CN108878978B - Organic silicon additive-containing overcharge-preventing lithium battery electrolyte - Google Patents
Organic silicon additive-containing overcharge-preventing lithium battery electrolyte Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Abstract
The invention provides an overcharge-preventing lithium ion battery electrolyte containing an organic silicon additive, which comprises a lithium salt, a composite solvent and an additive A, wherein the additive A is an organic silicon derivative and has a structural general formula as follows:
it has a siloxane bond as a main chain, wherein n1Is a natural number within 2-20, and the main structure of the molecule contains four biphenyl structures so as to form a cross-linked electrochemical polymer when overcharged, thereby better protecting the battery.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion battery preparation, in particular to an anti-overcharging lithium battery electrolyte containing an organic silicon additive.
Background
With the development of economy and the advancement of science and technology, portable electronic devices, hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles and the like are more and more widely inserted into the production and life of people, and among the devices, lithium ion batteries are widely applied. However, safety problems emerge endlessly, and the process is one of the most likely safety problems in the use of lithium ion batteries. Because most of the existing lithium ion batteries use extremely combustible carbonate organic electrolyte, the combustion and even explosion of the batteries are very likely to be caused by overcharge, overdischarge and overheating of the batteries, and thus great potential safety hazards are caused to the batteries, particularly power batteries. By improving the stability of the electrolyte, for example, the addition of an overcharge-preventing compound is an important method for enhancing the safety of lithium ion batteries.
Currently, there are two main types of overcharge-preventing electrolytes: redox type and electropolymerization type. Redox type such as anisole and its derivatives, characterized by that the overcharge protection mechanism is reversible, can repeat overcharge protection many times, but anisole oxidation potential is lower, starts redox reaction below the normal working voltage of lithium ion (4.2V), is not suitable for some high voltage lithium ion batteries. The electropolymerization type is mainly simple cyclohexylbenzene, dimethylbenzene and biphenyl compound compounds, which can generate polymerization reaction when the battery exceeds a certain voltage, so that the surface of an electrode is covered to increase the internal resistance of the battery, and the charging current is clamped to protect the battery. However, these compounds are easily burnt, and the protective film formed during overcharge is not sufficiently fast, so that the battery is not sufficiently protected, and the cycle performance of the battery is affected.
Patent document CN107946648A discloses that 1, 1' -biphenyl additive is added into lithium battery electrolyte, and the additive can be oxidized and decomposed prior to the electrolyte when the lithium battery is overcharged, so as to block the electrolyte from contacting with the electrode surface and improve the safety performance.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: the utility model provides a prevent overcharge lithium battery electrolyte, prevent overcharge electrolyte can cover on the pole piece surface in the battery overcharge high efficiency form the netted some chemical polymer of fine and close cross-linking more rapidly, protect the battery better, do not smoke, do not catch fire, do not explode, obviously improve the security performance of battery, and do not influence the cycling performance and the low temperature performance of battery.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
an overcharge-prevention lithium ion battery electrolyte containing an organic silicon additive is characterized in that: the electrolyte comprises lithium salt, a composite solvent and an additive A, wherein the additive A is an organic silicon derivative and has a special molecular structure, and the structural general formula of the additive A is as follows:
it takes a silicon-oxygen bond as a main chain, and contains four biphenyl structures on a main body structure of a molecule, wherein n is1Is a natural number within 1-100. Additive A forming crosslinks on overchargeElectrochemical polymers, can better protect the battery.
Wherein n is2、n3、n4、n5Each independently is a natural number within 2-5.
n2、n3、n4、n5May be the same or different.
R1, R2, R3 and R4 are respectively and independently one of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, methoxy, ethoxy and phenyl.
R1, R2, R3 and R4 may be the same group or different groups.
R5, R6, R7 and R8 are respectively and independently one of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano-group, trifluoroacetyl group, carboxyl, lithium carboxylate, sulfonic acid group and lithium sulfonate.
R5, R6, R7 and R8 may be the same group or different groups.
Preferably, the addition amount of the lithium ion battery electrolyte is 0.5-10% of the total mass of the lithium ion battery electrolyte.
The lithium salt is at least one of inorganic lithium salt, organic lithium borate and lithium salts of sulfonyl imide; the composite solvent is a carbonate solvent, and the carbonate solvent comprises at least two solvents of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate or polycarbonate.
The invention further provides a lithium battery employing an electrolyte as described above. The electrolyte is suitable for common lithium ion batteries and power lithium ion batteries.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention discloses an overcharge-proof electrolyte containing an organic silicon additive (additive A) by adding an overcharge-proof additive and further modifying the existing overcharge-proof additive and combining some characteristics of organic silicon.
