CN108825223B - Method for extracting bedding characteristics of shale stratum - Google Patents
Method for extracting bedding characteristics of shale stratum Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000011514 reflex Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000011218 segmentation Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010219 correlation analysis Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003079 shale oil Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013178 mathematical model Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GFRMDONOCHESDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Th].[U] Chemical compound [Th].[U] GFRMDONOCHESDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-OUBTZVSYSA-N potassium-40 Chemical compound [40K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-LZFNBGRKSA-N thorium-238 Chemical compound [238Th] ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-LZFNBGRKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- -1 uranium ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-OIOBTWANSA-N uranium-235 Chemical compound [235U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-OIOBTWANSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for extracting the bedding characteristics of a shale stratum, and belongs to the field of unconventional oil and gas geophysical logging. The method comprises the steps of calculating the distance (standard Euclidean distance) of the logging information by taking the acoustic velocity and the rock density as input parameters, then respectively calculating the inter-class distance and the intra-class distance, and carrying out ordered clustering analysis to obtain the qualitative bedding characteristic curve of the rock. Obtaining shale bedding characteristic information indoors, and performing deep homing on a plurality of samples simultaneously (homing precision is required to be less than +/-1 m); and (4) extracting information by combining the bedding characteristic curve and the indoor shale bedding characteristic to construct a logging interpretation model. The bedding characteristics (bedding angles and bedding densities) of the shale stratum can be indirectly obtained through the model, and further the knowledge of the shale stratum is deepened.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of unconventional oil and gas geophysical logging, and particularly relates to a method for extracting bedding characteristics of a shale stratum.
Background
Compared with the traditional petroleum energy, the shale oil gas becomes a new field of energy exploration and development at home and abroad due to the advantages of huge reserves, wide distribution and the like. Worldwide, it is estimated that 50% of energy demand will come from shale (EIA, 2014) in 2040 years. According to EIA statistics, the reserves of dense oil and shale oil are about 73 hundred million barrels. However, unconventional oil and gas resources such as shale oil and gas resources are more difficult to explore and develop than conventional oil reservoirs due to the special physicochemical properties of the unconventional oil and gas resources. In order to solve a series of problems of shale oil and gas reservoir exploration and development, the shale oil and gas reservoir exploration and development method comprises the following steps: the problems of well wall stability, oil and gas reservoir resource evaluation, acid fracturing production increase, displacement and recovery increase and the like are all related to the special bedding structure.
A large body of literature indicates that the bedding characteristics (bedding density and bedding angle) of shale are related to its mechanical properties (young's modulus, poisson's ratio, compressive strength, tensile strength, shear strength, cohesion, internal friction angle, etc.). Many experts and scholars also consider that the physical characteristics of shale are related to the physical parameters such as porosity and permeability.
At present, the main method for acquiring the shale bedding characteristics is through a geophysical evaluation method. The method is characterized in that a relation between each anisotropy parameter and horizontal bedding is constructed on the basis of a shale oil and gas reservoir inverted by polarization anisotropy through a seismic means. The bedding characteristics of the shale are simply extracted through the anisotropic parameters, so that the method is insufficient in precision and insufficient in practical application process.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for extracting the bedding characteristics of a shale stratum, and aims to build a logging interpretation model and indirectly obtain the bedding characteristics (bedding angle and bedding density) of the shale stratum through the model so as to deepen the understanding of the shale stratum.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a method for extracting the bedding characteristics of a shale stratum is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, acquiring logging information comprising acoustic velocity and rock density, calculating a standard Euclidean distance curve based on the acoustic velocity and the rock density, then respectively calculating inter-class distance and intra-class distance, and performing ordered clustering analysis to acquire a qualitative bedding characteristic curve of the rock; then obtaining shale bedding characteristic information of a plurality of logging shale standard samples indoors, and simultaneously performing depth homing on the plurality of logging shale standard samples; then, extracting information by combining the qualitative bedding characteristic curve and the indoor shale bedding characteristic to construct a logging interpretation model; the bedding characteristics of the shale stratum including bedding propagation direction angles and vertical bedding surface density can be indirectly obtained through the model;
after the ordered clustering analysis is carried out, the clustered curve is segmented according to the sequence of the stratum depths, and the correlation analysis of the bedding density and the segmentation width is obtained and used as the qualitative bedding characteristic curve of the rock;
the well logging interpretation model is a correlation model based on a bedding propagation direction angle, vertical bedding surface density and interlayer spacing of a certain layer after ordered clustering.
