CN108862274B - Preparation method and application of cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material - Google Patents

Preparation method and application of cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material Download PDF

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CN108862274B
CN108862274B CN201810782746.0A CN201810782746A CN108862274B CN 108862274 B CN108862274 B CN 108862274B CN 201810782746 A CN201810782746 A CN 201810782746A CN 108862274 B CN108862274 B CN 108862274B
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cellulose
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porous carbon
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pulp
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CN108862274A (en
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杨飞
汤吕桥
冯郁成
李艳丽
何伟健
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South China University of Technology SCUT
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Abstract

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of a cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material. The method comprises the following steps: (1) pulping the bleached linseed pulp, wherein the pulping degree is 60-90 DEG SR, and then centrifugally dewatering to ensure that the solid content is 30-50% to obtain high-pulping-degree linseed pulp fiber; (2) uniformly mixing potassium hydroxide, urea and high-beating-degree linseed pulp, adding water for dissolving, and drying moisture to obtain a KOH/urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor; (3) and (2) carbonizing the KOH/urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor at high temperature under a vacuum condition, then etching by using hydrochloric acid, washing by water, performing suction filtration, and finally performing vacuum drying to obtain the cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material. The invention utilizes the synergistic effect of potassium hydroxide and urea to produce the activated carbon material, and the prepared hierarchical porous activated carbon with high specific surface area has obvious effect on the adsorption of heavy metal ions in water, and can be applied to the fields of heavy metal ion adsorption, electrode materials and the like.

Description

Preparation method and application of cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of functional materials, and particularly relates to a preparation method and application of a cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material.
Background
With the rapid development of the industry in China, the discharge of industrial sewage is increased, the heavy metal in the water body is seriously polluted, and microorganisms cannot degrade the heavy metal. The exceeding of the content of heavy metal ions such as mercury, cadmium, chromium, lead, copper and the like in the water body can cause harm to the health of human beings and the development of the society. Therefore, how to reduce the heavy metal pollution in the water body and recycle the heavy metals in the water is a great problem in the current society. At present, the removal of heavy metal ions in water mainly comprises a chemical precipitation method, an electrolysis method, a reverse osmosis method, a membrane separation method, an ion exchange method and the like. However, both the chemical adsorption method and the electrolytic method have disadvantages that they are not suitable for treating low-concentration heavy metal ion wastewater, the concentration of heavy metal ions is difficult to control within a standard range, and the treatment cost of the electrolytic method is high. Although the membrane separation treatment method and the ion adsorption method have good effects, the maintenance cost is relatively high due to the influence of the environment and impurities in water. The adsorption method is widely applied to industrial wastewater treatment due to the advantages of low cost, large adsorption capacity, strong operability, convenient regeneration treatment and the like.
The active porous carbon as adsorbent has not only rich pore structure and great specific surface area, but also rich hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl and other functional groups on its surface, and excellent hydrophilicity and chemical modification. Therefore, the layered porous carbon material with high specific surface area is provided and has important practical significance for removing heavy metal ions in water.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provides a preparation method of a cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material.
The invention also aims to provide the cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material prepared by the method. The carbon material has a very rich pore structure and a huge specific surface area, and a large amount of N, O elements are doped on the surface of the carbon material, so that the carbon material has good hydrophilicity and chemical modification.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide an application of the cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a preparation method of a cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material comprises the following steps:
(1) pulping the bleached linseed pulp, wherein the pulping degree is 60-90 DEG SR, and then centrifugally dewatering to ensure that the solid content is 30-50% (the solid content is the mass percentage of absolute dry content of pulp relative to aqueous pulp) to obtain high-pulping-degree linseed pulp fiber;
(2) uniformly mixing potassium hydroxide, urea and the high-beating-degree linseed pulp obtained in the step (1), adding water for dissolving, and drying water to obtain a KOH/urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor;
(3) and (3) carbonizing the KOH/urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor obtained in the step (2) at high temperature under a vacuum condition, then etching with hydrochloric acid, washing with water, filtering, and finally drying in vacuum to obtain the cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material.
