (relative to reason when contacting with hydrolase By yield).Lignocellulose biomass is even more difficult to be attacked by enzyme.In addition, each type of lignocellulose biomass tool It is made of its own specific cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.

It summarizes

Generally, the present invention relates to the shells for handling material such as biomass.The invention further relates to be used for from material such as Biological material generates the equipment of product, method and system.Increase flux and safety and reduces the processing phase with biomass The cost of pass is the important goal in the useful and flexible manufacturing method of exploitation.It, can be by that will shine in the method for being related to irradiation It penetrates and is enclosed in vault to mitigate harm.For example, vault can be by being easily assembled to the impermeable part of restructural radiation or unit such as The concrete of adequate thickness is constituted.In general, method disclosed herein is included in vault has not with electron beam treatment The biomass of compliance, and then by not compliance reduce material biochemistry and be chemically processed into for example, ethyl alcohol, Xylitol and other products.

On the one hand, the present invention relates to a kind of material (for example, biomass) treatment facilities comprising have wall, ceiling with And the vault of ground.May include in vault/material delivery system (for example, oscillator) is placed, the system is configured Material (for example, biological material or hydrocarbonaceous material) is carried through radiation field, such as below electron beam.Optionally, each Wall may include multiple discrete units, and optionally ceiling may also comprise multiple discrete units.In some cases, described Wall, ceiling and ground include concrete, such as the concrete selected from the group being made up of：Conventional concrete, high density coagulation Soil, pretensioned concrete, leaded concrete, containing armored concrete and these combination.

In some embodiments, electron irradiation device by vault ceiling support.In some cases, electron irradiation Installation weight can be at least 5 tons (for example, at least 6 tons, at least 7 tons, at least 8 tons, at least 9 tons, at least 10 tons, about 5 and 20 tons Between).

In some embodiments, vault includes generally radiating impermeable door, for example, with the material structure including lead and steel At door.Optionally, door includes inside the steel being in contact with the preceding and backing layer for including lead.

In some cases, vault is restructural.Optionally, wall includes interlock block and/or ceiling includes ceiling Panel.

In some embodiments, the wall of vault is configured to the reticular structure of support I-beam.The netted knot of I-beam Structure can support ceiling, such as ceiling panel or other ceiling units.

In some embodiments, wall, ceiling and ground are at least 4 feet thicks (for example, at least 5 feet thicks, at least 6 Between the feet thick of feet thick, 5 and 10).Optionally, the facility includes ground, and the ground includes concrete slab.Optionally, If dry plate is in facility.

In some embodiments, the facility includes for biomass to be continuously fed into vault and to conveyer Opening.Optionally, the facility further includes the opening for successive loops conveyer, the conveyer be used for by biomass from The conveyer continuously removes and transfers out vault.

On the other hand, the present invention relates to a kind of methods for handling material (for example, biological material, hydrocarbonaceous material).It is described Method includes irradiating material with electron beam in the vault with ground, wall and ceiling.Optionally, each wall include it is multiple from Throwaway member, and optionally ceiling includes multiple discrete units.

In some instances, handled biological material is the ligno-cellulosic materials in timber or laminate form. In some other examples, material to be processed is selected from the group being made up of：Timber, particieboard, sawdust, agricultural wastes, Sewage, ensilage, grass, rice husk, bagasse, cotton, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal hemp, abaca, straw, corncob Axis, corn stover, switchgrass, clover, hay, coconut hair, sea grass, seaweed and its mixture.

Optionally, vault is restructural.In some instances, vault is reconfigured simultaneously after irradiating biomass And the second biomass is then irradiated in the vault reconfigured.

In some embodiments, the wall of the vault for handling biological material includes chain concrete block.Optionally, The wall supports the reticular structure of the reticular structure of I-beam and I-beam support ceiling (for example, discrete smallpox Plate face plate or other ceiling units) and illuminator.In some cases, the wall, ceiling and ground include concrete, And the concrete can be conventional concrete, high-density concrete, pretensioned concrete, leaded concrete, mixed containing reinforcing bar Solidifying soil and these combination.

The advantages of using discrete unit for construction structure (for example, vault in disclosed method as used in this article) it One is easily replace the unit of damage.Another advantage is to modify structure to adapt to technique change and device requirement variation It can be relatively simple.One or more totals are even detachable and re-assembly (such as in different location).Therefore, For example, building structure is restructural for new structure (for example, shape and/or ratio are different) or similar (for example, shape and ratio It is similar) structure.Can also aid in salvage material and/or the unit at the end of service life of structure can sell or can weigh New purpose for other structures to use.In addition, praedial value is maintained, because after dismantling and removing structure, soil Ground is back to its original state.

Embodiments of the present invention optionally include one or more of the feature of following summary.In some embodiment party In formula, it can apply in any order or use selected feature, and in other embodiments using or using specific selection Sequence.It can continuously apply according to any sequence and even or use Individual features more than once.In addition, applying or using The entire sequence of feature or a part of sequence disposably, repeatedly or continuously can be applied or make in any order With.It, can be with different or under usable condition as determined by those skilled in the art in some optional embodiments The feature is applied or used to identical, setting or variation quantitative or qualitative parameter.For example, such as by those skilled in the art Member determines, can be changed under usable condition or sets characteristic parameter, if size, individual sizes are (for example, length, width, height Degree), position, degree (for example, which kind of degree being arrived, such as not degrees of compliance), duration, frequency of use, density, concentration, by force Degree and speed.

Feature for example including：Treatment facility including vault, the vault have wall, ceiling and ground；Vault maintains Under the internal pressure for being different from nominal atmospheric pressure；Vault is maintained at a below under the internal pressure of atmospheric pressure；Vault has in it There is the transportation system for being configured to that biomass is conveyed below electron beam；Vault has the wall including multiple discrete units；Vault With the ceiling including multiple discrete units；Vault is restructural；Electron irradiation device, by the ceiling support of vault And it is provided to irradiate the biomass conveyed by transportation system；At least 5 tons of weight of electron irradiation device, by the smallpox of vault Plate supports and is provided to irradiate the biomass conveyed by transportation system；At least 10 tons of weight of electron irradiation device, by encircleing The ceiling support on top and being provided to irradiates the biomass conveyed by transportation system；The electronics weighed about between 5 and 20 tons shines Injection device irradiates the biomass conveyed by transportation system by the ceiling support and being provided to of vault；Including ground Vault, the ground include concrete slab；Vault, wherein the wall includes interlock block；Vault, wherein the wall supports I-beam Reticular structure and the I-beam reticular structure support ceiling panel；Vault, wherein the wall, ceiling and ground It is at least 4 feet thicks；Vault, wherein the wall, ceiling and ground are at least 5 feet thicks；Vault, wherein the wall, smallpox Plate and ground are between about 5 and about 10 feet thicks；Vault, wherein the wall is coated with resistant material；Vault, wherein the wall It is covered with stainless sheet steel；Vault, wherein the wall includes conventional concrete；Vault, wherein the wall includes high density coagulation Soil；Vault, wherein the wall includes pretensioned concrete；Vault, wherein the wall includes leaded concrete；Vault, wherein institute Stating wall includes containing armored concrete；Vault, wherein the ceiling includes conventional concrete；Vault, wherein the ceiling packet Include high-density concrete；Vault, wherein the ceiling includes pretensioned concrete；Vault, wherein the ceiling includes containing Lead concrete；Vault, wherein the ceiling includes containing armored concrete；Vault, wherein the ground includes conventional concrete； Vault, wherein the ground includes high-density concrete；Vault, wherein the ground includes pretensioned concrete；Vault, wherein The ground includes leaded concrete；Vault, wherein the ground includes containing armored concrete；Vault comprising generally spoke Penetrate impermeable door；Treatment facility comprising vault and the vault generally radiate impermeable door；Vault comprising substantially The impermeable door of upper radiation, the door include inside the steel being in contact with the preceding and backing layer for including lead；Vault comprising for that will give birth to Substance is continuously fed into the opening in the vault and to conveyer, for the opening of successive loops conveyer, the conveying Machine by biomass from the conveyer for continuously removing and transferring out the vault；It is used in the treatment facility for including vault Electron beam irradiates lignocellulose biomass；Lignocellulosic biomass is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility for including vault Matter reconfigures the vault and irradiates the second biological material in the vault reconfigured；It is including vault Timber is irradiated with electron beam in treatment facility；Laminate is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility for including vault；It is including arch Particieboard is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility on top；Sawdust is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility for including vault；It is wrapping It includes in the treatment facility of vault and irradiates agricultural wastes with electron beam；Dirt is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility for including vault Water；Ensilage is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility for including vault；Electron beam is used in the treatment facility for including vault Irradiation grass；Rice husk is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility for including vault；Electron beam is used in the treatment facility for including vault Irradiate bagasse；Cotton is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility for including vault；The electricity consumption in the treatment facility for including vault Beamlet irradiates jute；Hemp is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility for including vault；It is used in the treatment facility for including vault Electron beam irradiates flax；Bamboo is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility for including vault；In the treatment facility for including vault Sisal hemp is irradiated with electron beam；Abaca is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility for including vault；In the treatment facility including vault It is middle to irradiate straw with electron beam；Corncob is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility for including vault；At the place including vault It manages in facility and irradiates corn stover with electron beam；Switchgrass is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility for including vault；Including Clover is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility of vault；Hay is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility for including vault；It is wrapping It includes in the treatment facility of vault and irradiates coconut hair with electron beam；Sea grass is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility for including vault； Seaweed is irradiated with electron beam in the treatment facility for including vault；Treatment facility comprising vault and wherein for conveying life The oscillator of substance.

According to following detailed description and according to claims, other features and advantages of the present invention be will be apparent.

Attached drawing description

Fig. 1 is the perspective view of vault, and wherein ceiling, floor and antetheca cutting are to show inside.

Fig. 2 is the side view of vault shown in Fig. 1, wherein being added to ceiling.

Fig. 3 is the top view of vault shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 4 A is the perspective view of the vault shown in without its internal part.Fig. 4 B is that the amplification of the wall of vault is detailed Thin view, Fig. 4 C are the perspective views of vault, and there is shown with ceilings and various pipelines.

Fig. 5 A is to can be used for building the decomposition perspective view of two discrete units of vault, and Fig. 5 B is the top view of the unit Figure.It is described in detail

Using method described herein and system, biomass can for example will be derived from (for example, plant biomass, animal Biomass, paper and municipal waste biomass) and can usually be easy to get but unmanageable cellulose and lignocellulosic are former Material material is converted to useful products (for example, sugar such as xylose and glucose and alcohols such as ethyl alcohol and butanol).Including for The method and system of radiation treatment material such as biomass is used in the vault that discrete unit is constituted.

For example, the method for manufacturing sugar juice and the product from it is described herein.These methods may include for example appointing Selection of land mechanical treatment cellulose and/or lignocellulosic material.Before or after handling herein, another processed material can be used (such as irradiation, vapour explosion, pyrolysis, ultrasonic treatment and/or oxidation) is managed to handle raw material to reduce or further decrease it not Compliance.Sugar juice is formed for example, by adding one or more enzymatic conversion raw materials.Product may originate from sugar juice, for example, logical Everfermentation is at alcohol.Further processing may include purifying the solution, such as pass through distillation.If desired, can be in the method Different phase measures content of lignin or the step based on this measurement setting or adjusting process parameter (for example, exposure dose) Suddenly, the U.S. Patent number 8 such as such as promulgated on April 9th, 2013, described in 415,122, in the complete disclosure of the patent Appearance is hereby incorporated herein by.

It may be high-energy process since compliance does not reduce step, so the processing can be carried out in vault to wrap Include energy or product from the high energy process.For example, vault can be configured to include thermal energy, electric energy, radiation energy, explosion Energy, gas and these combination.

If the processing method for reducing not compliance includes irradiation raw material, vault can be by radiation impermeable material system At.When from electron beam electronics and substance interact in inelastic collision when, several processes can occur in biomass. For example, the ionization of material, the chain rupture of polymer in material, the crosslinking of the polymer in material, the oxidation of material, the production of X-ray The vibrational excitation (such as phonon generation) of raw (" bremsstrahlung ") and molecule.It is not fettered by specific mechanism, not compliance reduction can It can be since these inelastic collisions are active several, such as caused by ionization, the chain rupture of polymer, oxidation and phonon generate. Described more active (for example, especially X-ray generates) makes shielding and engineering barrier become required, for example, by coagulation Irradiation process is closed in vault made of native or other radiation impermeable materials.Another radiation, i.e. vibrational excitation, are equivalent to Heating sample and the release that volatile organic compounds (VOC) can be caused.In addition, if irradiation occurs in air, can produce Raw ozone.Therefore irradiation process is made to be limited to also to can reduce undesirable exposure to ozone and VOC in vault.

Fig. 1 is the perspective view for irradiating the vault of material (for example, biological material), shows some sides of structure Face.For example, wall 110 includes discrete unit, such as 112.The wall is built on concrete slab 120.Vault includes there are two tools The biomass transportation system of conveyer 130 and 140, what the conveyer was generally perpendicular to one another.The conveyer can be Lid or closed oscillator, and conveyer 130 can have the crosscutting outlet onto second conveyor 140.It is described Conveyer and/or any other equipment are mountable on track 150 and 155.The track be mounted to concrete floor and Vault be can be extended out to external or to another structure (for example, another vault).A part of irradiation unit is shown, such as is scanned Box 160, vacuum passage or access 165 and electron accelerator 170.The irradiation unit is by being not shown but describing in Fig. 2 in Fig. 1 Ceiling support.Vault includes the door 180 being made of radiation opaque material (for example, lead and steel).Vault further include such as with In other openings biomass being delivered in the vault, such as be included as the pipe of a part of air conveyer, institute It states pipe and is connected to 130 entrance 135 of conveyer and the outlet of conveyer 140 (being not shown in this figure).It may also include for example for pipe 190 ventilation orifice.The line of rabbet joint in wall can accommodate I-beam (for example, H profile steel beam), and the I-beam is configured for support day Card, such as the line of rabbet joint 192 and 194.In general, system is constructed such that there is no " daylightings " to be open.For example, the opening It is so that there is no radiate the straight line path travelled across for any.Optionally, one or more roads can be undergone by having Diameter variation, such as 90 degree of the one or more curved openings in the path of any pipe or pipeline that are introduced into or draw vault are next Realization avoids daylighting from being open.The opening or pipeline for example can also be other than the bending in the path with these pipelines Have liner or become thicker with lead, to help to prevent any radiation evolution.In order to improve the service life of structure, (for example, concrete Block) interior surface can be coated with or be covered with resistant material, such as stainless steel.

Vault is designed to include any process gas, for example, wherein the wall has the reduction for any gas Porosity.The porosity of the wall can be reduced by the way that material to be infused in block.For example, having lower infiltrative coagulation Soil can usually be realized by replacing Portland cement with slag cements between 25% to 65%.It will be fine crushing when preparing described piece Solid (for example, lime, silicate and colloidal silicon dioxide) be added to cement can by increase density or by fill up gap come Reduce the permeability to water and gas.It is some crystallization blends in concrete water and cement particle react in existing fine fisssure Calcium silicate hydrate is formed in gap and capillary and/or sediment is blocked in hole.(it is similar to silicic acid to obtained crystallization deposition object Hydrate of calcium is formed) become integrally to be combined with hydration thickener.Porosity, which reduces additive, may also include based on soap and long-chain Hydrophobicity water-resisting chemical, vegetable oil (tallow, material and grease based on soybean) and the petroleum (mineral of derivative of fatty acid Oil, paraffin and asphalt emulsion).These materials are more suitable for providing waterproofness layer on material and will more usefully be applied to arch For the exterior section on top to help to reduce internal vault humidity, humidity may aggravate the corrosion in vault.

Fig. 2 is the side view of vault shown in Fig. 1, wherein being added to ceiling.Fig. 2 shows by I-shaped beam grid, ten Word axis or the concrete ceiling board 210 of reticulated structure (A referring to fig. 4) support.Electron accelerator 170 is mounted on the day on the outside of vault On card.Stainless-steel vacuum channel provides high vacuum path and marches to vault from the accelerator being located at outside vault for electronics It is internal and including pipe 165.Pipe 165 passes through ceiling and is functionally connected to accelerator 170 and to scan box 160.

Fig. 3 is the top side view of vault shown in Fig. 1 and 2.Ceiling is not included in figure so that can be observed to encircle Component in top and wall.It is clearly shown the discrete unit of wall, such as 112.Electron accelerator 170 is shown pass through electric conduit 330 are electrically connected to power supply 335 (for example, to provide high voltage to accelerator).Track 150 and 155 is shown to extend vault.

Fig. 4 A is the perspective view for irradiating the vault of material (for example, biological material).The vault is similar to Fig. 1-3 Shown in vault, in addition to vault have additional door (for example, door 180 at the opposite side of vault).Support ceiling is shown I-beam possible layout.The wall has the line of rabbet joint to be inserted into I-beam.Fig. 4 B is putting for the wall of vault shown in Fig. 4 A Big detailed view.Fig. 4 B shows the I-beam 410 being placed in the line of rabbet joint 430.In this embodiment, the wall can be 6 English Ruler is thick, and I-beam can be 10 × 5 inches, and ceiling board can be 4 feet thicks, and to can be 34 × 34 flat for the outer perimeter of vault Super superficial.In order to support illuminator and ceiling board, I-beam 440,442,444 and 446 is arranged to close square 6 × 6 English Ruler.Using measured value listed above and the configuration summarized for the discribed vault of Fig. 4 A, finite element analysis shows the cloth Setting allows to support ceiling board and 10 tons of illuminator.

Fig. 4 C is the perspective view of discribed vault in Fig. 4 A, wherein showing ceiling board with profile.This view does not include shining Injection device and other equipment such as pipe are to more clearly illustrate wall unit, concrete slab and ceiling board.It shows logical for vacuum The opening 450 in road (such as foregoing channel 165).Opening 470 can be used for ventilating system, and example is optional contamination control System.Opening 460 can be used for being in the pipeline being connected to (for example, vault is used for biomass with conveyer 130 by entrance 135 Entrance).Opening 480 and 490 can be the opening for successive loops conveyer system (for example, air conveyer), described Conveyer system for removing biomass after treatment.

Fig. 5 A is the decomposition perspective view for showing two discrete units 112, and the discrete unit can be used for building the wall of vault. Each unit includes joint tongue and groove, once the joint tongue and groove help to make unit alignment and institute during assembly State unit be constructed in structure be maintained for they be aligned.In the example shown, the unit includes top joint tongue 530, side tenon Tongue 540 and side groove 550.The unit may also include ring 560, with for the hook (example that can help to be promoted the unit Such as, formed by steel) attachment.Fig. 5 B is the top side view for showing similar elements.112 underneath side elevation view will be similar to that top side view, In addition to joint tongue 530 will substitute by respective slot (for example, lower surface will include recess into the unit rather than protrusion).