The further technical scheme is that the method for acquiring the qualitative bedding characteristic curve comprises the following steps:
the logging information comprising the acoustic velocity and the rock density is used as basic parameters, and a distance curve based on the acoustic velocity and the rock density can be calculated by a standard Euclidean distance formula, wherein the formula is as follows:
in the formula, D is the standard Euclidean distance of the acoustic wave speed and the rock density, and is dimensionless;
a1-a sound velocity weighting factor, with a value ranging between 0 and 1, dimensionless;
a2-a rock density weight coefficient, with a value range between 0 and 1, dimensionless;
x1acoustic velocity at a depth of k meters, unit: μ s/m;
x2acoustic velocity at a depth of k + i meters, in units of: μ s/m, wherein i is precision, i is less than +/-1 m;
y1-rock density at a depth of k meters, in units of: g/cm3；
y2-rock density at a depth of k + i meters, in units of: g/cm3；
Then, the intra-class distance of the curve can be calculated according to the formula (2), and the inter-class distance of the curve can be calculated according to the formula (3):
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
performing ordered clustering according to the minimum intra-class distance and the maximum inter-class distance as an optimized objective function;
the standard Euclidean distance curves of the acoustic wave speed and the rock density can be orderly clustered through clustering, and the clustered curves are segmented according to the ordering of the stratum depth; obtaining a qualitative bedding characteristic curve of the shale, wherein the formula is as follows:
where ρ -the density of the bedding plane along the acoustic propagation path; unit: strips/mm;
a-conversion coefficient, dimensionless;
Δ d — distance of a certain layer after ordered clustering, unit: mm/strip.
The further technical scheme is that the method for acquiring the shale bedding texture characteristic information indoors is to extract the shale macro-structure characteristic indirectly by extracting the surface shale bedding texture information.
The further technical scheme is that the method for acquiring the indoor shale bedding characteristic information comprises the following specific steps:
first, take a picture
Selecting a plurality of well logging shale standard samples as research objects, carrying out photo shooting on the shale standard samples in the transverse direction and the longitudinal direction through a high-resolution single-lens reflex camera, and extracting image information of the shale standard samples;
second, clear drawing of image
Removing peripheral irrelevant information of the shale standard core image obtained by shooting, and further performing cleaning processing on the image by using matlab;
third, graying
Reading the clear painted image by using MATLAB, and converting the image into a gray image;
fourth, binary
Carrying out binarization on the gray level image;
reading value
Reading according to the following relation between the vertical bedding surface density rho and the bedding surface density rho' in the propagation direction in the rock core which is uniformly distributed and flat in bedding;
ρ'＝ρcosα (5)
θ+α＝90° (6)
in the formula, theta is a cut surface angle of the core, which refers to an included angle between the cut surface of the core and a bedding surface, and the dimension is degree;
alpha is a propagation direction angle, refers to an included angle between a sound wave propagation path and a bedding surface, and is a dimension;
rho is the density of a vertical bedding surface, which is the density of the bedding surface calculated when the density of the bedding surface is vertical to the bedding surface, and the dimension is strip/mm or strip/m;
rho' is the propagation direction bedding surface density, which is the bedding surface density transmitted on the acoustic wave propagation path, and the dimension is strip/mm or strip/m.
The further technical scheme is that the well logging interpretation model is as follows:
in the formula, alpha is a propagation direction angle, refers to an included angle between a sound wave propagation path and a bedding surface, and the unit is degree;
a is a conversion coefficient;
ρ0the density of the vertical bedding surface is calculated when the density of the bedding surface is vertical to the bedding surface, and the unit is strip/mm or strip/m;
Δ d — distance of a certain layer after ordered clustering, unit: mm/strip.