The bleached linseed pulp in the step (1) is bleached linseed pulp with the cellulose content of 92-97% (w/w).
The beating in the step (1) is carried out by adopting a PFI (pulp and fiber) refiner; the beating degree is preferably 60-80 DEG SR.
The oven-dry mass ratio of the potassium hydroxide to the high-beating-degree linseed pulp fiber in the step (2) is 1-6: 1; preferably 2-5: 1.
The oven-dry mass ratio of the urea to the high-beating-degree linseed pulp fiber in the step (2) is 1-4: 1.
The water in the step (2) is preferably deionized water.
The oven-dry mass ratio of the water to the high-beating-degree bleached linseed pulp in the step (2) is 40: 1.
And (3) drying the water in the drying oven at 105 ℃.
The high-temperature carbonization in the step (3) is high-temperature carbonization in a vacuum tube type sintering furnace; the high-temperature carbonization conditions are as follows: heating to 600-900 ℃ at a heating rate of 2-10 ℃/min, and then preserving heat for 1-4 h; preferably: under the protection of nitrogen, heating to 600-900 ℃ at a heating rate of 2-8 ℃/min, and then preserving heat for 1-4 h.
The flow velocity of the nitrogen is 50-250 cm3/min;
The concentration of the hydrochloric acid in the step (3) is 0.5-2 mol/L.
The hydrochloric acid etching time in the step (3) is preferably 1 h.
A cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material prepared by any one of the methods described above.
The cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material is applied to the fields of heavy metal adsorption, wastewater purification, electrode materials and the like.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and effects:
(1) the method takes the bleached linseed pulp as the raw material, accords with the concept of environmental protection, and has the advantages of wide raw material source, simple and convenient process and wide application. The cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material with large specific surface area can be obtained by synergistically activating the cellulose-based precursor by using potassium hydroxide and urea, and the carbon material obtained after high-temperature carbonization has abundant functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl and carbonyl on the surface and is doped with a large amount of N, O elements, so that the activity of the carbon material is enhanced, and the carbon material has a remarkable adsorption effect on heavy metal ions in a water body.
(2) The potassium hydroxide and the urea generate synergistic action, the carbon material is activated, the hierarchical porous activated carbon with high specific surface area is prepared, the adsorption effect on the heavy metal ions in the water body is remarkable, the process is simple, and the prepared porous carbon material can be widely applied to the fields of heavy metal ion adsorption, electrode materials and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows a cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material N prepared in example 32Isothermal adsorption-desorption curve and aperture distribution diagram; wherein, the diagram A is N2Isothermal adsorption and desorption curve diagram; and the diagram B is an aperture distribution diagram.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
The bleached linseed pulp in the preparation method is purchased from special paper industry limited of Fengcai (from the chen Tai), and other raw materials and reagents can be purchased from the market.
Example 1
A preparation method of a cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material comprises the following steps:
(1) bleached flax pulp having a cellulose content of 92.5% (w/w) was highly beaten by a PFI refiner at a freeness of 60 SR, dewatered by a high speed centrifuge, moisture balanced and a pulp solids content of 30.78% (mass% of pulp absolute dry to aqueous pulp) was determined.
(2) Mixing the potassium hydroxide, the urea and the high-beating-degree bleached linseed pulp obtained in the step (1) according to the oven-dry mass ratio of 2:1: 1. Adding a proper amount of deionized water (the mass ratio of the deionized water to the bleached flaxseed pulp is 40:1) to completely dissolve the potassium hydroxide and the urea, and uniformly mixing the pulp and the solution. And (3) putting the mixed system into a drying oven at 105 ℃ to dry water to obtain a solid-phase KOH/urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor.