2. The organic silicon compound has the advantages of excellent thermal stability, low combustibility, low volatility, low viscosity, small temperature viscosity coefficient, small surface tension, good mobility, high and low temperature resistance, high decomposition voltage resistance and the like, so the organic silicon compound is more difficult to combust and is more resistant to high voltage and difficult to decompose when being overcharged compared with common overcharge-resistant electrolyte.
3. Because the viscosity of the organic silicon compound is low and the temperature viscosity coefficient is small, the low-temperature performance and the cycle performance of the electrolyte are not influenced when the additive A is added.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantageous technical effects of the present invention clearer, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the examples described in this specification are for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to limit the invention, and the formulation, proportions, etc. of the examples may be selected appropriately without materially affecting the results.
The present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the general formula of additive a, wherein n2= n3= n4= n5= 2, R1, R2, R3, R4= CH3, R5, R6, R7, and R8= Cl.
The synthesis method of the additive A comprises the following steps:
1. synthesis of dimethyl tetra (3' -chloro) biphenyl disiloxane
450g of methyl di (3' -chloro) biphenyl ethoxy silane and 450mL of LiOH aqueous solution (about 5 percent of mass fraction) are added into a reaction kettle in sequence, the temperature is slowly increased to 100 ℃ within 1h, then the reaction is kept for 15-20h, and when the refractive index of distillate is close to 1.333, the reaction is finished. Naturally cooling to room temperature, filtering, washing with water for multiple times to neutrality, performing suction filtration, and finally performing vacuum drying on the obtained product at 95 ℃ for 10 hours to obtain the dimethyl tetra (3' -chloro) biphenyl disiloxane. The reaction equation is as follows:
2. a Synthesis of Compounds
96g of dimethyl tetra (3' -chloro) biphenyl disiloxane, 228g of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and 7.3g of concentrated sulfuric acid were added to a reaction vessel, and N was charged2Protecting, carrying out polymerization reaction at 60-65 ℃ for 12h, cooling to room temperature, washing with saturated sodium carbonate solution to be neutral, washing with deionized water twice, carrying out oil-water separation, collecting oil phase, and carrying out reduced pressure distillation to remove residual water in the oil phase to obtain the compound A. The reaction equation is as follows:
example 1:
in a glove box filled with argon (H2O <15ppm), the mass ratio of dimethyl carbonate: methyl ethyl carbonate: ethylene carbonate: uniformly mixing propylene carbonate =1:2:2:1, and then dissolving lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in the mixed solution, wherein the concentration of the lithium hexafluorophosphate is 1.0 mol/L; and finally, adding the compound A with the mass percentage of 2% as an additive to obtain the required electrolyte.
Example 2:
in a glove box filled with argon (H2O <15ppm), the mass ratio of dimethyl carbonate: methyl ethyl carbonate: ethylene carbonate: uniformly mixing propylene carbonate =1:2:3:1, and then dissolving lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in the mixed solution, wherein the concentration of the lithium hexafluorophosphate is 1.0 mol/L; and finally, adding the compound A with the mass percentage of 2% as an additive to obtain the required electrolyte.
Example 3:
in a glove box filled with argon (H2O <15ppm), the mass ratio of dimethyl carbonate: diethyl carbonate: ethylene carbonate: uniformly mixing propylene carbonate =1:2:2:1, and then dissolving lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in the mixed solution, wherein the concentration of the lithium hexafluorophosphate is 1.1 mol/L; and finally, adding the compound A with the mass percentage of 2% as an additive to obtain the required electrolyte.
Example 4:
in a glove box filled with argon (H2O <15ppm), the mass ratio of dimethyl carbonate: diethyl carbonate: ethylene carbonate: uniformly mixing propylene carbonate =1:2:3:1, and then dissolving lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in the mixed solution, wherein the concentration of the lithium hexafluorophosphate is 1.1 mol/L; and finally, adding the compound A with the mass percentage of 2% as an additive to obtain the required electrolyte.
Example 5:
in a glove box filled with argon (H2O <15ppm), the mass ratio of dimethyl carbonate: methyl ethyl carbonate: ethylene carbonate: propylene carbonate: uniformly mixing methyl formate =1:2:2:2:1, and dissolving lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in the mixed solution, wherein the concentration of lithium hexafluorophosphate is 1.2 mol/L; and finally, adding the compound A with the mass percentage of 3% as an additive to obtain the required electrolyte.
Comparative example 1:
in a glove box filled with argon (H2O <15ppm), the mass ratio of dimethyl carbonate: methyl ethyl carbonate: ethylene carbonate: propylene carbonate =1:2:2:1, and then lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) was dissolved in the above mixed solution at a concentration of 1.0mol/L of the lithium hexafluorophosphate substance to obtain the electrolyte solution required in comparative example 1.