In addition to unit as shown in Figure 5, discrete unit can be various other chain shapes.For example, its two-dimensional projection Can be selected from 17 translational symmetry groups or they can be interlock unit or unit combination more random arrangement.The joint tongue and Slot can be replaced with the other methods for being secured in place unit, such as external fastening, binder, adhesive, mortar, tenon Follow closely (for example, being made of reinforcing bar), complementary linking method such as tenon and mortise, dovetail joint and/or finger joint.In the unit It is some to have and cut to support I-beam by special processing or designed for special-purpose, such as recessing as discussed previously It cuts to hole therein to accommodate defeated system (for example, pipe, conveyer) and/or match with fastener (for example, hinge, hook, bolt) It closes.Ceiling units are equally designed to various chain shapes.

Vault for irradiating material is preferably made of structural elasticity and radiation impermeable material, such as using coagulation Soil, stainless steel, lead, soil and these combination.Concrete for example can be conventional concrete, high-density concrete, first open Method concrete, leaded concrete, containing armored concrete and these combination.For example, it is about that thickness is divided in the radiation of concrete, which equally, 2.4 inches, so under 4 feet thicks, radiation will be lowered at least 1,000,000 times of green strength.For being applied to inside configuration 250kGy dosage, the obtained radiation (it is assumed that the F- factor be 1.0) of structural outer will be 0.25 micro- rem, far below safety Limitation.The thickness of vault can modify as needed.For example, wall thickness can be at least 2 feet thicks (for example, at least 3 English Ruler, at least 4 feet, at least 5 feet, at least 6 feet, between about 2 and 12 feet, between about 4 and 10 feet, about 4 and 8 feet it Between).In addition to wall, floor and ceiling, vault can also have the door made of radiation impermeable material.Material can be stratification, For example, door can be formed into the multiple layers of about 1 " lead+about 6 " steel+about 1 " lead.

About structural elasticity, vault is preferably designed to bear ordinary and uncommon outdoor element.For example, vault is answered This is able to bear at least 6 input earthquake, tsunami, hurricane, cyclone and waterflooding.

Vault can be built on concrete slab.Because the total including relevant device may weigh (for example, being greater than very much 10 tons, greater than about 20 tons, greater than about 30 tons, greater than about 40 tons, greater than about 50 tons, greater than about 100 tons, greater than about 500 tons), institute With concrete slab needs be at least 4 feet thicks (between for example, at least 5 feet, at least 6 feet, 4 and 20 feet, about 4 and 10 feet Between).In addition, concrete slab can be enhanced by metal bar (for example, reinforcing bar).

Wall can be made of concrete block, such as chain concrete block.For example, concrete may include Portland cement, sand, Water, reinforcing bar, lead, building aggregate (for example, rubble, gravel, steel, clinker, regeneration concrete, geotechnique's synthesis aggregate, large-scale aggregate, Small-sized aggregate) and these combination.Described piece of compression strength should between about 2500 and 6000psi (for example, about 3000 with Between 5000psi, about 3500 and 4500psi between, about 4000 and 5000psi between).Described piece of bending strength can be about Between 500psi and 1500psi (for example, between about 500 and 1000psi, between about 550psi and 800psi).Density can be At least about 1500kg/m3 (for example, at least about 2000kg/m3, at least about 2500kg/m3, at least about 3000kg/m3, at least about 3500kg/m3, at least about 4000kg/m3, at least about 4500kg/m3, at least about 5000kg/m3 or even higher, for example, at least About 6000kg/m3, at least about 7000kg/m3, at least about 8000kg/m3, at least about 9000kg/m3).Preferably, utilization is highly dense Concrete is spent to be made described piece, the high-density concrete for example may be from natural ground aggregate such as barite or magnetic iron ore, The barite or magnetic iron ore usually provide the density between about 3500kg/m3 and 4000kg/m3 respectively.In some embodiments In, iron or lead can replace at least part of aggregate, to obtain even greater density, for example, for iron 5900kg/m3 or For lead 8900kg/m3.

The volume of each separative unit can be between about 6ft3-50ft3 (for example, about between 8-24).Preferably, described piece Usually rectangular shape, for example, about 2 feet of height × 6 foot be wide × and 2 feet of depths, 2 feet of height × 5 foot are wide × 2 feet of depths, 2 English Ruler height × × 2 feet of depths that are 4 inches wide, 2 feet of height × 3 foot are wide × and 2 feet of depths, 2 feet of height × 2 foot are wide × 2 feet of depths.Institute Stating block can also be much bigger, for example, be formed to have larger volume (for example, between about 50 and 200 cubic feet) sheet material and/ Or plate, for example, about 10 feet of height × 6 foot are wide × and 2 feet of depths, 6 feet of height × 6 foot are wide × 2 feet of depths, 4 feet of height × 6 English Ruler is wide × 2 feet of depths.For example, the MEGASHIELD from Nelco (Burlington, MA) can be used^TMModularization concrete block System.

Vault can be configured or reconfigured to any useful shape.Such as vault can be cheese, pyramid, Square, cone, cube shaped, triangular prism shaped, rectangular prism and these combination.Several vaults can share common wall. Vault is also optionally arranged to the array of vault.Once vault has been made into required shape, when it just can be used one section Between and optionally, then by the way that more discrete units are added and/or part or all of discrete unit can be reassembled into Difference configuration is come modify (for example, reconfiguring).For example, the reconfigurable cubic vault of the vault of square.

The vault can be partly or entirely immersed in soil, basement rock, clay, sand and/or water.Vault can be constructed to from The transport of place to place, such as such as United States Patent (USP) 8, a part described in 318,453 as biomass processing facility, wherein Complete disclosure be hereby incorporated herein by.

It can be for example used together with the embodiment having been discussed above or for being used to locate in other embodiments Method, some more details of equipment or system and the repeated description of raw material are managed in following disclosure.

Radiation treatment

Raw material can be handled to change its structure to reduce its not compliance with radiation.The processing can for example reduce original The average molecular weight of material, the crystal structure of feed change and/or the surface area and/or porosity that increase raw material.Radiation can be It is carried out for example, by electron beam, ion beam, ultraviolet (UV) light of 100nm to 280nm, γ or X-ray radiation.Radiation treatment and use It discusses in United States Patent (USP) 8,142,620 and U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 12/417,731 in the system of processing, it is described The complete disclosure of document is hereby incorporated herein by.

As measured by radiation energy, various forms of radiation ionize biomass by specifically interaction.Weight Charged particle, which mainly passes through Coulomb scattering, ionizes substance；In addition, these interactions, which generate, can further make substance ionization High energy electron.It is helium atomic nucleus that α particle, which is equal to, and is generated by the alpha-decay of various radioactive nucleus, and the radioactive nucleus is all As bismuth, polonium, astatine, radon, francium, radium, some actinides (such as actinium, thorium, uranium, neptunium, curium, californium, americium and plutonium) isotope.Electronics passes through Coulomb scattering and the bremsstrahlung interaction generated by velocity of electrons variation.

When using particle, they can be neutral (not charged), positively or negatively.When charged, band electrochondria Son can be with single positive charge or negative electrical charge or multiple charges, such as one, two, three or even four or more electricity Lotus.In the case where wishing chain rupture to change the molecular structure of the material containing carbohydrate, it may be desirable to be positively charged Particle is partly due to its acid properties.When using particle, the particle can have the quality of stationary electronic, or bigger, Such as 500,1000,1500 or 2000 or more of stationary electronic quality.For example, the particle can have about 1 atomic unit To the quality of about 150 atomic units, for example, about 1 atomic unit to about 50 atomic units, or about 1 to about 25, such as 1,2,3,4, 5,10,12 or 15 atomic unit.

γ radiation has the advantages that into the significant penetration depth in a variety of materials of sample.

In the embodiment being irradiated with electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic radiation can have for example each photon to be greater than 10²EV, It is greater than 10³、10⁴、10⁵、10⁶Or even greater than 10⁷The energy of eV (with electronic voltmeter).In some embodiments, electric Magnetic radiation has each photon between 10⁴With 10⁷Between, such as between 10⁵With 10⁶Energy between eV.Electromagnetic radiation can have It is greater than 10¹⁶Hz, it is greater than 10¹⁷Hz、10¹⁸、10¹⁹、10²⁰Or even greater than 10²¹The frequency of Hz.In some embodiments In, electromagnetic radiation has between 10¹⁸With 10²²Between Hz, for example between 10¹⁹To 10²¹Frequency between Hz.

Electron beam device can be used to carry out in electron bombardment, and described device, which has, is less than 10MeV, for example, being less than 7MeV, small In 5MeV or it is less than 2MeV, for example, about 0.5 to 1.5MeV, about 0.8 to 1.8MeV, or about 0.7 to 1MeV nominal energy.? In some embodiments, nominal energy is about 500 to 800keV.

Electron beam can have relatively high total beam power (all combination beam powers for accelerating head, or if use Multiple accelerators are then all accelerators and all combination beam powers), for example, at least 25kW, for example, at least 30,40, 50,60,65,70,80,100,125 or 150kW.In some cases, power is even as high as 500kW, 750kW or even 1000kW or higher.In some cases, electron beam has 1200kW or higher beam power, such as 1400,1600,1800 Or even 3000kW.

This higher total beam power using multiple acceleration heads usually by being realized.For example, electron beam device may include two A, four or more acceleration heads.Using multiple, each of which can prevent the excessive of material with relatively low beam power Temperature rises, to prevent material combustion, and also increases the uniformity of the dosage in layer thickness.

It is usually preferable that biological material bed accessory has relatively uniform thickness.In some embodiments, the thickness Less than about 1 inch (for example, be less than about 0.75 inch, be less than about 0.5 inch, be less than about 0.25 inch, be less than about 0.1 inch, about Between 0.1 and 1 inch, between about 0.2 and 0.3 inch).

Wish to handle material as soon as possible.In general, it is preferred to be to be greater than about 0.25Mrad/ seconds, for example, greater than about 0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2,5,7,10,12,15 or even greater than about 20Mrad/ seconds, for example, agent in about 0.25 to 2Mrad/ second Rate is measured to be handled.Higher dosage rate allows the higher flux of target (needed for such as) dosage.Higher dosage rate is general Higher line road speed is needed, to avoid the thermal decomposition of material.In one embodiment, for the thickness of sample (example of about 20mm Such as, the corncob material of the crushing of the bulk density with 0.5g/cm3), accelerator is set as 3MeV, 50mA beam current It flows and linear velocity is 24 feet/min.

In some embodiments, carry out electron bombardment until material receive at least 0.1Mrad, 0.25Mrad, 1Mrad, 5Mrad, for example, at least 10, the accumulated dose of 20,30 or at least 40Mrad.In some embodiments, it is handled until material Receive about 10Mrad to about 50Mrad, for example, about 20Mrad to about 40Mrad, or about 25Mrad to the dosage of about 30Mrad.One In a little embodiments, preferably 25 to 35Mrad accumulated dose is ideally (for example) applied with 5Mrad/ times point, several times wherein often Secondary application was for about one second.Can before irradiation, period, later and between use cooling means, system and equipment, such as using Cooling spiral conveyer and/or cooling oscillator.

Using multiple heads as discussed above, can several times, such as by cooling in several seconds be spaced apart 10 to Under 20Mrad/ times (such as 12 to 18Mrad/ times) twice or 7 to 12Mrad/ times (such as 5 to 20Mrad/ times, 10 to 40Mrad/ times, 9 to 11Mrad/ times) processing material three times.As discussed herein, with several relatively low dosage rather than One high dose processing material tends to prevent material from overheating and also increase the dose uniformity for running through material thickness.Some In embodiment, material is stirred during or after every time or is mixed in other ways, and is then smoothed to conforming layer, so It is carried out again afterwards next time, to further enhance process uniformity.

In some embodiments, electronics is accelerated to the speed for being greater than 75% light velocity, be greater than 85%, 90%, the speed of 95% or 99% light velocity.

In some embodiments, any processing as described herein occurs to be maintained for when obtaining dry or for example make With heating and/or depressurize on the ligno-cellulosic materials being dried.For example, in some embodiments, at 25 DEG C and 50% Measurement is learnt under relative humidity, and cellulose and/or ligno-cellulosic materials have less than about 25wt.% reservation water (for example, being less than About 20wt.%, less than about 15wt.%, less than about 14wt.%, less than about 13wt.%, less than about 12wt.%, be less than about 10wt.%, less than about 9wt.%, less than about 8wt.%, less than about 7wt.%, less than about 6wt.%, less than about 5wt.%, be less than About 4wt.%, it is less than about 3wt.%, is less than about 2wt.%, is less than about 1wt.% or is less than about 0.5wt.%.

In some embodiments, two or more ionization sources can be used, such as two or more electron sources.For example, It can be in any order with electron beam then with γ radiation and the UV light processing sample with about 100nm to about 280nm wavelength.One In a little embodiments, sample is handled with three kinds of ionized radiation sources, such as electron beam, γ radiation and high energy UV light.Biomass is conveyed Across treatment region, bombarded in its available electron for the treatment of region.

It may be advantageous that reprocessing compliance and/or does not further change biology more fully to reduce biomass Matter.Specifically, depend on the not compliance of material, technological parameter can be first (for example, second, third, 4th or more) It is adjusted after secondary.In some embodiments, the conveyer including the circulatory system can be used, wherein biomass is by repeatedly defeated It send across above-described various processes.In some of the other embodiments, using multiple processing units (for example, electron beam is sent out Raw device) processing biomass is repeatedly (for example, 2,3,4 or more times).In other embodiments, Single Electron beam generator can be The source of multiple beams (for example, 2,3,4 or more beams), can be used for handling biomass.

Change molecule/supramolecular structure of the biomass of carbohydrate containing and/or reduces the biology of carbohydrate containing The effect of the not compliance of matter depends on the dosage that used electronics can and be applied, and exposure duration depends on power and agent Amount.In some embodiments, dose rates and accumulated dose are adjusted so as not to which (such as burn or burn) biological material can be destroyed Material.For example, carbohydrate does not answer work in-process to damage, so that they completely can for example be released as monosaccharide from biomass It puts.

In some embodiments, it is handled (with the combination in any electron source or source) until material receives at least about 0.05Mrad, for example, at least about 0.1,0.25,0.5,0.75,1.0,2.5,5.0,7.5,10.0,15,20,25,30,40,50, 60, until the dosage of 70,80,90,100,125,150,175 or 200Mrad.In some embodiments, handled until Material receives 0.1-100Mrad, 1-200,5-200,10-200,5-150,50-150Mrad, 5-100,5-50,5-40,10- 50, until the dosage between 10-75,15-50,20-35Mrad.

In some embodiments, using relatively low dose of radiation for example to increase cellulose or ligno-cellulosic The molecular weight of material (with the combination in any radiation source as described herein or source).For example, at least about 0.05Mrad, for example, at least about The agent of 0.1Mrad or at least about 0.25,0.5,0.75,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0 or at least about 5.0Mrad Amount.In some embodiments, be irradiated until material receives between 0.1Mrad and 2.0Mrad, for example, 0.5rad with Dosage between 4.0Mrad or between 1.0Mrad and 3.0Mrad.

It may also wish to simultaneously or sequentially irradiate from multiple directions, to realize that the radiation of required degree is penetrated to material In.For example, the density and moisture content and the type of used radiation source depending on material such as timber are (for example, γ or electronics Beam), it is penetrated into the greatest irradiation in material and can be only about 0.75 inch.In this case, thicker portion is (up to 1.5 English It is very little) can by first from side irradiate material and then make material overturn and be irradiated from other side irradiation.From multiple Direction irradiation may be particularly useful for electron beam irradiation, and electron beam ratio γ radiation irradiation faster, but generally can not be realized same big Penetration depth.

Radiate impermeable material

As discussed previously, the present invention may include processing in vault and/or storage tank using radiation impermeable material construction Material.In some embodiments, selective radiation impermeable material so as to protecting component from the X-ray with high-energy The influence of (short wavelength), the X-ray can penetrate many materials.A key factor for designing radiation shield shell is material used The attenuation length of material, attenuation length will determine certain material, the blend of material or the required thickness of layered structure.Attenuation length It is penetration range when radiation is reduced to about 1/e (the e=Euler's numbers) times of incident radiation.Although almost all of material exists It is all that radiation is impermeable, but has high Z value (atomic number containing high percentage composition (for example, density) in the case where sufficiently thick Number) the material of element there is shorter attenuation length, and so if using this kind of material, then can provide it is thinner, Lighter shielding.Example for the high Z value material in radiation shield is tantalum and lead.Another important parameter in radiation shield It is to divide distance equally, dividing distance equally is the thickness that will make the certain material of gamma intensity reduction by 50%.As with 0.1MeV energy The example of the X-ray radiation of amount, dividing thickness equally is about 15.1mm for concrete and is about 2.7mm for lead, and in 1MeV X-ray energy in the case where, dividing thickness equally is about 44.45mm for concrete and is about 7.9mm for lead.It radiates impermeable Material can be thick or thin material, as long as it can be reduced through to the radiation of the other side.Therefore, if it is desired to special Shell is determined with smaller wall thickness, for example, selected material there should be enough Z for lightweight or since size limits Value and/or attenuation length, so that it divides length equally less than or equal to required shell wall thickness.

In some cases, radiation impermeable material can be stratification material, such as the layer with higher z-value material, to mention For well shielding and the layer of lower Z value material, to provide other characteristics (for example, structural intergrity, impact resistance etc.).One In a little situations, stratification material can be " classification Z " laminate, for example including wherein each layer provide from height-Z continuously to compared with The laminate of the gradient of low-Z element.As previously described herein, in some cases, radiation opaque material can be interlocking Block, for example, lead and/or concrete block can be supplied by NELCO Worldwide (Burlington, MA), and using can weigh The vault of structure.For example, described piece may include dry type engagement (dry-joint) design, to be restructural and modular.Example Such as, workable some materials include concrete block, MEGASHIELED^TMMODULARBLOCK, n- series lead brick.For example, radiation Impermeable material can be high density material, for example, have greater than about 100 pounds/cubic feet, greater than about 200/ pound per cubic foot or The even greater than density of about 300 pounds/cubic feet.For example, NELCO (Burlington, MA) concrete block have about 147 pounds/ Cubic feet, 250 pounds/cubic feet, 288 pounds/cubic feet and 300 pounds/cubic feet.The material can be used for providing entirely New construction or upgrading existing utility.

Radiation impermeable material can make across the structure formed by the material (for example, wall, door, ceiling, shell, one Serial these or these combination) radiation be reduced by least about 10% compared with incident radiation (for example, at least about 20%, at least About 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least About 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.9%, at least about 99.99%, at least about 99.999%).Therefore, the shell made of radiation impermeable material can make equipment/system/component exposure Reduce equal amount.Radiation impermeable material may include stainless steel, the metal (for example, lead, iron) of Z value with higher than 25, concrete, Soil, sand and combinations thereof.Radiation impermeable material may include on the direction of incident radiation at least about 1mm (for example, 5mm, 10mm, 5cm, 10cm, 100cm, 1m and even at least 10m) barrier.

Radiation source

Emission types decide the type of used radiation source and radiation appliance and relevant device.Example as described herein Such as can be using source as described herein and any other useful with method, system and the equipment of radiation treatment material Source.