(3) Putting the KOH/urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor into a vacuum tube type sintering furnace, vacuumizing, introducing nitrogen for protection, and ensuring that the airflow is 50cm3Min; then heating to 600 ℃ at the speed of 2 ℃/min, and preserving heat for 1h to obtain cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon; and then etching the mixture for 1 hour (room temperature) at room temperature by using 0.5mol/L hydrochloric acid, washing with water, carrying out suction filtration, and carrying out vacuum drying to obtain the cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material.
Example 2
A preparation method of a cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material comprises the following steps:
(1) bleached flax pulp having a cellulose content of 94% (w/w) was highly beaten by a PFI refiner at a freeness of 70 SR, dewatered by a high speed centrifuge, moisture balanced and a pulp solids content of 35.34% (mass% of pulp absolute dry relative to aqueous pulp) was determined.
(2) Mixing the potassium hydroxide, the urea and the high-beating-degree bleached linseed pulp according to the oven-dry mass ratio of 3:2: 1. Adding a proper amount of deionized water (the absolute dry mass ratio of the deionized water to the bleached linseed pulp is 40:1) to completely dissolve the potassium hydroxide and the urea, and uniformly mixing the pulp and the solution. And (3) putting the mixed system into a drying oven at 105 ℃ to dry water to obtain a solid-phase KOH/urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor.
(3) Putting the KOH/urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor into a vacuum tube type sintering furnace, vacuumizing, introducing nitrogen for protection, and controlling the airflow to be 100cm3Min; then heating to 700 ℃ at a speed of 4 ℃/min, and preserving heat for 2h to obtain cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon; then etching with 1mol/L hydrochloric acid for 1h at room temperature, washing with water, filtering, and vacuum drying to obtain cellulose base layerA sub-porous carbon material.
Example 3
A preparation method of a cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material comprises the following steps:
(1) bleached flax pulp having a cellulose content of 95.5% (w/w) was highly beaten by a PFI refiner at a freeness of 80 SR, dewatered by a high speed centrifuge, moisture balanced and a pulp solids content of 40.86% (mass% of pulp absolute dry to aqueous pulp) was determined.
(2) Mixing the potassium hydroxide, the urea and the high-beating-degree bleached linseed pulp according to the oven-dry mass ratio of 4:3: 1. Adding a proper amount of deionized water (the absolute dry mass ratio of the deionized water to the bleached linseed pulp is 40:1) to completely dissolve the potassium hydroxide and the urea, and uniformly mixing the pulp and the solution. And (3) putting the mixed system into a drying oven at 105 ℃ to dry water to obtain a solid-phase KOH/urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor.
(3) Putting the KOH/urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor into a vacuum tube type sintering furnace, vacuumizing, introducing nitrogen for protection, and controlling the airflow to be 150cm3Min; then heating to 800 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, and preserving heat for 3h to obtain cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon; and then etching the substrate with 1.5mol/L hydrochloric acid for 1 hour at room temperature, washing with water, carrying out suction filtration, and carrying out vacuum drying to obtain the cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material.
Example 4
A preparation method of a cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material comprises the following steps:
(1) bleached flax pulp with a cellulose content of 97% (w/w) was highly beaten by a PFI refiner with a freeness of 80 SR, then dewatered by a high speed centrifuge, moisture balanced and the pulp solids content determined to be 45.75% (mass percent of pulp absolute dry to aqueous pulp).
(2) Mixing the potassium hydroxide, the urea and the high-beating-degree bleached linseed pulp according to the oven-dry mass ratio of 5:4: 1. Adding a proper amount of deionized water (the absolute dry mass ratio of the deionized water to the bleached linseed pulp is 40:1) to completely dissolve the potassium hydroxide and the urea, and uniformly mixing the pulp and the solution. And (3) putting the mixed system into a drying oven at 105 ℃ to dry water to obtain a solid-phase KOH/urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor.
(3) Putting the KOH/urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor into a vacuum tube type sintering furnace, vacuumizing, introducing nitrogen for protection, and ensuring that the airflow is 200cm3Min; then heating to 900 ℃ at the speed of 8 ℃/min, and preserving heat for 4h to obtain cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon; and etching the substrate with 2mol/L hydrochloric acid for 1 hour at room temperature, washing with water, performing suction filtration, and performing vacuum drying to obtain the cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material.