The technical scheme is that the depth homing method for the multiple logging shale standard samples comprises the following specific steps:
determining the depth of a rock by taking the porosity and the radioactive element content of the rock under the stratum as marker indexes, and obtaining the coring depth of a plurality of logging shale standard samples in logging by a method for testing the porosity or the radioactive element content of the rock indoors; and comparing the porosity or the content of radioactive elements of the standard logging shale sample measured in the experiment according to a comparison table of the porosity or the content of the radioactive elements and the depth of the logging shale core, and then returning.
The technical scheme is that the depth homing method for the multiple logging shale standard samples comprises the following specific steps:
(1) performing a rock porosity experiment or a radioactive element content experiment indoors, and testing by adopting radioactive elements to obtain radioactive strength experiment data of the rock; a uranium-removed gamma content-logging shale coring depth comparison table is used as a homing index;
(2) and (3) obtaining the coring depth of the radioactive intensity experimental data of the rock according to the uranium removal gamma content-logging shale coring depth comparison table, recording the coring depth into a logging curve, and further adjusting the core depth according to actually measured radioactive data in the logging curve.
Adopt the produced beneficial effect of above-mentioned technical scheme to lie in: the method comprises the steps of calculating the distance (standard Euclidean distance) of the logging information by taking the acoustic velocity and the rock density as input parameters, then respectively calculating the inter-class distance and the intra-class distance, and carrying out ordered clustering analysis to obtain the qualitative bedding characteristic curve of the rock. Obtaining shale bedding characteristic information indoors, and performing deep homing on a plurality of samples simultaneously (homing precision is required to be less than +/-1 m); and (4) extracting information by combining the bedding characteristic curve and the indoor shale bedding characteristic to construct a logging interpretation model. The bedding characteristics (bedding angles and bedding densities) of the shale stratum can be indirectly obtained through the model, and further the knowledge of the shale stratum is deepened.
Drawings
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
Fig. 1 is a longitudinal-transverse raw photograph of a standard core of numbered 15 shales;
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal-transverse clear-drawn picture of a standard core numbered 15 shale;
FIG. 3 is a longitudinal-transverse binarization photograph of a number 15 shale standard core;
FIG. 4 is a macro-structural feature of a different core;
FIG. 5 is a view of the logging curve prior to adjustment during homing;
FIG. 6 is a plot of the adjusted logging curve during homing;
FIG. 7 is a continuous shale bedding profile;
fig. 8 is a flow chart of steps of a method for extracting bedding characteristics of a shale formation.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention, but the present invention may be practiced in other ways than those specifically described and will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and therefore the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.
The invention discloses a method for extracting the bedding characteristics of a shale stratum (as shown in figure 8), which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, acquiring logging information comprising acoustic velocity and rock density, calculating a standard Euclidean distance curve based on the acoustic velocity and the rock density, then respectively calculating inter-class distance and intra-class distance, and performing ordered clustering analysis to acquire a qualitative bedding characteristic curve of the rock; then obtaining shale bedding characteristic information of a plurality of logging shale standard samples indoors, and simultaneously performing depth homing on the plurality of logging shale standard samples; then, extracting information by combining the qualitative bedding characteristic curve and the indoor shale bedding characteristic to construct a logging interpretation model; the bedding characteristics of the shale stratum including bedding propagation direction angles and vertical bedding surface density can be indirectly obtained through the model;
after the ordered clustering analysis is carried out, the clustered curve is segmented according to the sequence of the stratum depths, and the correlation analysis of the bedding density and the segmentation width is obtained and used as the qualitative bedding characteristic curve of the rock;
the well logging interpretation model is a correlation model based on a bedding propagation direction angle, vertical bedding surface density and interlayer spacing of a certain layer after ordered clustering.