Gamma ray projector includes radioactive nucleus, such as cobalt, calcium, technetium, chromium, gallium, indium, iodine, iron, krypton, samarium, selenium, sodium, thallium and xenon Isotope.

X-ray source includes the collision or compact light source of electron beam Yu metallic target (such as tungsten or molybdenum or alloy), such as by Lyncean Those of commercially produce.

It is helium atomic nucleus that α particle, which is equal to, and is generated by the alpha-decay of various radioactive nucleus, and the radioactive nucleus is all As bismuth, polonium, astatine, radon, francium, radium, some actinides (such as actinium, thorium, uranium, neptunium, curium, californium, americium and plutonium) isotope.

UV source includes deuterium lamp or cadmium lamp.

The source of infrared radiation includes sapphire, zinc or selenides window ceramic lamp.

Microwave source includes klystron, the source type RF Slevin or the atomic beam source using hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen.

Accelerator for accelerated particle (such as electronics or ion) can be DC (such as electrostatic DC or electrical DC), RF line Property wave, magnetic induction linear wave or continuous wave.For example, various irradiation units can use in method disclosed herein, including field Ionization source, electrostatic ionic separator, field ionization generator, thermionic emission source, microwave discharge ion source, recycling or it is static plus Fast device, dynamic linear accelerator, model De Graff (van de Graaff) accelerator, Cockcroft, John Douglas Te Waerdun (Cockroft Walton) accelerator (for example,Accelerator), linear accelerator (LINAC), dynamitron (Dynamitron) (for example,Accelerator), cyclotron (cyclotron), synchrotron (synchrotron), betatron (betatron), transformer type accelerator, microtron (microtron), plasma generator, cascade acceleration and collapsible tandem accelerator.For example, swirl type accelerator can It is obtained from Belgian IBA, such as RHODOTRON^TMSystem, and DC type accelerator can be from RDI (being IBA Industrial now) It obtains, such asOther suitable accelerator system includes for example：DC insulation cardioid transformer (ICT) type system System, can be from Nissin High Voltage, and Japan obtains；S- wave band linear accelerator, can be from L3-PSD (U.S.), Linac Systems (France), Mevex (Canada) and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan) are obtained；L- wave band is straight Line accelerator can be obtained from Iotron Industries (Canada)；And the accelerator based on ILU, it can be from Budker Laboratories (Russia) is obtained.Ion and ion accelerator are discussed in following documents：Introductory Nuclear Physics, Kenneth S.Krane, John Wiley&Sons, Inc. (1988), Krsto Prelec, FIZIKA B 6 (1997) 4,177-206；Chu, William T., " Overview of Light-Ion Beam Therapy ", Columbus-Ohio, ICRU-IAEA meeting, 18-20 days in March, 2006；Iwata, Y. etc., " Alternating-Phase-Focused IH-DTL for Heavy-Ion Medical Accelerators ", Proceedings of EPAC 2006, Edinburg, Scotland；And Leitner, C.M. etc., " Status of the Superconducting ECR Ion Source Venus ", Proceedings of EPAC 2000, Vienna, Austria. Some particle accelerators and application thereof are disclosed in the U.S. Patent number 7,931,784 of such as Medoff, the patent it is complete Disclosure is hereby incorporated herein by.

Electronics can be generated by the radioactive nucleus of experience β decay, such as the isotope of iodine, caesium, technetium and iridium.Alternatively, electron gun can It is used as electron source by thermionic emission and is accelerated by accelerating potential.Electron gun generates electronics, passes through big electricity Gesture is (for example, greater than about 500,000, greater than about 1,000,000, greater than about 2,000,000, greater than about 5,000,000, greater than about 6,000,000, greater than about 700 Ten thousand, greater than about 8,000,000, greater than about 9,000,000 or even greater than 10,000,000 volts) accelerate the electronics, and it is then flat in x-y Magnetic force scanning is carried out to it on face, wherein accelerating electronics in a z-direction downwards along accelerator tube and mentioning by foil window It takes.When irradiation is carried through the material such as biomass of scanning beam, scanning beam is suitable for increasing irradiation surface.Scanning Electron beam is uniformly distributed in thermal force on window and helps to reduce the foil window due to caused by the local heating of electron beam Rupture.The rupture of window foil causes significant downtime due to subsequent necessary reparation and restarting electron gun.

Various other irradiation units can use in method disclosed herein, including the separation of field ionization source, electrostatic ionic Device, field ionization generator, thermionic emission source, microwave discharge ion source, recycling or electrostatic accelerator, dynamic linear accelerate Device, van de graaf accelerator and collapsible tandem accelerator.This kind of device is disclosed in the U.S. Patent number 7 of such as Medoff, In 931,784, the entire disclosure is hereby incorporated herein by.

Electron beam can be used as radiation source.Electron beam has high dose rate (such as 1,5 or even 10Mrad/ seconds), high pass The advantages of amount, lesser capacity and lesser water-tight equipment.Electron beam can also have high electrical efficiency (for example, 80%), to permit Perhaps relative to other method of radiating relatively low energy use, this can be converted into it is corresponding with used less amount of energy compared with Lower operational cost and lower greenhouse gas emission.Electron beam can for example by electrostatic generator, cascade generator, mutual inductance generator, Low energy accelerator with scanning system, low energy accelerator, linear accelerator and pulsatron with linear cathode To generate.

Electronics also (for example) can more effectively cause the molecular structure of the material of carbohydrate containing by chain rupture mechanism Change.In addition, the electron permeable low density material with 0.5-10MeV energy, biological material as described herein, example Such as, there is the material less than 0.5g/cm3 bulk density and 0.3-10cm depth.Electronics as ionized radiation source is applicable to Such as relatively thin material pile, layer or bed, for example, being less than about 0.5 inch, for example, being less than about 0.4 inch, 0.3 inch, 0.25 Inch or be less than about 0.1 inch.In some embodiments, the energy of each electronics of electron beam is about 0.3MeV to about 2.0MeV (million-electron-volt), for example, about 0.5MeV are to about 1.5MeV, or about 0.7MeV to about 1.25MeV.Irradiate the side of material Method is discussed in 2012/0100577 A1 of U.S. Patent Application Publication that on October 18th, 2011 submits, the patent application Entire disclosure is hereby incorporated herein by.

Electron beam illuminating device is commercially available or manufacture obtains.For example, element or component for example inductor, capacitor, Shell, power supply, cable, electric wire, voltage control system, current controling element, insulating materials, microcontroller and cooling equipment are commercially available It buys and is installed in device.Optionally, it can be changed and/or be adapted to commercial apparatus.For example, device and component are purchased from this paper institute Any commercial source stated, including IonBeamApplications (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium), WasikAssociates Inc. (Massachusetts De Lakete), NHV Corporation (Japan), Titan (Massachusetts is than strangling benefit by Corporation (San Diego, CA), Vivirad High Voltage Corp Card) and/or Budker Laboratories (Russia).Typical electron energy can be 0.5MeV, 1MeV, 2MeV, 4.5MeV, 7.5MeV or 10MeV.Typical electron beam illuminating device power can be 1kW, 5kW, 10kW, 20kW, 50kW, 60kW、70kW、80kW、90kW、100kW、125kW、150kW、175kW、200kW、250kW、300kW、350kW、400kW、 450kW, 500kW, 600kW, 700kW, 800kW, 900kW or even 1000kW.Workable accelerator includes in NHV illuminator Equal train of energy EPS-500 (such as 500kV accelerator voltage and 65,100 or 150mA beam current), EPS-800 (such as 800kV accelerator voltage and 65 or 100mA beam current) or EPS-1000 (such as 1000kV accelerator voltage and 65 or 100mA Beam current).In addition, the accelerator of the high-energy series from NHV can be used, such as EPS-1500 (such as 1500kV accelerator Voltage and 65mA beam current), EPS-2000 (such as 2000kV accelerator voltage and 50mA beam current), EPS-3000 (example Such as 3000kV accelerator voltage and 50mA beam current) and EPS-5000 (such as 5000 and 30mA beam current).

The trade-off factor for considering electron beam illuminating device power requirements includes operating cost, cost of investment, depreciation and device Occupied area.The trade-off factor for considering the reconditioning level of electron beam irradiation is cost of energy and environment, safety and health (ESH) related fields.In general, generator is contained in the vault of such as lead or concrete, especially for from the process The X-ray of middle generation generates.The trade-off factor for considering electron energy includes cost of energy.

Electron beam illuminating device can produce holding beam or scanning beam.Length and high scanning speed are scanned with big scanning The scanning beam of degree may be advantageous, because this will effectively replace big, fixed beam width.In addition, can get 0.5m, 1m, 2m or bigger are available to scan width.Since larger sweep length and local heating and window likelihood of failure subtract Few, scanning beam is preferred in most of embodiments described herein.

Electron gun-window

Extraction system for electron accelerator may include two window foils.Cooling gas in two foil window extraction systems It can be purge gas or mixture (for example, air) or pure gas.In one embodiment, gas is inert gas, such as Nitrogen, argon gas, helium and/or carbon dioxide.It is preferable to use gas rather than fluid, because it makes the Minimal energy loss of electron beam Change.The mixture of pure gas also can be used, be pre-mixed suppression in the space before hitting window in pipeline or between the windows Or mixing.Can for example by using heat-exchange system (for example, freezer unit) and/or by using from condensed gas (for example, liquid Nitrogen, liquid helium) gasification cooling gas is cooled down.Window foil is described in the PCT/US2013/ submitted on October 10th, 2013 In 64332, the entire disclosure is hereby incorporated herein by.

Heating and flux during radiation treatment

When from electron beam electronics and substance interact in inelastic collision when, can occur in biomass several Process.For example, the ionization of material, the chain rupture of polymer in material, the crosslinking of the polymer in material, the oxidation of material, X-ray Generation (" bremsstrahlung ") and molecule vibrational excitation (such as phonon generation).It is not fettered by specific mechanism, compliance does not drop Low may be since these inelastic collisions are active several, such as ionization, the chain rupture of polymer, oxidation and phonon generate institute It causes.These more active (for example, especially X-ray generates) make shielding and engineering barrier become required, for example, in coagulation Irradiation process is closed in native (or other radiation impermeable materials) vault.Another radiation, i.e. vibrational excitation are equivalent to heating Sample.Sample is heated by irradiating can help to reduce not compliance, but excessively heating may destroy material, such as will be under Text is explained.

Adiabatic temperature rise (Δ T) from absorption ionising radiation is provided by following equation：Δ T=D/Cp：Wherein D is average agent It measures (kGy), Cp is thermal capacitance (J/g DEG C), and Δ T is temperature change (DEG C).Typical dried biomass material will have close to 2 Thermal capacitance.Depending on the amount of water, wet biomass will have higher thermal capacity, because of the very high (4.19J/g of the thermal capacity of water ℃).Metal has much lower thermal capacity, such as 304 stainless steels have 03J/g DEG C of thermal capacity.For different dose of radiations, It is shown in table 1 in biomass and stainless steel due to radiating temperature change caused by absorption immediately.At relatively high temperatures, biomass It will decompose, so as to cause the limit deviation of the temperature change with estimation.

Table 1：The temperature calculated for biomass and stainless steel increases.

Dosage (Mrad)	The biomass Δ T (DEG C) of estimation	Steel Δ T (DEG C)
			10	50	200
50	250 (decomposition)	1000
			100	500 (decomposition)	2000
150	750 (decomposition)	3000
			200	1000 (decomposition)	4000

High temperature can destroy and/or change the biopolymer in biomass, so that the polymer (such as cellulose) It is not suitable for being further processed.The biomass for being subjected to high temperature is likely to become smell that is black, viscous and discharging instruction decomposition.This Kind viscosity possibly even makes material be difficult to convey.The smell may be unpleasant and be a safety problem.In fact, It was found that it is beneficial (for example, about 190 DEG C or less, about 180 in method described herein that biomass, which is maintained at about 200 DEG C or less, DEG C or less, about 170 DEG C or less, about 160 DEG C or less, about 150 DEG C or less, about 140 DEG C or less, about 130 DEG C or less, about 120 DEG C with Under, about 110 DEG C or less, between about 60 DEG C and 180 DEG C, between about 60 DEG C and 160 DEG C, between about 60 DEG C and 150 DEG C, about 60 DEG C with Between 140 DEG C, between about 60 DEG C and 130 DEG C, between about 60 DEG C and 120 DEG C, between about 80 DEG C and 180 DEG C, about 100 DEG C and 180 Between DEG C, between about 120 DEG C and 180 DEG C, between about 140 DEG C and 180 DEG C, between about 160 DEG C and 180 DEG C, about 100 DEG C and 140 Between DEG C, between about 80 DEG C and 120 DEG C).

It has been found that greater than about the irradiation of 10Mrad is desired (such as reduce not for method described herein Compliance).High throughput is also desired, so that irradiation will not become the bottleneck in processing biological.Processing is by dosage speed The control of rate equation：The M=FP/D time, wherein M is the quality (kg) of irradiated material, and F is adsorbed fraction power (no list Position), P is institute's transmission power (voltage x electric current by mA in terms of of the kW=in terms of MeV), and the time is processing time (second), and D is Institute's quantity of sorbent (kGy).The fraction power wherein adsorbed by fixation, the power that emits is constant and needs to set Dosage illustrative methods in, flux (for example, M, the biomass processed) can be increased by increasing irradiation time.So And increase irradiation time without make material cooling may exceedingly heating material, as passed through calculating institute illustration illustrated above.By There is lower thermal conductivity (being less than about 0.1Wm-1K-1) in biomass, so heat dissipation is very slow, unlike such as metal (greater than about 10Wm- 1K-1), metal can rapidly dissipate energy, shift energy simply by the presence of radiator.

Electron gun-beam stop

In some embodiments, system and method include beam stop (for example, optical gate).For example, beam can be used Block piece quickly stops or reduces the irradiation of material and do not have to turn off electron beam device.Alternatively, can be used when opening electron beam Beam stop, such as the beam current that beam stop can stop electron beam horizontal needed for realizing.Beam stop can It is placed between main foil window and secondary foil window.For example, mountable beam stop is so that it is moveable, that is, with So that course of the beam may be moved in and out in it.The part covering of beam can be used, such as even to control the dosage of irradiation.It penetrates Beam stop may be mounted on floor, be installed on the conveyer of biomass, being installed on wall, being installed to radiation appliance (example Such as, at scan box (scan horn)) on or be installed on any structural support.Preferably, it is fixed relative to scan box Beam stop, so that beam can be efficiently controlled by beam stop.The combinable hinge of beam stop, track, wheel Son, slit or the other devices for allowing it to operate in a manner of being movable into and out beam.Beam stop can be by any material system At, the material by stop at least 5% electronics, for example, at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, extremely Few 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or even about 100% Electronics.

Beam stop can be made of metal, the metal include but is not limited to stainless steel, lead, iron, molybdenum, silver, gold, titanium, Aluminium, tin or these alloy, or the laminate made of the metal (stratification material) is (for example, ceramics, the gold of metal coating Belong to the polymer of coating, compound, the multiple layer metal material of metal coating).

It can be for example with cooling fluid (such as aqueous solution or gas) cooling beam stop.Beam stop can be part or It is completely hollow, such as with cavity.The inner space of beam stop can be used for cooling fluid and gas.Beam stop can With any shape, including flat, bending, circle, ellipse, square, rectangle, inclined-plane and wedge-type shape.

Beam stop can have perforation, to allow some electronics to pass through, to control the complete of (for example, reduction) window Radiation level on portion's area or in the specific region of window.Beam stop, which can be, for example to be formed by fiber or cable Net.Irradiation can together or be independently controlled using multiple beam stops.Beam stop can be for example remote by radio signal Process control or be hardwired to engine with by beam into and out position.

Beam trap

Embodiments disclosed herein may also include beam trap when using radiation treatment.The mesh of beam trap Be to safely absorb charged particle beam.Such as beam stop, beam trap can be used for stopping charged particle beam.However, penetrating Beam collector is much more steady than beam stop, and is intended to stop the total power of electron beam to continue time of an elongated segment.It Commonly used in stopping beam when accelerator is just opened.

Beam trap is also devised to the heat for adapting to be generated by this kind of beam, and usually by following material such as Copper, aluminium, carbon, beryllium, tungsten or mercury are made.Beam trap can for example using the cooling fluid that can be thermally contacted with beam trap come into Row cooling.

Biological material

Ligno-cellulosic materials include but is not limited to timber, particieboard, forestry waste (for example, sawdust, poplar, wood Bits), careless (for example, switchgrass, Chinese silvergrass, cordgrass, reed canary grass), cereal residue (for example, rice husk, oat shell, wheat shell, big wheat husk), Agricultural wastes are (for example, ensilage, vegetable seed stalk, wheat-straw, barley-straw, oat stalk, straw, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo Son, sisal hemp, abaca, corncob, corn stover, soybean stalk, zein fiber, clover, hay, coconut hair), sugared process residues (for example, bagasse, beet pulp, American aloe slag), seaweed, sea grass, muck, sewage and any of these mixtures.

In some cases, ligno-cellulosic materials include corncob.The corncob of grinding or sledge mill can be opposite The layer of uniform thickness is taken a walk to be used to irradiate, and is readily dispersed in medium after illumination to be further processed.For Promote harvest and collect, uses entire plant, including corn stalk, niblet in some cases, and some In the case of even include plant root system.

Advantageously, during the fermentation of corncob or cellulose or ligno-cellulosic materials containing a large amount of corncobs Other nutrients is not needed (in addition to nitrogen source, for example, other than urea or ammonia).

Corncob is also easier to convey and be dispersed before and after crushing, and other fibers with such as hay and grass Element or ligno-cellulosic materials are compared, with the lesser tendency for forming explosive mixture in air.

Cellulosic material includes such as paper, paper products, waste paper, paper pulp, coating paper, charging paper, coated paper, paper fillers, miscellaneous Will, printed matter (for example, book, catalogue, handbook, label, calendar, greeting card, brochure, prospectus, newsprint), printing Paper, plastic-coated paper (polycoated paper), blank card, cardboard, cardboard, such as cotton of the material with high alpha-cellulose content The mixture of colored and any of these materials.For example, paper products such as U.S. Application No. 13/396,365 (mentions on 2 14th, 2012 " the Magazine Feedstocks " of the Medoff of friendship etc.) described in, side of the complete disclosure of the application to quote Formula is incorporated herein.

Cellulosic material may also include the ligno-cellulosic materials of partially or completely delignification.

In some instances, other biological materials, such as starch material can be used.Starch material includes starch sheet Body, such as cornstarch, wheaten starch, potato starch or rice starch, starch derivatives or the material including starch, such as may be used Edible food product or crop.For example, starch material can be arracacha, buckwheat, banana, barley, cassava, kudzu, Orchis, sago, sorghum, normal domestic use potato, sweet potato, taro, Chinese yam or one or more beans, such as semen viciae fabae, flat Beans or pea.The blend of any two or more starch material is also starch material.Also can be used starch, cellulose and Or the mixture of ligno-cellulosic materials.For example, biomass can be the different portions of entire plant, a part of plant or plant Point, for example, wheat plant, cotton plants, plant, rice plant or tree.It can be handled by any method as described herein Starch material.