Comparative example 1
A method for preparing a cellulose-based porous carbon material, comprising the steps of:
(1) bleached flax pulp having a cellulose content of 95.5% (w/w) was highly beaten by a PFI refiner at a freeness of 80 SR, dewatered by a high speed centrifuge, moisture balanced and a pulp solids content of 40.86% (mass% of pulp absolute dry to aqueous pulp) was determined.
(2) And mixing the potassium hydroxide and the high-beating-degree bleached linseed pulp according to the oven dry mass ratio of 4: 1. Adding a proper amount of deionized water (the absolute dry mass ratio of the deionized water to the bleached linseed pulp is 40:1) to completely dissolve the potassium hydroxide, and uniformly mixing the pulp and the solution. And (3) putting the mixed system into a drying oven at 105 ℃ to dry to obtain a solid-phase KOH/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor.
(3) Putting the KOH/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor into a vacuum tube type sintering furnace, vacuumizing, introducing nitrogen for protection, and controlling the airflow to be 150cm3Min; then heating to 800 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, and preserving heat for 3h to obtain cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon; and then etching the substrate with 1.5mol/L hydrochloric acid for 1 hour at room temperature, washing with water, carrying out suction filtration, and carrying out vacuum drying to obtain the cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material.
Comparative example 2
A method for preparing a cellulose-based porous carbon material, comprising the steps of:
(1) bleached flax pulp having a cellulose content of 95.5% (w/w) was highly beaten by a PFI refiner at a freeness of 80 SR, dewatered by a high speed centrifuge, moisture balanced and a pulp solids content of 40.86% (mass% of pulp absolute dry to aqueous pulp) was determined.
(2) And mixing the urea and the high-beating-degree bleached linseed pulp according to the oven dry mass ratio of 3: 1. Adding a proper amount of deionized water (the absolute dry mass ratio of the deionized water to the bleached linseed pulp is 40:1) to completely dissolve the urea, and uniformly mixing the pulp and the solution. And (3) putting the mixed system into a drying oven at 105 ℃ to dry to obtain a solid-phase urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor.
(3) Putting the urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor into a vacuum tube type sintering furnace, vacuumizing, introducing nitrogen for protection, and ensuring that the airflow is 150cm3Min; then heating to 800 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, and preserving heat for 3h to obtain cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon; and then etching the substrate with 1.5mol/L hydrochloric acid for 1 hour at room temperature, washing with water, carrying out suction filtration, and carrying out vacuum drying to obtain the cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material.
Effects of the embodiment
And (3) testing the adsorption performance and the specific surface area and pore size distribution of the cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material.
The heavy metal ion adsorption performance, the specific surface area and the pore size distribution of the cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon materials prepared in the examples 1 to 4 and the comparative examples 1 to 2 were tested.
Testing the adsorption performance of heavy metal ions: preparing 100mg/L Pb2+And (4) standard solution. The prepared carbon material was ground into powder, 6mg of the ground carbon material was weighed and added to 100mg/L of lead ion solution (20 ml), and stirred at 25 ℃ for 60min with a magnetic stirrer at 150r/min for adsorption test. After the adsorption is completed, the solution is put into a centrifuge to be centrifuged for 10min at the speed of 3000r/min, and then supernatant liquid is taken. Analysis of Pb in solution with atomic absorption Spectrophotometer2+And (4) concentration.
The heavy metal ion adsorption quantity Q (mg/g) is calculated by the following formula: q ═ C0-CT) X V/m (formula: c0For adsorbing heavy metal ions Pb in the solution before2+Mass concentration of (C)TFor adsorbing heavy metal ions Pb in the solution2+V represents Pb2+Volume of solution, m is mass of cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon).The test results are shown in Table 1.