Comparative example 2:
in a glove box filled with argon (H2O <15ppm), the mass ratio of dimethyl carbonate: methyl ethyl carbonate: ethylene carbonate: propylene carbonate =1:2:3:1, then dissolving lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in the mixed solution, wherein the amount concentration of lithium hexafluorophosphate is 1.0mol/L, and finally adding 2% by mass of 1, 1' -biphenyl as an additive to obtain the electrolyte required by comparative example 2.
Comparative example 3:
in a glove box filled with argon (H2O <15ppm), the mass ratio of dimethyl carbonate: methyl ethyl carbonate: ethylene carbonate: propylene carbonate: methyl formate =1:2:2:2:1, then lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) was dissolved in the above mixed solution at a concentration of 1.2mol/L, and finally 1, 1' -biphenyl was added as an additive in an amount of 3% by mass to obtain the electrolyte required in comparative example 3.
Experimental test data items:
1, injecting the electrolyte prepared in all the examples and the comparative examples into power batteries of the same batch and the same model, and testing the cycle performance of the batteries subjected to 1C charging and discharging in a normal temperature environment at 3-4.2V.
2, injecting the electrolyte prepared in all the examples and the comparative examples into the power battery with the same batch and the same model, and testing the low-temperature discharge performance of the battery at the temperature of-20 ℃.
3, injecting the electrolyte prepared in all the examples and the comparative examples into the same batch of power batteries of the same model, and testing the overcharge prevention performance of the batteries at the charging voltage of 10V.
The test data are shown in table 1 below:
the results of the tests of the electrolytes of the examples and comparative examples in the table are shown in the same batch of cells: after the additive A is added into the common electrolyte, the additive A does not have adverse effect on the normal-temperature 1C cycle performance of the battery, while the addition of the common overcharge-preventing additive (such as 1, 1' -biphenyl) causes the reduction of the cycle performance of the battery core; similarly, the organic silicon compound has the advantages of low viscosity, small temperature viscosity coefficient, small surface tension, good mobility, high and low temperature resistance, so the electrolyte containing the additive A has better low-temperature performance; more importantly, as the organic silicon compounds have the advantages of excellent thermal stability, low flammability, low volatility, high decomposition voltage and the like, the electrolyte containing the additive A still has no flatulence and explosion when the charging voltage reaches 10V, and has excellent overcharge prevention performance, while the common electrolyte has the flatulence and explosion when the charging voltage is less than 10V, the electrolyte added with 1, 1' -biphenyl has no explosion when the adding amount is large (adding 3% of mass fraction), but the battery has serious flatulence, and the electrolyte added with less amount (adding 2% of mass fraction) has explosion, and has poor overcharge prevention performance.
Although the preferred embodiments of the present patent have been described in detail, the present patent is not limited to the above embodiments, and various changes can be made without departing from the spirit of the present patent within the knowledge of those skilled in the art.
Claims (7)
1. An overcharge-prevention lithium ion battery electrolyte containing an organic silicon additive is characterized in that: the electrolyte comprises lithium salt, a composite solvent and an additive A, wherein the additive A is an organic silicon derivative, and the structural general formula of the additive A is as follows:
the polymer takes a silicon-oxygen bond as a main chain, and a main body structure of a molecule contains four biphenyl structures; wherein n is1Is a natural number within 1-100, n2、n3、n4、n5The independent natural numbers are 2-5, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independent one of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, methoxy, ethoxy and phenyl, and R5, R6, R7 and R8 are independent one of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, trifluoroacetyl, carboxyl, lithium carboxylate, sulfonic acid group and lithium sulfonate.
2. The overcharge-prevention lithium ion battery electrolyte containing the organosilicon additive according to claim 1, wherein the additive a is added in an amount of 0.5 to 10% of the total mass of the lithium ion battery electrolyte.
3. The overcharge-prevention lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the lithium salt is at least one of an inorganic lithium salt, an organic lithium borate, and a lithium salt of a sulfonyl imide.
4. The overcharge-prevention lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the composite solvent is a carbonate-based solvent comprising at least two solvents of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, or polycarbonate.
5. A lithium battery, characterized in that an electrolyte according to any one of claims 1-4 is used.
6. A compound A, which is an organosilicon derivative, has a general structural formula:
wherein n is1Is a natural number within 1-100, n2、n3、n4、n5The independent natural numbers are 2-5, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independent one of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, methoxy, ethoxy and phenyl, and R5, R6, R7 and R8 are independent one of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, trifluoroacetyl, carboxyl, lithium carboxylate, sulfonic acid group and lithium sulfonate.
7. Use of a compound a according to claim 6 for electrolytes of lithium-ion batteries.
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