Can be used as raw material microbial material include but is not limited to containing or be capable of providing carbohydrate (for example, fiber Element) source any naturally occurring or genetic modification microorganism or organism, such as protist, such as animal protist (for example, protozoan, such as flagellate, amoeba, infusorian and sporozoite) and plant proto biology are (for example, seaweed, such as vesica Worm (alveolate), green spider algae (chlorarachniophyte), hidden algae (cryptomonad), Euglena (euglenid), ash Algae (glaucophyte) determines whip algae (haptophyte), red algae, stramenopiles (stramenopile) and green plant circle (viridaeplantae)).Other examples include sea grass, planktonic organism (for example, macroplankton, mesoplankton, small Type planktonic organism, nanoplankton, hekistoplankton and femtoplankton), phytoplankton, bacterium (example Such as, gram-positive bacterium, gramnegative bacterium and extreme microorganism), yeast and/or these mixture.Some In the case of, microbial biomass can be obtained from natural origin, such as ocean, lake, water body such as salt water or fresh water, or on land On.Or or in addition, microbial biomass can be obtained from culture systems, such as extensive dry and wet culture and fermentation system System.

In other embodiments, biological material can be from such as cellulose, starchiness and lignocellulosic material material It is obtained relative to the transgenic microorganism of wild-type variety modification and plant.This kind of modification can be for example by selecting and educating Kind iterative step obtain the required character in plant.In addition, plant can be relative to wild-type variety by inhereditary material Removal, modification, silencing and/or addition.For example, the plant of genetic modification can be generated by recombinant DNA method, wherein heredity is repaired Decorations include introducing or modifying the specific gene from parental breed；Such as generated by using transgenic breeding, wherein It will be introduced into plant in the never infraspecific plant of one or more specific genes and/or bacterium.Generate the another of hereditary variation A kind of mode is by mutational breeding, wherein new allele is artificially generated from endogenous gene.Artificial gene can be by more Kind of mode generates, including with such as chemical mutagen (for example, using alkylating agent, epoxides, alkaloid, peroxide, first Aldehyde), irradiation (for example, X-ray, gamma-rays, neutron, β particle, α particle, proton, deuteron, UV radiate) and temperature shock or other External stress and subsequent selection technique handle plant or seed.The other methods for providing the gene of modification are to pass through fallibility The DNA of required modification, is then inserted into required plant or seed by PCR and DNA reorganization.Institute is introduced in seed or plant The method for needing hereditary variation includes for example heavy using bacteria carrier, particle gun, calcium phosphate precipitation, electroporation, gene montage, gene Silent, lipofection, microinjection and viral vectors.In addition the material of genetic modification has been described on 2 14th, 2012 and submits Application U.S. Serial No 13/396,369 in, the complete disclosure of the application is hereby incorporated herein by.It can make Any method as described herein is practiced with the mixture of any biological material as described herein.

Other materials

Other materials (such as natural or synthetic material is handled and/or is made using method described herein, equipment and system Material), such as polymer.For example, polyethylene (such as linear low density ethylene and high density polyethylene (HDPE)), polystyrene, sulfonation are poly- Styrene, poly- (vinyl chloride), polyester are (for example, nylon, DACRON^TM、KODEL^TM), polyalkylene ester, polyvinylesters, polyamides Amine is (for example, KEVLAR^TM), polyethylene terephthalate, cellulose acetate, acetal, polyacrylonitrile, polycarbonate (LEXAN^TM), acrylic compounds [for example, poly- (methyl methacrylate), poly- (methyl methacrylate), polyacrylonitrile, polyurethane, Polypropylene, polybutadiene, polyisobutene, polyacrylonitrile, polychloroprene (such as neoprene), poly- (cis--Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-isoamyl two Alkene) [such as natural rubber], poly- (anti-form-1,4- isoprene) [for example, gummi pertscha (guttapercha)], phenol formaldehyde (PF), Melamino-formaldehyde, epoxides, polyester, polyamine, polycarboxylic acids, polylactic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyanhydride, poly- fluorine carbon (for example, TEFLON^TM), siliceous resin (for example, silicone rubber), polysilane, polyethers (for example, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide), wax, Oil and these mixture.Further include plastics, rubber, elastomer, fiber, wax, gel, oil, adhesive, thermoplastic, Thermosetting plastics, biodegradable polymer, the resin made of these polymer, other polymer, other materials and its Combination.The polymer can be made up of any useful method, the method includes cationic polymerization, anionic polymerisation, from By base polymerization, metathesis polymerization, ring-opening polymerisation, graft polymerization, addition polymerization.In some cases, processing disclosed herein can The graft polymerization and crosslinking caused for such as free radical.Can also handle and/or prepare the compound of polymer, for example, with glass Glass, metal, biomass (for example, fiber, particle), ceramic compound.

It can be ceramic material, mineral, gold by using the other materials that method disclosed herein, system and equipment are handled Belong to, inorganic compound.For example, silicon and germanium crystal, silicon nitride, metal oxide, semiconductor, insulator, cement and/or conductor.

In addition, can handle manufactured multi-section point or forming material (such as molding, squeeze out, welding, riveting, stratification or Combine in any way), such as cable, pipeline, plate, shell, integrated semiconductor chip, circuit board, electric wire, tire, window, lamination Material, gear, belt, machine, these combination.For example, handling material by method described herein may modify surface, example Such as, so that them be made to be easy to further functionalization, combination (for example, welding) and/or processing can make crosslink material.

Biological material preparation-mechanical treatment

Biomass can be in dried forms, such as with less than about 35% moisture content (for example, be less than about 20%, be less than About 15%, it is less than about 10%, is less than about 5%, is less than about 4%, is less than about 3%, being less than about 2% or be even less than about 1%).It is raw Substance can also be under moisture state for example as wet solid, at least about solid of 10wt.% (for example, at least about 20wt.%, at least about 30wt.%, at least about 40wt.%, at least about 50wt.%, at least about 60wt.%, at least about Slurries or suspension transmission 70wt.%).

Method disclosed herein can utilize low bulk density material, such as physics pretreatment at have be less than about 0.75g/ Cm3, for example, being less than about 0.7,0.65,0.60,0.50,0.35,0.25,0.20,0.15,0.10,0.05 or smaller, for example, small In the cellulose or lignocellulosic material of the bulk density of about 0.025g/cm3.Bulk density is determined using ASTM D1895B. Briefly, the method includes having the graduated cylinder of known volume with sample filling and obtain example weight.Bulk density is logical It crosses and is calculated with example weight (gram) divided by known graduated cylinder volume (cubic centimetre).If desired, can for example pass through Medoff U.S. Patent number 7,971,809 described in method low bulk density material is densified, the patent it is all public Content is opened to be herein incorporated by reference hereby.

In some cases, pretreatment processing includes screening biological material.The net with required opening size can be passed through Or porous plate is screened, the opening size for example, less than about 6.35mm (1/4 inch, 0.25 inch) is (for example, be less than about 3.18mm (1/8 inch, 0.125 inch), it is less than about 1.59mm (1/16 inch, 0.0625 inch), is less than about 0.79mm (1/32 Inch, 0.03125 inch), for example, less than about 0.51mm (1/50 inch, 0.02000 inch), be less than about 0.40mm (1/64 English Very little, 0.015625 inch), be less than about 0.23mm (0.009 inch), be less than about 0.20mm (1/128 inch, 0.0078125 English It is very little), be less than about 0.18mm (0.007 inch), be less than about 0.13mm (0.005 inch), or be even less than about 0.10mm (1/256 Inch, 0.00390625 inch)).In one configuration, required biomass by perforation or sieve fall, and therefore not according to Penetrate the biomass greater than perforation or sieve.These larger materials can for example be re-worked by crushing or its can simply from It is removed in processing.In another arrangement, irradiation be greater than perforation material and removed by screening technique less material or It is recycled.In such configuration, conveyer itself (such as a part of conveyer) can be by having a perforation or be made of net. For example, in a specific embodiment, biological material, which can be wet and perforation or net, to be allowed water before exposure It is discharged from biomass.

The screening of material can also be by manual methods, such as the operator by removing undesired material or mechanical body (for example, equipped with robot of color, reflectivity or other sensors) carries out.Screening can also be carried out by magnetic screening, wherein Magnet is placed near the material of conveying and magnetic material is removed by magnetic force.

Optional pretreatment processing may include heating material.For example, one of conveying material or the conveyer of other materials Dividing may pass through heating zone.Heating zone can for example pass through IR radiation, microwave, burning (for example, gas, coal, oil, biomass), resistance Property heating and/or sense coil generate.Heat can be applied from least one side or more than one side, heat can be continuously Or it is periodic, and some materials can be only used for or for all material.For example, can be heated by using heating mantle A part of delivery chute.Heating can be for example for making material drying purpose.In the case where drying material, it is being heated or not heated In the case where, this can also be by the way that when conveying biomass, gas (for example, air, oxygen, nitrogen, He, CO2, argon gas) exists Promote in biomass and/or across the movement of the biomass.

Optionally, pretreatment processing may include keeping material cooling.Coolant is described in the U.S. Patent number 7 of Medoff, In 900,857, the disclosure is hereby incorporated herein by.For example, can be by by cooling fluid, such as water (for example, together with glycerol) or nitrogen (for example, liquid nitrogen) are cooled down supplied to the bottom of delivery chute.Alternatively, can be by cooling air Body, such as cryogenic nitrogen air-blowing are sent on biological material or under transportation system.

Another optional pretreatment processing method may include that material is added to biomass or other raw materials.Other material Material can be added for example by spraying, spraying by material when conveying biomass and/or be poured onto biomass.Addible material Including such as metal, ceramics and/or ion, such as 2010/0105119 A1 of U.S. Patent Application Publication, (on October 26th, 2009 is mentioned Hand over) and 2010/0159569 A1 of U.S. Patent Application Publication (submission on December 16th, 2009) described in, the patent application Complete disclosure be hereby incorporated herein by.Addible optional material includes bronsted lowry acids and bases bronsted lowry.Addible other materials Material is oxidant (for example, peroxide, chlorate), polymer, polymerisable monomer (for example, containing unsaturated bond), water, catalysis Agent, enzyme and/or organism.Can for example in a pure form, as in solvent (for example, water or organic solvent) solution and/or Carry out added material as solution.In some cases, solvent is volatile and can be for example by heating and/or blowing such as elder generation The preceding gas makes its evaporation.The material of addition can form uniform coating in biomass or be different component (for example, raw Substance and other material) homogeneous mixture.The material of addition can be irradiated by increasing illumination efficiency, decaying irradiation or changing Effect (for example, from electron beam to X-ray or heating) adjusts subsequent irradiating step.The method can not influence to irradiate, but It can be applied to further Downstream processing.The material of addition can for example facilitate to convey material by reducing dust levels.

Biomass can by belt conveyor, air conveyer, screw conveyor, hopper, pipe, either manually or by these Combination be sent to conveyer (for example, for oscillator in vault as described herein).Any of these sides can be passed through Biomass is for example fallen, toppled over and/or is placed on conveyer by method.In some embodiments, using closed material point Material is sent to conveyer to help to maintain hypoxic atmosphere and/or control dust and fine powder by match system.Float or air is outstanding Floating biomass fine powder and dust are undesirable, because these can form hidden peril of explosion or damage the window foil of electron gun (such as Fruit described device is for handling material).

It can be smooth to form following uniform thickness by material：Between about 0.0312 and 5 inch (for example, about 0.0625 with Between 2.000 inches, between about 0.125 and 1 inch, between about 0.125 and 0.5 inch, between about 0.3 and 0.9 inch, about Between 0.2 and 0.5 inch, between about 0.25 and 1.0 inch, between about 0.25 and 0.5 inch, 0.100+/- 0.025 inches, 0.150+/- 0.025 inches, 0.200+/- 0.025 inches, 0.250+/- 0.025 inches, 0.300+/- 0.025 inches, 0.350 +/- 0.025 inch, 0.400+/- 0.025 inches, 0.450+/- 0.025 inches, 0.500+/- 0.025 inches, 0.550+/- 0.025 inch, 0.600+/- 0.025 inches, 0.700+/- 0.025 inches, 0.750+/- 0.025 inches, 0.800+/- 0.025 Inch, 0.850+/- 0.025 inches, 0.900+/- 0.025 inches, 0.900+/- 0.025 inches.

In general, it is preferred to which material is carried through electron beam as quickly as possible so that flux maximizes.For example, can be down to It is 1 feet/min few, for example, at least 2 feet/min, at least 3 feet/min, at least 4 feet/min, at least 5 feet/min, At least 10 feet/min, at least 15 feet/min, 20,25,30,35,40,45,50 feet/min of rate convey material. Delivery rate is related to beam current, such as the biomass and 100mA of 1/4 inch, conveyer can about 20 feet per minutes Clock is mobile to provide useful exposure dose, at 50mA, conveyer can about 10 feet/min of movements it is about the same to provide Exposure dose.

Biological material is being conveyed after radiation area, optional post-processing processing can be carried out.Optional post-processing Processing, which can be, for example processes described method relative to pre-irradiation.For example, biomass can screen, heat, cooling down and/or with Additive combination.For it is rear irradiation it is unique be may occur from being quenched by base, such as by addition fluid or gas (for example, Oxygen, nitrous oxide, ammonia, liquid), carry out free radical using pressure, heating and/or addition free radical scavenger and being quenched.Example Such as, biomass can be transferred out to closed conveyer and be exposed to gas (for example, oxygen), quenched in the gas It goes out, to form carboxylated group.In one embodiment, biomass is exposed to reactant gas or stream during irradiation Body.Being quenched for the biomass irradiated describes in the U.S. Patent number 8,083,906 of Medoff, the entire disclosure of the patent Content is hereby incorporated herein by.

If desired, one or more mechanical treatments in addition to irradiation may be used to further decrease carbon containing hydrate The not compliance of object material.Can before exposure, period and/or later apply these methods.

In some cases, mechanical treatment may include as by crushing (such as cut, grind, shear, be milled or cut) Come the received raw material of initial preparation institute, such as the size reduction of material.For example, in some cases, by shear or cut chop come Prepare loose raw material (for example, recycled writing paper, starch material or switchgrass).Mechanical treatment can reduce carbohydrate containing material Bulk density, the surface area for increasing carbohydrate containing material and/or the one or more rulers for reducing carbohydrate containing material It is very little.

Or or in addition, raw material can be handled with another kind processing, such as be chemically treated, such as use acid (HCl, H₂SO₄、 H₃PO₄), alkali (such as KOH and NaOH), chemical oxidizing agent (for example, peroxide, chlorate, ozone), irradiation, vapour explosion, Pyrolysis, ultrasonic treatment, oxidation, chemical treatment.The processing can in any order with any sequence and combination.For example, raw material material Material can first by one or more processing methods, such as be chemically treated (including sour water solution and with sour water solution (such as using HCl, H₂SO₄、H₃PO₄) combination), radiation, ultrasonic treatment, oxidation, pyrolysis or vapour explosion carry out physical treatment, and then carry out machine Tool processing.This can sequentially be advantageous, because at by one or more other processing (such as irradiation or pyrolysis) The material of reason tends to more fragile, and therefore can be easier to further change the structure of material by mechanical treatment.As another Raw material conveying can be passed through ionising radiation using conveyer as described herein and then carried out at machinery by one example Reason.Chemical treatment can remove some or all of lignin (such as chemical pulping) and can make material part or complete hydrolysis.Institute The method of stating can also be used in the material hydrolyzed in advance.The method can also be used in the material not hydrolyzed in advance.The method can be used for The mixture of hydrolyzed material and non-hydrolyzed material, for example, with about 50% or more non-hydrolyzed material, have about 60% or more More non-hydrolyzed material, the non-hydrolyzed material with about 70% or more, the non-hydrolyzed material with about 80% or more or very To the non-hydrolyzed material with 90% or more.

Other than size reduction (can during processing initial stage and/or later period carry out), mechanical treatment can also advantageously " be beaten Open ", " compression ", destroy or broken carbohydrate containing material, so that the cellulose of material be made to be easier to during physical treatment Chain rupture and/or crystal structure rupture.

The method of mechanical treatment carbohydrate containing material includes for example milling or grinding.Such as hammer-mill, ball can be used Grinding machine, colloid mill, circular cone or cone mill, disc mill, edge runner, Willie mill (Wiley mill), cereal milling machine or other mills It mills.Such as cutting/impingement grinder can be used to be ground.Some exemplary mills include stone grinder, Sell stick grinder, coffee grinder and burr grinder.Grinding or mill can be for example by keeping pin stick or other elements past It is multiple mobile to provide, in pin stick grinding mill in this way is exactly.Other machinery processing method includes that machinery tears or tears, to fiber It applies stressed other methods and windage is milled.Suitable mechanical treatment further comprises continuing by previously processing Any other technology for the material internal structure rupture that step causes.

Machinery feed preparation system, which can be configured to generate, has special characteristic (such as certain maximum dimension, specific length Width ratio or particular surface product ratio) stream.Physics preparation can be improved reaction rate, improve movement, the improvement of material on a conveyor The irradiation distribution of material, improve the radiation uniformity of material or reduce open material and make its for method and/or reagent (such as Reagent in solution) it is easier to close to required process time.

The bulk density of controllable (for example, increase) raw material.In some cases, it can be possible to wish for example by causing material Densification (for example, densification can make to transport it into another place more easily and cost is lower), and then make material extensive It is multiple to preparing low bulk density material compared with low bulk density state (for example, after shipping).It can make densifying materials, such as From 0.2g/cc is less than about to greater than about 0.9g/cc (for example, less than about 0.3g/cc to greater than about 0.5g/cc, less than about 0.3g/ Cc to greater than about 0.9g/cc, be less than about 0.5g/cc to greater than about 0.9g/cc, be less than about 0.3g/cc to greater than about 0.8g/cc, Less than about 0.2g/cc to greater than about 0.5g/cc).For example, U.S. Patent number 7,932,065 in Medoff and the world can be passed through Publication No. WO 2008/073186 (on October 26th, 2007 submits, with English announce and the specified U.S.) disclosed in method and Equipment makes densifying materials, and the complete disclosure of the patent is hereby incorporated herein by.It can be by described herein Any method process the material of densification, or then can be fine and close by any material of any method processing as described herein Change.

In some embodiments, material to be processed is in fibrous material form comprising is mentioned by shearing fibre source The fiber of confession.For example, can be sheared with rotary knife cutter.

For example, can for example be sheared in rotary knife cutter for example with not compliance or compliance level has not reduced Fiber source, to provide the first fibrous material.Make the first fibrous material for example, by with 1.59mm or smaller (1/16 inch, 0.0625 inch) average opening size the first sieve, to provide the second fibrous material.If desired, can be before shearing Such as with shredding machine cutting fibre source.For example, shredding machine, such as reverse phase rotation can be used first when using paper as fiber source Turn spiral shredding machine (such as by those of Munson (Utica, N.Y.) manufacture) and paper is cut into such as 1/4- inches to 1/2- English Very little wide item.As the alternative solution of chopping, required size can be cut to by using guillotine cutter to reduce the ruler of paper It is very little.For example, guillotine cutter can be used for for paper being cut into such as 10 inches wide × 12 inches of long pieces.