Specific surface area and pore size distribution test: before testing the sample, the sample (cellulose-based layered porous carbon material) was degassed by placing it at 150 ℃ for 10 hours to remove volatile substances from the surface of the material. Analysis was performed using a Micommunications ASAP 2460 model automatic specific surface area and pore size Analyzer. The specific surface area and pore size distribution of the porous carbon material were obtained by the BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) theoretical calculation method, and the results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 shows the Pb pair of cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon materials prepared in examples 1 to 4 and comparative examples 1 to 22+The results of the adsorption amount, specific surface area and pore size distribution measurements are as follows
Sample (I) Pb2+Adsorption Capacity (mg/g) Specific surface area (m)2/g) Average pore diameter (nm)
Example 1 21.52 1245.89 2.4519
Example 2 25.36 1460.35 2.2347
Example 3 31.09 1603.56 1.9186
Example 4 30.46 1513.49 1.9453
Comparative example 1 19.34 1078.94 2.9781
Comparative example 2 18.35 578.43 3.8675
In table 1, comparative example 1 is the activation of a cellulose-based precursor by potassium hydroxide alone, and comparative example 2 is the activation of a cellulose-based precursor by urea alone; therefore, the specific surface area of the cellulose-based porous carbon material can be obviously improved by simultaneously activating the cellulose-based precursor by using the potassium hydroxide and the urea, a large number of micropores are generated, the activity of the carbon material is increased, and the heavy metal ion adsorption effect is improved. In addition, with the improvement of the quality of the potassium hydroxide, the specific surface area of the cellulose-based porous carbon material is increased and then reduced, because a proper amount of potassium hydroxide can perform proper pore forming on the carbon material to generate more micropores; excessive potassium hydroxide can destroy the pore structure, so that the pores of the carbon material are collapsed, and macropores and mesopores are increased, thereby reducing the specific surface area of the carbon material.
FIG. 1 shows the best results of N in the cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material prepared in example 32The isothermal adsorption-desorption curve and the pore size distribution can be seen from the figure that the carbon material belongs to the IV-type hysteresis loop specified by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), and the carbon material is mostly microporous with a small amount of mesogensAnd (4) a hole.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A preparation method of a cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) pulping the bleached linseed pulp, wherein the pulping degree is 60-90 DEG SR, and then centrifugally dewatering to ensure that the solid content is 30-50% to obtain high-pulping-degree linseed pulp fiber;
(2) uniformly mixing potassium hydroxide, urea and the high-beating-degree linseed pulp obtained in the step (1), adding water for dissolving, and drying water to obtain a KOH/urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor;
(3) carrying out high-temperature carbonization on the KOH/urea/linseed pulp cellulose-based precursor obtained in the step (2) under a vacuum condition, then etching by using hydrochloric acid, washing by water, carrying out suction filtration, and finally carrying out vacuum drying to obtain a cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material;
the bleached linseed pulp in the step (1) is bleached linseed pulp with the cellulose content of 92-97% (w/w);
the oven-dry mass ratio of the potassium hydroxide to the high-beating-degree linseed pulp fiber in the step (2) is 1-6: 1;
the absolute dry mass ratio of the urea to the high-beating-degree linseed pulp fiber in the step (2) is 1-4: 1;
the high-temperature carbonization conditions in the step (3) are as follows: under the protection of nitrogen, heating to 600-900 ℃ at a heating rate of 2-8 ℃/min, and then preserving heat for 1-4 h; the flow velocity of the nitrogen is 50-250 cm3/min。
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material is prepared by: the concentration of the hydrochloric acid in the step (3) is 0.5-2 mol/L.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material is prepared by:
the oven-dry mass ratio of the water to the high-beating-degree bleached linseed pulp in the step (2) is 40: 1.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material is prepared by:
the drying in the step (2) is drying in a drying oven at 105 ℃;
and (4) the hydrochloric acid etching time in the step (3) is 1 h.
5. A cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material characterized by: prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 4.
6. The cellulose-based hierarchical porous carbon material according to claim 5, which is used in the fields of heavy metal adsorption, wastewater purification or electrode materials.
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