In some embodiments, shearing fibre source and the first fibrous material of gained is made by the first sieve to be to carry out simultaneously 's.It can also be sheared and be passed through during batch-type.

For example, rotary knife cutter can be used for while the first fibrous material of shearing fibre source and screening.Rotary knife cutter Including hopper, the hopper can be mounted with the fiber source of the chopping prepared by shredded fibre source.

In some embodiments, physical treatment is carried out to raw material before saccharification and/or fermentation.Physical treatment method can Including one or more those any methods as described herein, as mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, irradiation, ultrasonic treatment, oxidation, Pyrolysis or vapour explosion.Processing method can two kinds, three kinds, four kinds or even all these technologies be applied in combination (with any Sequentially).When using more than one processing method, the method can while or not applied simultaneously.Change point of biomass material Other methods of minor structure also can be used alone or be applied in combination with method disclosed herein.

The feature of the carbohydrate containing material of workable mechanical treatment and mechanical treatment was on October 18th, 2011 It is described in further detail in 2012/0100577 A1 of U.S. Patent Application Publication of submission, the whole of the patent application publication Disclosure is hereby incorporated herein by hereby.

Ultrasonic treatment, pyrolysis, oxidation, vapour explosion

If desired, replacing irradiation or in addition to irradiation, one or more ultrasonic treatments, pyrolysis, oxidation can be used or steam Vapour explosive method, to reduce or further decrease the not compliance of carbohydrate containing material.For example, can before exposure, the phase Between and/or later apply these methods.These methods are described in detail in the U.S. Patent number 7,932,065 of Medoff, described special The complete disclosure of benefit is hereby incorporated herein by.

Intermediate and product

It, can be by conversion of biomass material at one or more products, such as energy, fuel, food using method described herein Product and material.For example, the ester and fuel of intermediate and the product such as salt of organic acid, organic acid, acid anhydrides, organic acid, such as Fuel for internal combustion engine or the raw material for fuel cell.This document describes usable cellulose and/or ligno-cellulosics Expect the system and method as raw material, the cellulose and/or ligno-cellulosic materials are easy to get but may be often difficult to add Work, such as subjected and waste paper stream such as include the stream of newspaper, brown paper (Kraft), corrugated paper or these mixture.

The specific example of product includes but is not limited to hydrogen, sugar (for example, glucose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, gala Sugar, fructose, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharide), alcohol is (for example, monohydric alcohol or dihydric alcohol, such as ethyl alcohol, normal propyl alcohol, isobutanol, Zhong Ding Alcohol, the tert-butyl alcohol or n-butanol), hydration alcohol or aqueous alcohol be (for example, containing greater than 10%, 20%, 30% or even greater than 40% Water), biodiesel, organic acid, hydrocarbon is (for example, methane, ethane, propane, isobutene, pentane, n-hexane, biodiesel, biological gasoline Oil and its mixture), by-product (for example, protein, such as cellulolytic protein (enzyme) or single cell protein), and In any combination or relative concentration, and any of these productions optionally combined with any additive (for example, fuel additive) The mixture of object.Other examples include the salt of carboxylic acid, the salt of carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid and carboxylic acid mixture and carboxylic acid ester (for example, Methyl, ethyl and n-propyl ester), ketone (for example, acetone), aldehyde (for example, acetaldehyde), α and β unsaturated acids (for example, acrylic acid) with And alkene (for example, ethylene).Other pure and mild 01 derivatives include propyl alcohol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-PD, sugar alcohol (for example, erythrite, ethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbierite, threitol arabitol, ribitol, mannitol, galactitol, fucitol, Iditol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, xylitol and other polyalcohols) and any of these alcohol methyl Or ethyl ester.Other products include methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, D-ALPHA-Hydroxypropionic acid, Pfansteihl, pyruvic acid, polylactic acid, lemon Lemon acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, succinic acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, 3- hydracrylic acid, palmitinic acid, stearic acid, oxalic acid, the third two Acid, glutaric acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, glycolic, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and its mixture, any of these acid salt, it is any acid and The mixture of its corresponding salt.

The above product with each other and/or the above product (other products can pass through side as described herein with other products Method is prepared in other ways) any combination can be packaged together and be sold as product.Product can combine, for example, Mixing, blending or co-dissolve, or can simply be packaged together or sell together.

The combination of spawn or product as described herein can before selling product, for example, purifying or separation after or It even carries out disinfection or sterilizes after encapsulation, may be present in one of product or a variety of pollutions that may not want that neutralize Object.For example, less than about 20Mrad, for example, about 0.1 to 15Mrad, about 0.5 to 7Mrad or about 1 to 3Mrad dosage electronics can be used Bombardment carries out the disinfection.

Method described herein, which can produce, to be suitable for generating in the other parts use (cogeneration of heat and power) of factory or open The various byproduct streams of the steam and electric power sold in the market.For example, can be used for distilling by the raw steam of combustion by-products miscarriage Process.As another example, can be used for as the raw electric power of combustion by-products miscarriage for the hair of the electron beam used in pretreatment Raw device provides power.

By-product for generating steam and electric power derives from numerous sources of whole process.For example, the anaerobism of waste water disappears Change can produce the high biogas of methane content and a small amount of abandoned biomass (sludge).As another example, can be used after saccharification and/ Or solid (for example, from pretreatment and the remaining unconverted lignin of primary process, cellulose and hemicellulose), example after distillation Such as it is used as fuel combustion.

Other intermediates and product including food and drug products are described in the Medoff's of announcement on May 20th, 2010 In 2010/0124583 A1 of U.S. Patent Application Publication, the complete disclosure of the patent application publication is hereby with reference Mode is incorporated to.

Lignin source property product

Useless biomass from the lignocellulosic processing carried out by described method is (for example, useless lignocellulosic Material) it is expected content of lignin with higher, and in addition to other than generating energy by burning steam power plant Can also have the purposes as other valuable products.For example, lignin can capture form as plastics or it can close Upgrade into other plastics at mode.In some instances, it can also be converted to lignosulfonates, and lignosulfonates can be used as Adhesive, dispersing agent, emulsifier or chelating agent.

When being used as adhesive, lignin or lignosulfonates can be for example used in coal cinder, used in ceramic, for gluing It closes carbon black, for bonding fertilizer and herbicide, as dust inhibitor, is used to prepare glued board and particieboard, it is dynamic for bonding Object feed, the adhesive as glass fibre, as malthoid patch adhesive and be used as soil stabilizer.

When being used as dispersing agent, lignin or lignosulfonates can be used for such as concrete mix, clay and ceramics, In dyestuff and pigment, leather tanning and plasterboard.

When being used as emulsifier, lignin or lignosulfonates can be used for such as pitch, pigment and dyestuff, pesticide and In wax emulsion.

As chelating agent, lignin or lignosulfonates can be used for such as micronutrient system, detergent and Shui Chu In reason system, such as boiler and cooling system.

For energy production, usually there is lignin energy more higher than holocellulos (cellulose and hemicellulose) to contain Amount, because it contains carbon more more than holocellulos.For example, compared to 7,000 and 8, the 000BTU/ pound of holocellulos, it is dry Lignin can have the energy content between about 11,000 and 12,500BTU/ pounds.In this way, lignin can be densified simultaneously And briquetting and pelletizing are converted to for burning.For example, lignin can be converted to pelletizing by any method as described herein.It is right In pelletizing or briquetting compared with slow combustion, lignin can be made to be crosslinked, as applied the radiation agent between about 0.5Mrad and 5Mrad Amount.The available form factor compared with slow combustion of crosslinking.Can be not present air in the case where by pyrolysis, such as 400 DEG C with Form factor such as pelletizing or briquetting are converted to " synthesis coal " or active carbon between 950 DEG C.Before pyrolysis, it may be desirable to make wood Quality is crosslinked to maintain structural intergrity.

Saccharification

It, can will be in raw material by saccharifying agent (such as enzyme or acid) in order to convert feedstock into the form that can be easily worked Cellulose containing glucan or xylan is hydrolyzed into low molecular weight carbohydrate such as sugar, and crossed process, which is referred to as, to be saccharified.So Afterwards, low molecular weight carbohydrate can be used in for example existing manufactory, such as single cell protein factory, enzyme manufactory or fuel Factory, for example, ethyl alcohol manufacturing facility.

Raw material can be used enzyme, such as is hydrolyzed by combining with enzyme material in solvent such as aqueous solution.

Alternatively, enzyme, the organism decomposing biomass (cellulose and/or wood of such as biomass can be supplied by organism Quality part), contain or manufacture various cellulolytic enzymes (cellulase), lignoenzyme or various small molecule biomass degradation generations Thank to object.These enzymes can be the avicel cellulose of synergistic effect biomass degradation or the multienzyme complex of lignin portion.Cellulose The example of catabolic enzyme includes：Endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase and cellobiase (beta-glucosidase).

During saccharification, cellulosic substrate can be by endoglucanase in random site initial hydrolysis, to generate low Poly- intermediate.These intermediates are then by the substrate as exoglucanase such as cellobiohydrolase, with poly- from cellulose The end for closing object generates cellobiose.Cellobiose is the glucose dimer of water-soluble Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-connection.Finally, cellobiose Enzymatic lysis cellobiose is to obtain glucose.The efficiency (for example, hydrolysis time and/or hydrolysis completeness) of this process depends on fibre Tie up the not compliance of cellulosic material.

Therefore, handled biological material usually can be by (such as water-soluble in fluid media (medium) by material and cellulase Liquid) in combination to be saccharified.In some cases, before saccharification, material is boiled in the hot water, is impregnated or boiling, such as It is retouched in 2012/0100577 A1 of U.S. Patent Application Publication of Medoff and Masterman that on April 26th, 2012 announces It states, the full content of the patent application publication is incorporated herein.

Saccharifying can in manufactory storage tank (for example, have at least 4000L, 40,000L or 500,000L volume Storage tank) in part or be completely carried out, and/or can be in transhipment, for example, in railcar, tanker truck or in supertanker Or it partially or is completely carried out in cabin.Time required for being saccharified completely will depend on process conditions and used carbon containing water Compound-material and enzyme.If saccharification is to carry out in manufactory under controlled conditions, cellulose can be at about 12-96 hours Inside generally it is fully converted into sugar, such as glucose.If saccharification be in transhipment part or be completely carried out, be saccharified possibility It takes a long time.

For example tank content is mixed using injection mixing generally preferably during saccharification, such as in May, 2010 Described in the international application no PCT/US2010/035331 submitted for 18th, the application is published as WO 2010/ with English 135380 and the specified U.S., the complete disclosure of the application be hereby incorporated herein by.

Saccharification rate can be improved in the addition of surfactant.The example of surfactant includes nonionic surface active agent (such as20 or80 polyglycol surfactants), ionic surfactant or amphoteric surfactant.

The concentration of the sugar juice generally preferably obtained by saccharification is relatively high, for example, being greater than 40 weight %, or is greater than 50 weights Measure %, 60 weight %, 70 weight %, 80 weight %, 90 weight % or even greater than 95 weight %.Evaporative removal can for example be passed through Water is to increase the concentration of sugar juice.This reduce volume to be shipped and further suppress the growth of the microorganism in solution.

Alternatively, can be used low concentration sugar juice, in such a case, it may be desirable to low concentration (for example, 50 to 150ppm) add microbicidal additives, such as broad-spectrum antibiotic.Other suitable antibiotic includes amphotericin B, ammonia benzyl blueness Mycin, chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, hygromycin B, kanamycins, neomycin, penicillin, puromycin, streptomysin. Antibiotic will inhibit the growth of microorganism during transport and storage, and can be with concentration appropriate (for example, by weight 15 Between 1000ppm, for example, between 25 and 500ppm, or between 50 and 150ppm) use.Even if if desired, then sugared Concentration is relatively high to may also comprise antibiotic.Alternatively, other additives with antimicrobial Anticorrosive Character can be used.It is preferred that Ground, microbicidal additives are food-grades.

It is relatively high concentration of to obtain the water in carbohydrate containing material can be added to together with enzyme by limitation Solution.Which kind of can for example be occurred to degree by control saccharification come controlled concentration.For example, can more be contained by being added into solution Carbohydrate materials increase concentration.In order to keep the sugar just generated in the solution, surfactant can be added, for example, on It is a kind of in those literary discussed surfactants.Also it can increase solubility by increasing the temperature of solution.For example, can will be molten Liquid maintains at a temperature of 40 DEG C -50 DEG C, 60 DEG C -80 DEG C or even higher.

Saccharifying agent

Suitable cellulolytic enzyme includes from the cellulase of the kind in subordinate：Bacillus, ruins Coprinus The mould category of silk, cephalosporium, column acremonium category, Penicillium, aspergillus, Pseudomonas, Humicola, Fusarium, shuttle spore shell Category, Acremonium, Chrysosporium and trichoderma；Especially by selected from those of generating cellulase with the bacterial strain sowed： Aspergillus (see, e.g., European publication number 0 458 162), Humicola insolens (Humicola insolen) (are reclassified For thermophilic column acremonium (Scytalidium thermophilum), see, for example, U.S. Patent number 4,435,307), tepetate ghost Umbrella (Coprinus cinereus), Fusarium oxysporum (Fusarium oxysporum), thermophilic fungus destroyed wire (Myceliophthora thermophila), large-scale sub- Grifolas frondosa germ (Meripilus giganteus), tai Ruisisuo spore shell Mould (Thielavia terrestris), Acremonium strain (Acremonium sp.) (including but not limited to peachiness branch top spore (A.persicinum)、A.acremonium、A.brachypenium、A.dichromosporum、A.obclavatum、 A.pinkertoniae, powder ash branch top spore (A.roseogriseum), A.incoloratum and brown branch top spore (A.furatum)).Preferred strain includes Humicola insolens DSM 1800, Fusarium oxysporum DSM 2672, thermophilic fungus destroyed wire CBS 117.65, cephalosporium RYM-202, Acremonium CBS 478.94, Acremonium CBS 265.95, peachiness branch top spore CBS 169.65, Acremonium acremonium AHU 9519, cephalosporium CBS 535.71, Acremonium brachypenium CBS 866.73、Acremonium dichromosporum CBS683.73、Acremonium Obclavatum CBS 311.74, Acremonium pinkertoniae CBS 157.70, powder ash branch top spore CBS 134.56, Acremonium incoloratum CBS 146.62 and brown branch top spore CBS 299.70H.Cellulose decomposition Enzyme can also be obtained from Chrysosporium (Chrysosporium), the bacterial strain of preferably Chrysosporium lucknowense. Workable other bacterial strain includes but is not limited to trichoderma (especially Trichoderma viride (T.viride), trichoderma reesei (T.reesei) and trichodermaharzianum (T.koningii)), Bacillus alcalophilus (alkalophilic Bacillus) (ginseng 0458162) and streptomyces is (see, e.g. European publication see, such as U.S. Patent number 3,844,890 and European publication number Number 0458162).

It combines in addition to enzymes or with enzyme, acid, alkali and other chemicals (such as oxidant) can be used for the wood fibre that is saccharified Element and cellulosic material.These can with any combination or sequence use (for example, before adding enzyme, later and/or period).Example Such as, it can be used strong inorganic acid (for example, HCl, H₂SO₄、H₃PO₄) and highly basic (for example, NaOH, KOH).

Sugar

In method described herein, such as after saccharification, sugared (for example, glucose and xylose) can be separated. For example, the precipitation method, crystallisation, chromatography (for example, moving-bed chromatographic of simulation, High-pressure chromatography), centrifugal process, extraction can be passed through Follow the example of, any other separation method known in the art with and combinations thereof sugar is separated.

Hydrogenation and other chemical conversions

Method described herein may include hydrogenation.For example, glucose and xylose can be hydrogenated to D-sorbite and xylose respectively Alcohol.Can by be applied in combination under high pressure (for example, 10 to 12000psi) with H2 catalyst (for example, Pt/ γ-Al2O3, Ru/C, Raney's nickel or other catalyst known in the art) it is hydrogenated to realize.The other of the product from methods described herein can be used The chemical conversion of type, such as the generation of product derived from organic sugar (for example, product derived from furfural and furfural).Derived from sugar The chemical conversion of product is described in the USSN 13/934,704 that on July 3rd, 2013 submits, and the entire disclosure is to quote Mode be incorporated herein.

Fermentation

Yeast and zymomonas (Zymomonas) bacterium, for example, can be used for one or more sugar fermentations or conversion At one or more alcohol.Other microorganisms are discussed below.The Optimal pH of fermentation is about pH 4 to 7.For example, yeast is most Good pH is about pH 4 to 5, and the Optimal pH of fermentation single cell bacterium is about pH 5 to 6.Typical fermentation time is about 24 to 168 hours (for example, 24 to 96 hours), wherein temperature is in 20 DEG C to 40 DEG C (for example, 26 DEG C to 40 DEG C) ranges, however thermophilic microorganism The higher temperature of preference.

In some embodiments, for example, when using anaerobic organisms, at least part fermentation is that oxygen is being not present In the case of, for example, in inert gas such as N₂、Ar、He、CO₂Or mixtures thereof coating under carry out.In addition, mixture can have The constant sweep of the inert gas of storage tank is flowed through during part or all of fermentation.It in some cases, can be by during fermentation Carbon dioxide generate to realize or maintain anaerobic condition without additional inert gas.

In some embodiments, it can be interrupted all before low molecular weight sugar is fully converted into product (for example, ethyl alcohol) Or partial fermentation process.Intermediate tunning includes the sugar and carbohydrate of high concentration.Sugar and carbohydrate can be via Any means known in the art are separated.These intermediate tunnings can be used for preparing the food for human or animal's consumption Product.Additionally or alternatively, can in stainless steel Laboratory mill by intermediate tunning be ground into fine particle size with Generate floury substance.Jet mixing can be used during fermentation, and is saccharified in same storage tank in some cases And fermentation.

The nutrients of microorganism can be added during saccharification and/or fermentation, for example, in the beauty submitted on July 15th, 2011 Nutrients packet described in state's patent application publication 2012/0052536 based on food, the complete public affairs of the patent application publication Content is opened to be hereby incorporated herein by

" fermentation " include on June 27th, 2013 announce international application no PCT/US2012/71093, June 27 in 2012 The international application no PCT/US2012/ that the international application no PCT/US2012/71907 and on June 27th, 2012 that day announces are announced Method and product disclosed in 71083, the content of the application are incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

Using mobile fermentor, such as in international application no PCT/US2007/074028, (it was mentioned on July 20th, 2007 Hand over, WO2008/011598 and the specified U.S. be published as with English) described in, and the patent No. 8 promulgated with the U.S., 318,453, the content of the application is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.Similarly, sacchariferous equipment can be moveable. In addition, saccharification and/or fermentation can carry out partially or completely during transhipment.

Leavening

The microorganism used in fermentation can be the microorganism of naturally occurring microorganism and/or engineering.For example, micro- Biology can be bacterium (including but not limited to, such as cellulose decomposing bacteria), fungi (including but not limited to, such as yeast), Plant, protist, for example, protozoan or fungi sample protozoan (including but not limited to, for example, Acarasiales) or seaweed.When When biocompatible, the mixture of organism can be used.

Suitable fermentative microorganism have by carbohydrate (such as glucose, fructose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, Galactolipin, oligosaccharides or polysaccharide) it is converted to the ability of tunning.Fermentative microorganism includes the bacterial strain of following kind：Saccharomyces bacterium Kind (Saccharomyces spp.) (including but not limited to saccharomyces cerevisiae (S.cerevisiae) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), saccharomyces diastaticus (S.distaticus), saccharomyces uvarum (S.uvarum)), kluyveromyces (Kluyveromyces) belong to (including but not limited to Kluyveromyces marxianus (K.marxianus), Kluyveromyces fragilis (K.fragilis)), Candida (Candida) belong to (including but not limited to candida pseudotropicalis (C..pseudotropicalis) and rape Candida (C..brassicae)), pichia stipitis (Pichia stipitis) (shehatae candida (Candida Shehatae relationship bacterium)), stick spore yeast (Clavispora) belong to (including but not limited to Clavisporalusitaniae (C.lusitaniae) and clavisporaopuntiae (C.opuntiae)), pipe capsule yeast (Pachysolen) belong to (including but unlimited In pachysolen tannophilus (P.tannophilus)), (including but not limited to, such as iron brettanomyce (Bretannomyces) belongs to Red Mei Shi brettanomyce (B.clausenii) (Handbook on Bioethanol：Production and Utilization, Wyman, C.E. are compiled, Taylor&Francis, Washington, the Philippidis in DC, 179-212, G.P., 1996, Cellulose bioconversion technology)).Other suitable microorganism includes such as movement hair Ferment monad (Zymomonas mobilis), clostridium species (Clostridium spp.) (including but not limited to thermal fiber shuttle Bacterium (C.thermocellum) (Philippidis, 1996, ibid), sugared butyl acetone clostridium (C.saccharobutylacetonicum), clostridium tyrobutyricum (C.tyrobutyricum), clostridium saccharobutyricum (C.saccharobutylicum), Clostridium puniceum (C.Puniceum), Clostridium beijerinckii (C.beijernckii) and acetone Clostridium acetobutylicum (C.acetobutylicum)), clump Sterigmatomyces strain (Moniliella spp.) (including but not limited to clump Obstruct spore yeast (M.pollinis), floccus stalk spore yeast (M.tomentosa), Ma Dida clumps of stalk spore yeast (M.madida), Black clump obstructs spore yeast (M.nigrescens, M.oedocephali, M.megachiliensis), Yarrowia lipolytica (Yarrowia lipolytica), Aureobasidium strain (Aureobasidium sp.), three type spore Pseudomonas strains (Trichosporonoides sp.), variation trigonopsis variabilis (Trigonopsis variabilis), Piedraia strain (Trichosporon sp.), clump Sterigmatomyces strain (Moniliellaacetoabutans sp.), variation core coral bacterium (Typhula variabilis), candida magnoliae (Candida magnoliae), smut guiding principle category strain (Ustilaginomycetes sp.), wave false yeast (Pseudozyma tsukubaensis), Zygosaccharomyces category are built (Zygosaccharomyces) yeast kind, Debaryomyces (Debaryomyces), Hansenula (Hansenula) With the fungi of pichia (Pichia) and dark clump stalk spore shape torulopsis (Torula) (such as coralline algae torula (T.corallina))。

Other microorganism includes lactic acid bacteria group.Example include Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus plantarum, L. coryniformis (for example, Lactobacillus coryniformis distortion subspecies), Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus brevis.It is other micro- Biology includes Pediococcus pentosaceus (Pediococus penosaceus), Rhizopus oryzae (Rhizopus oryzae).

Several organisms such as bacterium, yeast and fungi can be used for biomass sources product such as sugar and alcohol fermentation being succinic acid And similar product.For example, organism can be selected from：Actinobacillus succinogenes (Actinobacillus succinogenes) produce amber Amber acid anaerobism spirillum (Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens), Mannheim produce succinic acid bacterium (Mannheimia succiniciproducens), yellow Ruminococcus (Ruminococcus flaverfaciens), yellow Ruminococcus (Ruminococcus albus) produces succinic acid filiform bacillus (Fibrobacter succinogenes), is fragile Bacteroid (Bacteroides fragilis), stomach bacteroid of perching (Bacteroides ruminicola), thermophilic starch intend bar Bacterium (Bacteroides amylophilus), Bacteroides succinogenes (Bacteriodes succinogenes), Mannheim produce Succinic acid bacterium (Mannheimia succiniciproducens), corynebacterium glutamicum (Corynebacterium Glutamicum), aspergillus niger (Aspergillus niger), aspergillus fumigatus (Aspergillus fumigatus), snow-white silk clothes Bacterium (Byssochlamys nivea), Lentinus tigrinus category (Lentinus degener), paecilomyces varioti (Paecilomyces Varioti), grape wine mould (Penicillium viniferum), saccharomyces cerevisiae, enterococcus faecalis (Enterococcus Faecali), dwell cud melaninogenicus (Prevotella ruminicolas), the inferior Dbaly yeast (Debaryomyces of the Chinese Hansenii), Candida catenulata (Candida catenulate) VKM Y-5, film uncut jade Candida (C.mycoderma) VKM Y-240, fold Candida (C.rugosa) VKM Y-67, Pa Ludigena Candida (C.paludigena) VKM Y-2443, candida utili (C.utilis) VKM Y-74, candida utili 766, candida zeylanoides (C.zeylanoides) VKMY-6, candida zeylanoides VKM Y-14, candida zeylanoides VKM Y-2324, saliva foam vacation silk ferment Female VKM Y-1543, candida zeylanoides VKM Y-2595, candida valida (C.valida) VKM Y-934, the extra large nurse of prestige visitor Kluyveromyces sp (Kluyveromyces wickerhamii) VKM Y-589, Pichia anomala (Pichia anomala) VKM Y-118, bayesian Pichia pastoris (P.besseyi) VKM Y-2084, medium Pichia pastoris (P.media) VKM Y-1381, Pichia guilliermondii (P.guilliermondii) H-P-4, Pichia guilliermondii 916, Yin Shi Pichia pastoris (P.inositovora) VKM Y-2494, saccharomyces cerevisiae VKM Y-381, beads torulopsis (Torulopsis candida) 127, beads torulopsis 420, Yarrowia lipolytica 12a, Yarrowia lipolytica VKM Y-47, Yarrowia lipolytica 69, solution rouge Ye Shi yeast VKM Y-57, Yarrowia lipolytica 212, Yarrowia lipolytica 374/4, Yarrowia lipolytica 585, solution rouge Ye Shi ferment The mixture of mother 695, Yarrowia lipolytica 704 and these organisms.

Many such microbial strains can disclose it is commercially available or by storage center's acquisition, the storage center such as, example Such as, ATCC (American type culture collection (American Type Culture Collection), Manassas, Virginia, USA), NRRL (Agricultural Research Service culture collection (Agricultural Research Sevice Culture Collection), Peoria, Illinois, USA) or DSMZ (Mikroorganismen collection (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH), Braunschweig, Germany).

Commercially available yeast includes, for example, REDRed (the Lesaffre Ethanol of/Le Sifu ethyl alcohol Red) (can be obtained from Red Star/Lesaffre, USA),It (can be from Fleischmann ' s Yeast (Burns The department of Philip Food Inc.), USA is obtained),It (can be obtained from Alltech, present Lalemand ), GERT(can be from Gert Strand AB, Sweden obtains) andIt (can be from DSM Specialties is obtained).

Distillation

After fermentation, such as " prefractionator " distillation gained fluid can be used so that ethyl alcohol and other alcohol and major part water and residual Remaining solid separation.The steam of outflow prefractionator can be such as 35 weight % ethyl alcohol and can be provided in rectifying column.It can be used Gas molecule in space sieve close to the purifying mixture of (92.5%) ethyl alcohol of azeotropic and water will be pure (99.5%) second from rectifying column Alcohol.Prefractionator bottoms can be sent to the first order of three-level evaporator.Rectifier column reflux condenser the first order can provide heat thus Amount.After the first stage, centrifuge separation solid and the drying in rotary dryer can be used.It can be by centrifuge efflux A part of (25%) is recycled to fermentation, and rest part is sent to the second evaporator grade and third evaporator grade.Big portion During dividing evaporator condensation liquid to can be used as described in quite clean condensate liquid return, wherein separating sub-fraction to wastewater treatment To prevent the accumulation of low-boiling compound.

Hydrocarbonaceous material

In other embodiments using method described herein and system, hydrocarbonaceous material can be processed.It is as described herein Any method can be used for handling any hydrocarbonaceous material as described herein.As used herein " hydrocarbonaceous material " mean include oil-sand, Oil shale, tar sand, coal dust, coal slime, pitch, various types of coals and other days comprising both the hydrocarbon component and solid matter So existing and synthesis material.Solid matter may include timber, rock, sand, clay, stone, silt, drilling slurry or its Its SOLID ORGANIC and/or inorganic substances.The term may also include waste product, as drilling wastes and by-product, refining are discarded Object and by-product or other waste products containing the hydrocarbon component, such as bituminized shingle and surface layer, bituminous pavement.

In other embodiments using method described herein and system, timber and the production containing timber can be processed Product.For example, processable Wood products, for example, plate, sheet material, laminated product, beam, particieboard, composite material, rough cut timber, Cork and hardwood.In addition, it is processable fall trees, shrub, sawdust, sawdust, root, bark, stub, decomposition timber and contain Other timber of biological material.

Transportation system

Various transportation systems can be used for that biological material is for example delivered to vault and in vault in electricity as discussed It is conveyed under beamlet.Exemplary transport machine is belt conveyor, air conveyer, screw conveyor, cart, train, track excessive internal heat Vehicle or cart, elevator, front-end loader, backacter, crane, various earth scrapers and forklift, lorry, and can be used and throw Throw device.For example, oscillator can be used in various processes described herein.Oscillator is described in 2013 10 In the moon PCT/US2013/64289 submitted on the 10th, the entire disclosure is hereby incorporated herein by.

Oscillator on conveyor pan surface especially suitable for spreading material and generating conforming layer.For example, just It can be at least four feet of height (for example, at least about 3 feet, at least about 2 feet, at least about 1 foot, at least about 6 that beginning raw material, which can be formed, Inch, at least about 5 inches, at least about 4 inches, at least about 3 inches, at least about 2 inches, at least about 1 inch, at least about 1/2 English It is very little) material pile and span be less than conveyer width (for example, be less than about 10%, be less than about 20%, be less than about 30%, it is small In about 40%, it is less than about 50%, is less than about 60%, is less than about 70%, is less than about 80%, is less than about 90%, is less than about 95%, is small In about 99%).The spreadable material of oscillator is excellent to cross over the entire width of conveyor pan and have uniform thickness Selection of land is as discussed above.In some cases, distributing method in addition can be useful.It is dissipated for example, spreading machine such as sends out formula Cloth machine, vertical spreading machine (such as CHRISTY SPREADERTM) or combinations thereof can be used for falling raw material (for example, placing, inclining , it is scattered and/or sprays) in extensive region.Optionally, spreading machine can be transmitted biomass in the form of extensive sprinkle or heavy curtain Onto oscillator.In addition, the second conveying in the first conveyer (for example, the first conveyer is used to irradiate raw material) upstream Machine can be such that biomass falls on the first conveyer, and wherein second conveyor can have less than the first conveyer transverse to conveying side To width.Specifically, raw material passes through the effect of the second and first conveyer when second conveyor is oscillator And it spreads.In some optional embodiments, second conveyor is terminated with the crosscutting discharge of deflection (such as oblique with 4: 1 ratio Cut out) so that material can wider heavy curtain form (for example, more wider than the width of second conveyor) fall on the first conveyer. Biomass is by the first of spreading machine (for example, sending out formula spreading machine, vertical spreading machine, conveyer or crosscutting oscillator) Beginning drop zone may span across the first oscillator entire width or it may span across the part of this width.Once falling on defeated It send on machine, material more uniformly is just spread by the vibration of conveyer, so that the entire width of preferably conveyer is equal Even biomass layer covering.In some embodiments, the combination of spreading machine can be used.The certain methods for spreading raw material are described in In the U.S. Patent number 7,153,533 that on July 23rd, 2002 submits and on December 26th, 2006 announces, the complete public affairs of the patent Content is opened to be hereby incorporated herein by.

In general, it is preferred to which material is carried through electron beam as quickly as possible so that flux maximizes.For example, can be down to It is 1 feet/min few, for example, at least 2 feet/min, at least 3 feet/min, at least 4 feet/min, at least 5 feet/min, At least 10 feet/min, at least 15 feet/min, at least 20 feet/min, at least 25 feet/min, at least 30 feet per minutes Clock, at least 40 feet/min, at least 50 feet/min, at least 60 feet/min, at least 70 feet/min, at least 80 English Ruler/minute, at least 90 feet/min of rate convey material.Delivery rate is related to beam current and targeting exposure dose, example Such as the biomass and 100mA of 1/4 inch spread on 5.5 inches of wide conveyers, conveyer can about 20 feet/ Minute mobile to provide useful exposure dose (such as being about 10Mrad for single), at 50mA, conveyer can about 10 It is feet/min mobile to provide approximately uniform exposure dose.

The rate of material be can transport depending on the shape and quality of just transported material and required processing.Flow material Material, such as microparticle material, particularly suitable for being conveyed with oscillator.Conveying speed may be, for example, at least 100 Pounds Per Hours (for example, at least 500 Pounds Per Hours, at least 1000 Pounds Per Hours, at least 2000 Pounds Per Hours, at least 3000 Pounds Per Hours, at least 4000 Pounds Per Hour, at least 5000 Pounds Per Hours, at least 10,000 Pounds Per Hour, at least 15,000 Pounds Per Hour or even at least 25,000 Pounds Per Hour).Some typical conveying speeds can be about 1000 and 10, (for example, about 1000 Pounds Per Hours between 000 Pounds Per Hour With 8000 Pounds Per Hours between, between about 2000 and 7000 Pounds Per Hours, between about 2000 and 6000 Pounds Per Hours, about 2000 with Between 5000 Pounds Per Hours, between about 2000 and 4500 Pounds Per Hours, between about 1500 and 5000 Pounds Per Hours, about 3000 and 7000 Between Pounds Per Hour, between about 3000 and 6000 Pounds Per Hours, between about 4000 and 6000 Pounds Per Hours and about 4000 and 5000 Between Pounds Per Hour).Typical conveying speed depends on the density of material.For example, for the life with about 35 lb/fts of 3 density Substance and about 5000 Pounds Per Hours of conveying speed convey material with about 143 feet of 3/ hour rates, case of materials that 1/4 " It is thick and be that material is then conveyed with the rate of about 1250 feet/hour (about 21 feet/min) in 5.5 feet of wide slots. Therefore the rate for conveying material can greatly change.Preferably, such as 1/4 " thick biomass layer is with about 5 and 100 feet per minutes Between clock speed conveying (for example, between about 5 and 100 feet/min, between about 6 and 100 feet/min, about 7 and 100 English Between ruler/minute, between about 8 and 100 feet/min, between about 9 and 100 feet/min, about 10 and 100 feet/min it Between, between about 11 and 100 feet/min, between about 12 and 100 feet/min, between about 13 and 100 feet/min, about 14 With 100 feet/min between, between about 15 and 100 feet/min, between about 20 and 100 feet/min, about 30 and 100 English Between ruler/minute, between about 40 and 100 feet/min, between about 2 and 60 feet/min, between about 3 and 60 feet/min, Between about 5 and 60 feet/min, between about 6 and 60 feet/min, between about 7 and 60 feet/min, about 8 and 60 feet per minutes Between clock, between about 9 and 60 feet/min, between about 10 and 60 feet/min, between about 15 and 60 feet/min, about 20 With 60 feet/min between, between about 30 and 60 feet/min, between about 40 and 60 feet/min, about 2 and 50 feet per minutes Between clock, between about 3 and 50 feet/min, between about 5 and 50 feet/min, between about 6 and 50 feet/min, about 7 and 50 Between feet/min, between about 8 and 50 feet/min, between about 9 and 50 feet/min, about 10 and 50 feet/min it Between, between about 15 and 50 feet/min, between about 20 and 50 feet/min, between about 30 and 50 feet/min, about 40 and 50 Between feet/min).Preferably with constant rate of speed convey material, for example, so as in material in electron beam (for example, sprinkle Device, field) under by when help to maintain the constant illumination of material.

Described oscillator may include the sieve for sieving and sorting material.In the side or bottom of slot Opening can be used for for example according to size or shape sorting, selection or remove certain material.Some conveyers have equilibrant force with Reduce the power in support construction.Some oscillators are configured to spiral lift, are designed to around surface curvature And/or be designed to make material to fall to another (for example, in a step, cascade or in a series of from a conveyer Step or step form).Together with conveying material, conveyer itself or can be used for screening plus other equipment or system, separate, point Select, classify, being distributed, being classified, checking, selecting, metal removal, freezing, blending, mixing, orientation, heat, boil, drying, being dehydrated, Cleaning, washing, leaching, quenching, coating, dedusting and/or feed.The conveyer can also include lid (for example, dustproof cover), side Discharge gate, bottom discharge gate, special lining (for example, anti-sticking, stainless steel, rubber, customization steel and/or fluting), divide slot, quenching bath, Screen, perforated plate, detector (such as metal detector), high temperature design, food-grade design, heater, drier and/or cooling Device.In addition, the slot can have various shape, for example, flat, V-Bottom portion, top is flanged, curved bottom, in office Where upward flat band ridge, tubulose, semicanal, have a lid or these any combination.Specifically, conveyer can be with irradiation system And/or equipment combination.

Conveyer (such as oscillator) can be made of resistant material.It includes stainless steel (example that conveyer, which can be used, Such as, 304,316 stainless steels,Alloy andAlloy) structural material.For example, coming from Hynes (Kokomo, Indiana, USA's)Corrosion resisting alloy, such asAlloy, Alloy,C-4 alloy,Alloy, Alloy,C-276 alloy,Alloy,Alloy,Alloy,N alloy andAlloy.

Oscillator may include not viscous release coating, such as TUFFLON^TM(Dupont, Delaware, USA).Vibration Formula conveyer may also include corrosion-resistant finishes.For example, can by Metal Coatings Corp (Houston, Texas, USA) and The coating of other offers such as fluoropolymer,Molybdenum disulfide, epoxy novolac, ferrous phosphate metal coating, polyurethane- High glaze epoxy finish, inorganic zinc, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),Fluorinated ethylene propylene, And epoxy ceramic coating.The coating can improve to process gas (for example, ozone), chemical attack, Pit corrosion, erosion corrosion and the resistance of oxidation.

Optionally, in addition to transportation system as described herein, one or more of the other transportation system can be closed.When using outer When shell, the closed conveyer of inert gas purge also can be used, under the oxygen level so that atmosphere to be maintained to reduction.Protect oxygen level Hold the lower formation for avoiding ozone, in some cases ozone due to its reactivity and toxicity properties be undesirable.For example, Oxygen can be below about 20% (for example, being below about 10%, being below about 1%, be below about 0.1%, being below about 0.01% or be even lower than about 0.001% oxygen).It can be purged with inert gas, the inert gas includes but is not limited to nitrogen, argon gas, helium or two Carbonoxide.This can be supplied by the vaporization of such as liquid source (for example, liquid nitrogen or liquid helium), generated or separated on the spot from air, Or it is supplied by storage tank.Inert gas is recyclable and usable catalyst (such as copper catalyst bed) removes any residual oxygen.Or Person, can be purged, recycle and oxygen removal combination so that oxygen level keep it is lower.

Also can be used can purge closed conveyer with the reactant gas that biomass reverse is answered.This can before irradiation process, During or after carry out.Reactant gas can be but not limited to：Nitrous oxide, ammonia, oxygen, ozone, hydrocarbon, aromatic compound Object, amide, peroxide, azide, halide, oxyhalide, phosphide, phosphine, arsine, sulfide, mercaptan, borine and/or Hydride.It can be for example anti-by irradiation (for example, electron beam, UV irradiation, microwave irradiation, heating, IR radiation) activation in the shell Answering property gas, so that it is answered with biomass reverse.It can be for example by irradiating activated biomass itself.Preferably, biomass passes through electricity Beamlet activation, to generate free radicals, then free radical for example by free radical coupling or is quenched and activates or non-activated react Property gas reaction.

Purge gas supplied to closed conveyer can also be cooled to for example, about 25 DEG C or less, about 0 DEG C or less, about -40 DEG C or less, about -80 DEG C or less, about -120 DEG C or less.For example, gas can be vaporized or by solid-state two by compressed gas (such as liquid nitrogen) Carbonoxide distils., can be by freezer unit cooling gas as alternate examples, or it can cooling segment or entire conveying Machine.

Other embodiments

Any material discussed in this article, method or the material of processing can be used for preparing product and/or intermediate, such as compound Material, filler, adhesive, plastic additive, adsorbent and Controlled release formulation.The method may include for example being pressed by applying Power and heat are densified to material.For example, composite material can be by preparing fibrous material with resin or combination of polymers. For example, radiation cross-linkable resin such as thermoplastic resin can be combined to provide fibrous material/crosslinkable resin group with fibrous material It closes.The material can for example be suitable for construction material, screening glass, container and other structures material (such as molding and/or squeeze Product).Adsorbent can be for example in the form of pelletizing, fragment, fiber and/or thin slice.Adsorbent can be used for example as pet bedroom Tool, packaging material are used in pollution control system.Control release matrix be also possible in such as pelletizing, fragment, fiber and/or The form of thin slice.Control release matrix for example can be used to discharge drug, biocide, aromatic.For example, composite material, absorption Agent and Controlled release formulation and their purposes are described in the international series PCT/US2006/ submitted on March 23rd, 2006 In the U.S. Patent number 8,074,910 that on November 22nd, 010648 and 2011 submits, the complete disclosure of the patent is to draw Mode is incorporated herein.

In some instances, for example, using accelerate electronics with first level processing biological material to reduce not compliance, Selectively to discharge one or more sugared (for example, xyloses).Then biomass can be processed to the second level to discharge one Kind is a variety of other sugared (for example, glucose).Optionally, can between processing dried biomass.The processing may include applying Chemistry and biochemistry treatment are to discharge sugar.For example, can be by biological material processing to less than about 20Mrad (for example, being less than about 15Mrad, it is less than about 10Mrad, is less than about 5Mrad, less than about the level of 2Mrad), and then with the sulphur contained less than 10% Acid (for example, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.75%, less than about 0.50%, sulfuric acid solution less than about 0.25%) To discharge xylose.For example, the xylose being discharged into solution can be separated with solid, and (such as water optionally is used with solvent/solution And/or acidifying water) the washing solid.Optionally, can by the solid for example in air and/or under vacuum optionally with plus Heat (for example, about 150 DEG C hereinafter, about 120 DEG C or less) is dry (below about 20wt.%, to be below about to being below about 25wt.% 15wt.%, it is below about 10wt.%, below about the water content of 5wt.%).Then it can be less than about 30Mrad (for example, being less than about 25Mrad, it is less than about 20Mrad, is less than about 15Mrad, is less than about 10Mrad, is less than about 5Mrad, is less than about 1Mrad or even one Point also without) horizontal processing described in solid, and then with enzyme (such as cellulase) processing to discharge glucose.It can make grape Sugared (for example, glucose in solution) is separated with remaining solid.Then the solid can be further processed, such as producing Raw energy or other products (for example, lignin source property product).

Flavoring agent, aromatic and colorant

Spawn and/or centre as described herein for example by the generation of method described herein, system and/or equipment Body can be combined with flavoring agent, aromatic, colorant and/or these mixture.For example, sugar, organic acid, fuel, polyalcohol are such as Any one or more of sugar alcohol, biomass, fiber and composite material can (optionally with flavoring agent, aromatic and/or coloring Agent is together) it combines (for example, prepare, mix or react) or is used to prepare other products.For example, one or more products can Be used to prepare soap, detergent, candy, drink (for example, cola, grape wine, beer, spirits such as gin tonic or vodka, Sports drink, coffee, tea), syrup drug, adhesive, sheet material (for example, fabric, non-woven, filter paper, paper handkerchief) and/or composite wood Expect (for example, plate).For example, one or more products can with herbaceous plant, flower, petal, fragrance, vitamin, all sorts of flowers it is fragrant or Candle combination.For example, the combination prepared, mix or reacted can have grape fruit, citrus, apple, raspberry, banana, lettuce, Celery, cortex cinnamomi, chocolate, vanilla, peppermint, peppermint, onion, garlic, pepper, safflower, ginger, milk, grape wine, beer Wine, tea, lean beef, the flesh of fish, clam, olive oil, cocoa butter, pork fat, butterfat, steamed beef soup, beanpod, potato, marmalade, fire Taste/fragrance of leg, coffee and cheese.

Can any amount addition flavoring agent, aromatic and colorant, the amount such as from about 0.001wt.% to about 30wt.% it Between, for example, between about 0.01 to about 20, between about 0.05 to about 10 or about 0.1wt.% is between about 5wt.%.These can lead to Cross any mode and in any order or sequence (for example, stirring, mixing, emulsification, gelling, dipping, heating, ultrasonic treatment and/ Or suspend) (such as together with any one or more of product as described herein or intermediate) preparation, mixing and/or reaction.Also Filler, adhesive, emulsifier, antioxidant, such as protein gel, starch and silica can be used.

In one embodiment, flavoring agent, aromatic and colorant can be added to immediately after irradiating biomass Biomass, so that can be with the reactive compatibilization of the flavoring agent, aromatic and colorant by the reactive site that irradiation is formed Position reaction.

Flavoring agent, aromatic and colorant can be natural and/or synthesis material.These materials can be chemical combination One of object, these composition or mixture are a variety of (for example, preparation or natural composition of several compounds).Optionally Ground, flavoring agent, aromatic, antioxidant and colorant can be biological origin, such as from fermentation process (for example, such as The fermentation of saccharified material as described herein).Besides or furthermore ground, these flavoring agents, aromatic and colorant can be harvested from complete A part of organism (such as plant, fungi, animal, bacterium or yeast) or organism.Can collect in any manner and/or Organism is extracted to provide pigment, flavoring agent, aromatic and/or antioxidant, the mode is including the use of side as described herein Method, system and equipment, hot water extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, chemical extraction (for example, solvent or reaction, extraction, including acid and Alkali), mechanical extraction (for example, compacting, crush, filtering), using enzyme, using bacterium to decompose starting material and these sides The combination of method.Compound can be obtained by chemical reaction, for example, the change of sugar (for example, generating as described herein) and amino acid Close reaction (Mei Lade (Maillard) reaction).The flavoring agent, aromatic, antioxidant and/or colorant, which can be, to be passed through The intermediate and/or product that method described herein, equipment or system generate, such as ester and lignin source property product.

Some examples of flavoring agent, aromatic or colorant are polyphenol.Polyphenol be responsible for many water fruits and vegetables, cereal and The pigment of colored red, purple and blue colorant.Polyphenol can also have antioxidant properties and usually have bitter taste.Antioxygen Agent characteristic makes these become important preservative.A kind of polyphenol is flavonoids, such as anthocyanidin, flavanonol, flavane -3- Alcohol, flavanones and flavanonol.Workable other phenolic compounds include phenolic acid and its ester, as chlorogenic acid and polymerization are single Rather.

Among colorant, inorganic compound, mineral or organic compound, such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, oxygen can be used Change aluminium, cadmium yellow (for example, CdS), cadmium orange (for example, CdS containing some Se), alizarin red (such as the alizarin rose of synthesis or non-synthetic It is red), ultramarine (for example, synthesis ultramarine, natural ultramarine, synthesis ultramarine violet), cobalt blue, cobalt yellow, cobalt green, chrome green is (for example, aqua oxidation Chromium (III)), chalcopyrite (chalcophylite), conichalcite, green domeykite (comubite), erinite and water outlet arsenic aluminium Copper mine.It can be used black pigment such as carbon black and self-dispersing black.

Workable some flavoring agents and aromatic include ACALEA TBHQ, ACET C-6, ALLYL AMYL GLYCOLATE、ALPHA TERPINEOL、AMBRETTOLIDE、AMBRINOL 95、ANDRANE、APHERMATE、 APPLELIDE、BERGAMAL、BETA IONONE EPOXIDE、BETA NAPHTHYL ISO-BUTYL ETHER、BICYCLONONALACTONE、CANTHOXAL、 VELVET、CEDRAFIX、CEDRYL ACETATE、CELESTOLIDE、 CINNAMALVA、CITRAL DIMETHYL ACETATE、CITROLATE^TM、CITRONELLOL 700、CITRONELLOL 950、CITRONELLOL COEUR、CITRONELLYL ACETATE、CITRONELLYL ACETATE PURE、 CITRONELLYL FORMATE、CLARYCET、CLONAL、CONIFERAN、CONIFERAN PURE、CORTEX ALDEHYDE 50%PEOMOSA, CYCLABUTE,CYCLEMAX^TM、CYCLOHEXYL ETHYLACETATE、DAMASCOL、DELTADAMASCONE、DIHYDRO CYCLACET、DIHYDRO MYRCENOL、 DIHYDRO TERPINEOL、DIHYDRO TERPINYL ACETATE、DIMETHYL CYCLORMOL、DIMETHYL OCTANOL PQ、DIMYRCETOL、DIOLA、DIPENTENE、RECRYSTALLIZED、ETHYL-3- PHENYL GLYCIDATE、FLEURAMONE、FLEURANIL、FLORAL SUPER、FLORALOZONE、FLORIFFOL、 FRAISTONE、FRUCTONE、50、50BB、50IPM、UNDILUTED、GALBASCONE、GERALDEHYDE、GERANIOL 5020、GERANiOL 600TYPE、GERANIOL 950、GERANIOL 980(PURE)、GERANIOL CFT COEUR、GERANIOL COEUR、 GERANYL ACETATE COEUR、GERANYL ACETATE、PURE、GERANYL FORMATE、GRISALVA、GUAIYL ACETATE、HELIONAL^TM、HERBAC、HERBALIME^TM、HEXADECANOLIDE、HEXALON、HEXENYL SALICYLATE CIS 3-、HYACINTH BODY、HYACINTH BODY NO.3、HYDRATROPIC ALDEHYDE.DMA、 HYDROXYOL、INDOLAROME、INTRELEVEN ALDEHYDE、INTRELEVEN ALDEHYDE SPECIAL、IONONE ALPHA、IONONE BETA、ISO CYCLO CITRAL、ISO CYCLO GERANIOL、ISO EISOBUTYL QUINOLINE、JASMAL、SUPER、KHUSINIL、LIFFAROME^TM、LIMOXAL、LINDENOL^TM、LYRAME SUPER、 MANDARIN ALD 10%TRI ETH, CITR, MARITIMA, MCK CHINESE, MEIJIFF^TM、MELAFLEUR、 MELOZONE、METHYLANTHRANILATE、METHYL IONONE ALPHA EXTRA、METHYL IONONE GAMMA A、 METHYL IONONE GAMMA COEUR、METHYL IONONE GAMMA PURE、METHYL LAVENDER KETONE、MUGUESIA、MUGUET ALDEHYDE 50、MUSK Z4、MYRAC ALDEHYDE、MYRCENYL ACETATE、NECTARATE^TM、NEROL 900、NERYL ACETATE、OCIMENE、OCTACETAL、ORANGE FLOWER ETHER, ORIVONE, ORRINIFF 25%, OXASPIRANE, OZOFLEUR,PEOMOSA、PICONIA、PRECYCLEMONE B、PRENYL ACETATE、PRISMANTOL、RESEDA BODY、 ROSALVA、ROSAMUSK、SANJINOL、SANTALIFF^TM、SYVERTAL、TERPINEOL、TERPINOLENE 20、 TERPINOLENE 90PQ、TERPINOLENE RECT.、TERPINYLACETATE、TERPINYLACETATE JAX、 TETRAHYDRO、TETRAHYDRO MYRCENOL、TETRAMERAN、TIMBERSILK^TM、TOBACAROL、O TT、VANORIS、VERDOX^TM、VERDOX^TM HC、HC、COEUR、VERTOLIFF、VERTOLIFF ISO、VIOLIFF、 VIVALDIE、ZENOLIDE、ABS INDIA 75PCT MIGLYOL、ABS MOROCCO 50PCT DPG、ABS MOROCCO 50PCT TEC、ABSOLUTE FRENCH、ABSOLUTE INDIA、ABSOLUTE MD 50PCT BB、ABSOLUTE MOROCCO、CONCENTRATE PG、TINCTURE 20PCT、AMBERGRIS、AMBRETTE ABSOLUTE、AMBRETTE SEED OIL、ARMOISE OIL 70PCT THUYONE、BASIL ABSOLUTE GRAND VERT、BASIL GRAND VERTABS MD、BASIL OIL GRAND VERT、BASIL OIL VERVEINA、BASIL OIL VIETNAM、BAY OIL TERPENELESS、BEESWAX ABS N G、BEESWAX ABSOLUTE、BENZOIN RESINOID SIAM、BENZOIN RESINOID SIAM 50PCT DPG、BENZOIN RESINOID SIAM 50PCT PG、BENZOIN RESINOID SIAM 70.5PCT TEC、BLACKCURRANT BUD ABS65PCT PG、BLACKCURRANT BUD ABS MD 37PCT TEC、 BLACKCURRANT BUD ABS MIGLYOL、BLACKCURRANT BUD ABSOLUTE BURGUNDY、BOIS DE ROSE OIL、BRAN ABSOLUTE、BRAN RESINOID、BROOM ABSOLUTE ITALY、CARDAMOM GUATEMALA CO2EXTRACT、CARDAMOM OIL GUATEMALA、CARDAMOM OIL INDIA、CARROT HEART、CASSIE ABSOLUTE EGYPT、CASSIE ABSOLUTE MD 50PCT IPM、CASTOREUM ABS90PCT TEC、CASTOREUM ABS C 50PCT MIGLYOL、CASTOREUMABSOLUTE、CASTOREUM RESINOID、CASTOREUM RESINOID50PCT DPG、CEDROL CEDRENE、CEDRUS ATLANTICA OIL REDIST、CHAMOMILE OIL ROMAN、CHAMOMILE OIL WILD、CHAMOMILE OIL WILD LOW LIMONENE、CINNAMON BARK OIL CEYLAN、CISTE ABSOLUTE、CISTE ABSOLUTE COLORLESS、CITRONELLA OIL ASIA IRON FREE、 CIVET ABS 75PCT PG、CIVET ABSOLUTE、CIVET TINCTURE 10PCT、CLARY SAGEABS FRENCH DECOL, CLARYSAGE ABSOLUTE FRENCH, CLARY SAGE C ' LESS 50PCT PG, CLARY SAGE OIL FRENCH、COPAIBA BALSAM、COPAIBA BALSAM OIL、CORIANDER SEED OIL、CYPRESS OIL、 CYPRESS OIL ORGANIC、DAVANA OIL、GALBANOL、GALBANUM ABSOLUTE COLORLESS、GALBANUM OIL、GALBANUM RESINOID、GALBANUM RESINOID 50PCT DPG、GALBANUM RESINOID HERCOLYN BHT、GALBANUM RESINOID TEC BHT、GENTIANE ABSOLUTE MD 20PCT BB、GENTIANE CONCRETE、GERANIUM ABS EGYPT MD、GERANIUM ABSOLUTE EGYPT、GERANIUM OIL CHINA、 GERANIUM OIL EGYPT、GINGER OIL 624、GINGER OIL RECTIFIED SOLUBLE、GUAIACWOOD HEART、HAY ABS MD 50PCT BB、HAY ABSOLUTE、HAY ABSOLUTE MD 50PCT TEC、HEALINGWOOD、 HYSSOP OIL ORGANIC、IMMORTELLE ABS YUGO MD 50PCT TEC、IMMORTELLE ABSOLUTE SPAIN、IMMORTELLE ABSOLUTE YUGO、JASMIN ABS INDIAMD、JASMIN ABSOLUTE EGYPT、 JASMIN ABSOLUTE INDIA、ASMIN ABSOLUTE MOROCCO、JASMIN ABSOLUTE SAMBAC、JONQUILLE ABS MD 20PCT BB、JONQUILLE ABSOLUTE France、JUNIPER BERRY OIL FLG、JUNIPER BERRY OIL RECTIFIED SOLUBLE、LABDANUM RESINOID 50PCT TEC、LABDANUM RESINOID BB、 LABDANUM RESINOID MD、LABDANUM RESINOID MD 50PCT BB、LAVANDIN ABSOLUTEH、 LAVANDIN ABSOLUTE MD、LAVANDIN OILABRIAL ORGANIC、LAVANDIN OIL GROSSO ORGANIC、 LAVANDIN OIL SUPER、LAVENDER ABSOLUTE H、LAVENDER ABSOLUTE MD、LAVENDER OIL COUMARIN FREE、LAVENDER OIL COUMARIN FREE ORGANIC、LAVENDER OIL MAILLETTE ORGANIC、LAVENDER OIL MT、MACE ABSOLUTE BB、MAGNOLIA FLOWER OIL LOW METHYL EUGENOL、MAGNOLIA FLOWER OIL、MAGNOLIA FLOWER OIL MD、MAGNOLIA LEAF OIL、MANDARIN OIL MD、MANDARIN OIL MD BHT、MATE ABSOLUTE BB、MOSS TREE ABSOLUTE MD TEX IFRA 43、MOSS-OAK ABS MD TEC IFRA 43、MOSS-OAK ABSOLUTE IFRA 43、MOSS-TREE ABSOLUTE MD IPM IFRA 43、MYRRH RESINOID BB、MYRRH RESINOID MD、MYRRH RESINOID TEC、MYRTLE OIL IRON FREE、MYRTLE OIL TUNISIA RECTIFIED、NARCISSE ABS MD 20PCT BB、NARCISSE ABSOLUTE FRENCH、NEROLIOIL TUNISIA、NUTMEG OIL TERPENELESS、OEILLET ABSOLUTE、 OLIBANUM RESINOID、OLIBANUM RESINOID BB、OLIBANUM RESINOID DPG、OLIBANUM RESINOID EXTRA 50PCT DPG、OLIBANUM RESINOID MD、OLIBANUM RESINOID MD 50PCT DPG、 OLIBANUM RESINOID TEC、OPOPONAX RESINOID TEC、ORANGE BIGARADE OIL MD BHT、ORANGE BIGARADE OIL MD SCFC、ORANGE FLOWER ABSOLUTE TUNISIA、ORANGE FLOWER WATER ABSOLUTE TUNISIA、ORANGE LEAF ABSOLUTE、ORANGE LEAF WATER ABSOLUTE TUNISIA、 ORRIS ABSOLUTE ITALY、ORRIS CONCRETE 15PCT IRONE、ORRIS CONCRETE 8PCT IRONE、 ORRIS NATURAL 15PCT IRONE 4095C、ORRIS NATURAL 8PCT IRONE 2942C、ORRIS RESINOID、OSMANTHUS ABSOLUTE、OSMANTHUS ABSOLUTE MD 50PCT BB、PTCHOULI HEART N° 3、PATCHOULI OIL INDONESIA、PATCHOULI OIL INDONESIAIRON FREE、PATCHOULI OIL INDONESIA MD、PATCHOULI OIL REDIST、PENNYROYAL HEART、PEPPERMINT ABSOLUTE MD、 PETITGRAIN BIGARADE OIL TUNISIA、PETITGRAIN CITRONNIER OIL、PETITGRAIN OIL PARAGUAY TERPENELESS、PETITGRAIN OIL TERPENELESS STAB、PIMENTO BERRY OIL、 PIMENTO LEAF OIL、RHODINOL EX GERANIUM CHINA、ROSE ABS BULGARIAN LOW METHYL EUGENOL、ROSE ABS MOROCCO LOW METHYL EUGENOL、ROSE ABS TURKISH LOW METHYL EUGENOL、ROSE ABSOLUTE、ROSE ABSOLUTE BULGARIAN、ROSE ABSOLUTE DAMASCENA、ROSE ABSOLUTE MD、ROSE ABSOLUTE MOROCCO、ROSEABSOLUTE TURKISH、ROSE OIL BULGARIAN、 ROSE OIL DAMASCENA LOW METHYL EUGENOL、ROSE OIL TURKISH、ROSEMARY OIL CAMPHOR ORGANIC、ROSEMARY OIL TUNISIA、SANDALWOOD OIL INDIA、SANDALWOOD OIL INDIA RECTIFIED、SANTALOL、SCHINUS MOLLE OIL、ST JOHN BREAD TINCTURE 10PCT、STYRAX RESINOID、STYRAX RESINOID、TAGETE OIL、TEA TREE HEART、TONKA BEAN ABS 50PCT SOLVENTS、TONKA BEAN ABSOLUTE、TUBEROSE ABSOLUTE INDIA、VETIVER HEART EXTRA、 VETIVER OIL HAITI、VETIVER OIL HAITI MD、VETIVER OIL JAVA、VETIVER OIL JAVA MD、 VIOLET LEAF ABSOLUTE EGYPT、VIOLET LEAF ABSOLUTE EGYPT DECOL、VIOLET LEAF ABSOLUTE FRENCH、VIOLET LEAF ABSOLUTE MD 50PCT BB、WORMWOOD OIL TERPENELESS、 YLANG EXTRA OIL, YLANG III OIL and these combination.

The colorant can be dyeing and colourist association (Society of Dyers and Colourists) International Colour Index in those of list.Colorant includes dyestuff and pigment, and including commonly used in colored textiles, painting Those of material, ink and jetted ink.Workable some colorants include carotenoid, arylide Huang, diarylide Huang, betanaphthol, naphthols, benzimidazolone, disazo condensation pigment, pyrazolone, nickel azophosphine, phthalocyanine, quinacridone and Purple cyclic ketones, isoindolinone and isoindoline pigment, triaryl carbonium pigment, diketo-pyrrolo pyrrole pigments, thioindigo.Class is recklessly Radish element includes such as alpha-carotene, beta carotene, gamma carotene, lycopene, lutein and astaxanthin Arnotto (Annatto) extract, dehydration beet (sugar beet powder), canthaxanthin (Canthaxanthin), caramel, β-apo- -8 '-carrotene Aldehyde, cochineal (Cochineal) extract, famille rose, sodium copper chlorophyllin, the partially skimmed baked boiling cotton seed meal, glucose Sour ferrous iron, ferrous lactate, grape color extraction object, grape skin extract (oenine), carrot oil, pimiento, capsanthin Oleoresin, the pearlescent pigment based on mica, riboflavin, safflower, titanium dioxide, lycopene extract；Lycopene concentration Object, turmeric, turmeric oleoresin, FD&C are No. 1 blue, FD&C is No. 2 blue, FD&C is No. 3 green, orange B, Exocarpium Citri Rubrum 2, FD&C is No. 3 red, FD&C is red No. 40, FD&C is No. 5 yellow, FD&C is No. 6 yellow, aluminium oxide (Aluminium Hydroxide), calcium carbonate, (copper chlorophyllin is multiple for sodium copper chlorophyllin potassium Close object), dihydroxyacetone (DHA), bismuth oxychloride, ferric ferrocyanide ammonium, ferric ferrocyanide, chromium hydroxide green, chrome oxide green, guanine, Pyrophyllite, talcum, aluminium powder, bronze powder, copper powder, zinc oxide, D&C are No. 4 blue, D&C is No. 5 green, D&C is No. 6 green, D&C is No. 8 green, D&C orange No. 4, D&C orange No. 5, D&C orange No. 10, D&C orange No. 11, FD&C is No. 4 red, D&C is No. 6 red, D&C is No. 7 red, D&C is No. 17 red, D&C is red No. 21, D&C is No. 22 red, D&C is No. 27 red, D&C is No. 28 red, D&C is No. 30 red, D&C is No. 31 red, D&C is No. 33 red, D&C is No. 34 red, D& C is No. 36 red, D&C is No. 39 red, D&C is No. 2 purple, D&C is No. 7 yellow, Ext.D&C is No. 7 yellow, D&C is No. 8 yellow, D&C yellow No. 10, D&C Huang 11 Number, D&C is No. 2 black, black 3 (3) number D&C, D&C are No. 1 brown, Ext.D&C, chromium-cobalt-aluminum oxide, ferric citrate, pyrogallol, ocean Bis- (2- acrylic acid) ester copolymers of bis- [(2- hydroxy-ethyl) amino] -9, the 10- amerantrones of logwood extract, Isosorbide-5-Nitrae -, Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-are bis- Bis- [4- (2- methacryloxyethyl) phenyl amino] anthraquinones of [(2- aminomethyl phenyl) amino] -9,10- amerantrone, Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-are total Polymers, carbazole violet, Pals, chromium-cobalt-aluminum oxide, C.I. Vat Orange 1,2- [[2,5- diethoxy -4- [(4- Aminomethyl phenyl) mercaptan] phenyl] azo] -1,3,5- benzenetriols, 16,23- dihydro dinaphtho [2,3-a：2 ', 3 '-i] naphthalene [2 ', 3′：6,7] indoles simultaneously [2,3-c] carbazole -5,10,15,17,22,24- hexones, N, N '-(9,10- dihydro -9,10- dioxos - 1,5- anthracene diyl) bis-benzamide, chloro- 6, the 15- dihydro -5,9 of 7,16- bis-, 14,18- bis- anthra pyrazine tetrones, 16,17- diformazan Oxygroup dinaphtho (1,2,3-cd：3 ', 2 ', 1 ' -1m) -5,10- diketone, poly- (hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-dyestuff copolymer (3), reactive black 5, REACTIVE Blue 21, reactive orange 78, active yellow 15, active blue 19 number, reactive blue 4 number, C.I. active red 11, C.I. Active yellow 86, C.I. reactive blue 163, C.I. active red 180,4- [(2,4- 3,5-dimethylphenyl) azo] -2,4- dihydro -5- first Base -2- phenyl -3H- pyrazoles -3- ketone (solvent yellow 18), 6- ethyoxyl -2- (6- ethyoxyl -3- oxo benzo [b] thiophene -2 (3H)-subunit) benzo [b] thiophene -3 (2H) -one, phthalocyanine green, vinyl alcohol/methyl methacrylate-dyestuff reaction product, C.I. Active red 180, C.I. reactive black 5, C.I. reactive orange 78, C.I. active yellow 15, C.I. REACTIVE Blue 21,1- amino -4- [[4- [(the bromo- 1- oxo allyl of 2-) amino] -2- sulfonic group phenyl] amino] -9,10- dihydro -9,10- dioxoanthracene -2- sulfonic acid two Sodium (reactive blue 69), D&C indigo plant 9, [phthalocyanine (2-)] ketone and these mixture.

Other than embodiment herein or unless expressly specified otherwise, the otherwise following part of this specification and appended In claims such as about quantity of material, want all numbers of cellulose content, reaction time and temperature, quantity ratios and other projects Value range, amount, value and percentage can be regarded as front plus word " about ", though term " about " may not yet explicitly with value, amount Or range occurs also so together.Therefore, unless the contrary indication, otherwise institute in following specifications and appended claims book The numerical parameter of statement is approximation, and the approximation, which may depend on the present invention, will seek the required characteristic obtained and change. On bottom line and it is not intended to limit the application to the doctrine of equivalents of Claims scope, each numerical parameter should all Numerical value according at least to the effective digital of report and technology is commonly rounded up by application to interpret.

Although showing the numberical range of broad range of the invention and parameter being approximation, institute is old in a particular embodiment The numerical value stated is reported as precisely as possible.However, any numerical value inherently contains necessarily by its basic each self-test Certain errors caused by standard deviation found in measurement.In addition, when herein illustrate numberical range when, these ranges be by (for example, endpoint can be used) that listed endpoints of ranges is included.When using weight percent herein, the numerical value reported is For total weight.

Further, it should be appreciated that any numberical range described herein as is intended to include included all subranges.For example, " 1 Range to 10 " is intended to include all subranges between listed minimum value 1 and listed maximum value 10 (containing 1 and 10), There is the minimum value equal to or more than 1 and the maximum value equal to or less than 10.

The application further includes embodiment below：

1. a kind for the treatment of facility, the facility include：

Vault, with wall, ceiling and ground；And

The material delivery system for being configured for conveying biomass below electron beam in the vault.

2. the facility as described in embodiment 1, wherein each wall includes multiple discrete units.

3. the facility as described in embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the ceiling includes multiple discrete units.

4. the facility as described in any one of foregoing embodiments, wherein the vault is restructural.

5. the facility as described in any one of foregoing embodiments further includes electron irradiation device, the electron irradiation dress It sets the ceiling support by the vault and is provided to irradiate the biomass conveyed by the transportation system.

6. the facility as described in embodiment 5, wherein at least 5 tons of the irradiation unit weight.

7. the facility as described in embodiment 5, wherein at least 10 tons of the irradiation unit weight.

8. the facility as described in embodiment 5, wherein the irradiation unit weighs about between 5 and about 20 tons.

9. the facility as described in any one of foregoing embodiments, wherein the ground includes concrete slab.

10. the facility as described in any one of foregoing embodiments, wherein the wall includes interlock block.

11. the facility as described in any one of foregoing embodiments, wherein the reticular structure of wall support I-beam is simultaneously And the reticular structure of the I-beam supports ceiling panel.

12. the facility as described in any one of foregoing embodiments, wherein the wall, the ceiling and the ground It is at least about 4 feet thicks.

13. the facility as described in any one of foregoing embodiments, wherein the wall, the ceiling and the ground It is at least about 5 feet thicks

14. the facility as described in any one of foregoing embodiments, wherein the wall, the ceiling and the ground It is between about 5 and about 10 feet thicks.

15. the facility as described in any one of foregoing embodiments, wherein the wall, the ceiling and the ground Including concrete, and the concrete is selected from the group being made up of：Conventional concrete, high-density concrete, pre-tensioning system are mixed Solidifying soil, contains armored concrete and a combination thereof at leaded concrete.

16. the facility as described in any one of foregoing embodiments, wherein the vault further include generally radiate it is impermeable Door.

17. the facility as described in embodiment 16, wherein the door includes the steel being in contact with the preceding and backing layer for including lead It is internal.

18. the facility as described in any one of embodiments above further includes described for biomass to be continuously fed into Opening in vault and to the conveyer, and for the opening of successive loops conveyer, the conveyer will be for that will give birth to Substance continuously removes from the conveyer and transfers out the vault.

19. a kind of method for handling biological material, the method includes：

Lignocellulose biomass is irradiated with electron beam in the vault with ground, wall and ceiling,

Wherein each wall includes multiple discrete units.

20. the method as described in embodiment 19, wherein the ceiling includes multiple discrete units.

21. the method as described in embodiment 20, wherein the reticular structure and the I-shaped of wall support I-beam The reticular structure of beam supports the ceiling.

22. the method as described in any one of embodiment 19 to 21, wherein the wall includes interlock block.

23. the method as described in any one of embodiment 19 to 22, wherein the wall, the ceiling and described Base includes concrete, and the concrete is selected from the group being made up of：Conventional concrete, high-density concrete, pre-tensioning system Concrete, contains armored concrete and a combination thereof at leaded concrete.

24. the method as described in any one of embodiment 19 to 23, wherein the vault is restructural, and

The method includes reconfiguring after irradiating the biomass vault and reconfigure described The second biomass is irradiated in vault.

25. the method as described in any one of embodiment 19 to 24, wherein the ligno-cellulosic materials in timber or Laminate form.

26. the method as described in any one of embodiment 19 to 24, wherein the ligno-cellulosic materials be selected from by with The group of lower composition：Timber, particieboard, sawdust, agricultural wastes, sewage, ensilage, grass, rice husk, bagasse, cotton, Huang Fiber crops, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal hemp, abaca, straw, corncob, corn stover, switchgrass, clover, hay, coconut hair, sea Grass, seaweed and its mixture.

27. the method as described in any one of embodiment 19 to 26, wherein the conveyer includes oscillator.

It is said that any patent being completely or partially incorporated herein by reference, announcement or other public materials must be only It is incorporated herein in following degree：The material being incorporated to must not be with existing definition, statement described in present disclosure or other public affairs Open material conflict.Therefore, and in necessary degree, open substitution such as clearly described herein is herein incorporated by reference The material of any conflict of this paper.It is said that be hereby incorporated herein by but with existing definition described in this paper, statement, Or other conflicting any materials of public material or part thereof will be only will not be in incorporated material and existing disclosure Occur being incorporated in the degree to conflict between material.Although the present invention has referred to its preferred embodiment and has been particularly shown and retouches It states, however, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that can be in the case where not departing from the scope of the present invention covered by appended claims wherein Various changes are made in terms of form and details.

Although having referred to preferred embodiment the present invention is particularly shown and has been described, those skilled in the art are answered Understand, it can be in the case where not departing from the scope of the present invention covered by appended claims wherein in terms of form and details It is variously modified.

Claims

1. a kind for the treatment of facility, the facility include：

Vault, with wall, ceiling and ground；And

The material delivery system for being configured for conveying biomass below electron beam in the vault, wherein each described Wall includes multiple discrete units.

2. facility described in claim 1, wherein the ceiling includes multiple discrete units.

3. facility of any of claims 1-2, wherein the vault is restructural.

4. facility of any of claims 1-3, wherein the wall includes interlock block.

5. facility of any of claims 1-4 further includes electron irradiation device, the electron irradiation device is by institute It states the ceiling support of vault and is provided to irradiate the biomass conveyed by the transportation system.

6. facility described in claim 5, wherein the exposure dose of the electron irradiation device is 10Mrad or more.

7. facility of any of claims 1-6, wherein the volume of each discrete unit 6ft3 to 50ft3 it Between.

8. facility of any of claims 1-7, wherein each discrete unit includes joint tongue and groove.

9. facility of any of claims 1-8, wherein the wall, the ceiling and the ground include coagulation Soil, and the concrete is selected from the group being made up of：It is conventional concrete, high-density concrete, pretensioned concrete, leaded Concrete contains armored concrete and a combination thereof.

10. facility of any of claims 1-9, wherein at least 5 tons of the irradiation unit weight.

11. facility of any of claims 1-10, wherein the vault is constructed using radiation impermeable material, and described Radiating impermeable material has the Z value for being higher than 25.

12. facility of any of claims 1-11, wherein the reticular structure of wall support I-beam and described The reticular structure of I-beam supports ceiling panel.

13. facility of any of claims 1-12, wherein the wall, the ceiling and the ground are at least About 4 feet thicks.

14. facility of any of claims 1-13, wherein the vault further include generally radiate impermeable door, and The door includes inside the steel being in contact with the preceding and backing layer for including lead.

15. facility described in any one of claim 1-14, wherein the material delivery system includes oscillator.

16. facility described in any one of claim 1-15, wherein the transportation system includes that the first conveyer and second are defeated Machine is sent, and first conveyer is substantially perpendicular to the second conveyor.

17. facility described in claim 16, wherein the second conveyor for being located at first conveyer upstream make it is described Biomass is fallen on first conveyer, and wherein the second conveyor have less than first conveyer transverse to The width of conveying direction.

18. facility described in claim 17, wherein the second conveyor is terminated with 4: 1 ratio tapered cut discharge.

19. a kind of method for handling biological material, the method includes：

Biological material is irradiated with electron beam in the vault with ground, wall and ceiling, wherein passing through material delivery system The biological material is conveyed below the electron beam.

20. method described in claim 19, wherein the vault is restructural, and the method includes described in the irradiation It reconfigures the vault after biological material and irradiates the second biological material in the vault reconfigured.

21. method described in any one of claim 19-20, wherein each wall includes multiple discrete units.

22. method described in any one of claim 19-21, wherein the ceiling includes multiple discrete units.

23. method described in any one of claim 19-22, wherein the material delivery system includes oscillator.

24. method described in any one of claim 19-23, wherein the transportation system includes that the first conveyer and second are defeated Machine is sent, and first conveyer is substantially perpendicular to the second conveyor.

25. method described in any one of claim 19-24, wherein the dosage of electron beam irradiation is 10Mrad or more.

26. being used for the extraction system of electron accelerator comprising two window foils, the cooling gas in the extraction system is to blow Scavenging body, mixture or pure gas.

27. a kind of beam stop, is made of metal, the metal be selected from stainless steel, lead, iron, molybdenum, silver, gold, titanium, aluminium, Tin or these alloy.

28. microbial material, it includes naturally occurring or genetic modification the micro- lifes for containing or being capable of providing carbohydrate source Object or organism.