Preferably, the method for obtaining the qualitative bedding characteristic curve comprises the following steps:
the logging information comprising the acoustic velocity and the rock density is used as basic parameters, and a distance curve based on the acoustic velocity and the rock density can be calculated by a standard Euclidean distance formula, wherein the formula is as follows:
in the formula, D is the standard Euclidean distance of the acoustic wave speed and the rock density, and is dimensionless;
a1-a sound velocity weighting factor, with a value ranging between 0 and 1, dimensionless;
a2-a rock density weight coefficient, with a value range between 0 and 1, dimensionless;
x1acoustic velocity at a depth of k meters, unit: μ s/m;
x2acoustic velocity at a depth of k + i meters, in units of: μ s/m, wherein i is precision, i is less than +/-1 m;
y1-rock density at a depth of k meters, in units of: g/cm3；
y2-rock density at a depth of k + i meters, in units of: g/cm3；
Then, the intra-class distance of the curve can be calculated according to the formula (2), and the inter-class distance of the curve can be calculated according to the formula (3):
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
performing ordered clustering according to the minimum intra-class distance and the maximum inter-class distance as an optimized objective function;
the standard Euclidean distance curves of the acoustic wave speed and the rock density can be orderly clustered through clustering, and the clustered curves are segmented according to the ordering of the stratum depth; obtaining a qualitative bedding characteristic curve of the shale, wherein the formula is as follows:
where ρ -the density of the bedding plane along the acoustic propagation path; unit: strips/mm;
a-conversion coefficient, dimensionless;
Δ d — distance of a certain layer after ordered clustering, unit: mm/strip.
Preferably, the method for acquiring the bedding characteristic information of the shale indoors is to extract the surface bedding characteristic information and further indirectly extract the macroscopic structural characteristic of the shale.
Preferably, the method for acquiring the indoor shale bedding characteristic information includes the following steps:
first, take a picture
Selecting a plurality of well logging shale standard samples as research objects, carrying out photo shooting on the shale standard samples in the transverse direction and the longitudinal direction through a high-resolution single-lens reflex camera, and extracting image information of the shale standard samples;
second, clear drawing of image
Removing peripheral irrelevant information of the shale standard core image obtained by shooting, and further performing cleaning processing on the image by using matlab;
third, graying
Reading the clear painted image by using MATLAB, and converting the image into a gray image;
fourth, binary
Carrying out binarization on the gray level image;
reading value
Reading according to the following relation between the vertical bedding surface density rho and the bedding surface density rho' in the propagation direction in the rock core which is uniformly distributed and flat in bedding;
ρ'＝ρcosα (5)
θ+α＝90° (6)
in the formula, theta is a cut surface angle of the core, which refers to an included angle between the cut surface of the core and a bedding surface, and the dimension is degree;
alpha is a propagation direction angle, refers to an included angle between a sound wave propagation path and a bedding surface, and is a dimension;
rho is the density of a vertical bedding surface, which is the density of the bedding surface calculated when the density of the bedding surface is vertical to the bedding surface, and the dimension is strip/mm or strip/m;
rho' is the propagation direction bedding surface density, which is the bedding surface density transmitted on the acoustic wave propagation path, and the dimension is strip/mm or strip/m.
Preferably, the well logging interpretation model is:
in the formula, alpha is a propagation direction angle, refers to an included angle between a sound wave propagation path and a bedding surface, and the unit is degree;
a is a conversion coefficient;
ρ0the density of the vertical bedding surface is calculated when the density of the bedding surface is vertical to the bedding surface, and the unit is strip/mm or strip/m;
Δ d — distance of a certain layer after ordered clustering, unit: mm/strip.
Preferably, the specific steps of performing depth homing on a plurality of logging shale standard samples are as follows:
determining the depth of a rock by taking the porosity and the radioactive element content of the rock under the stratum as marker indexes, and obtaining the coring depth of a plurality of logging shale standard samples in logging by a method for testing the porosity or the radioactive element content of the rock indoors; and comparing the porosity or the content of radioactive elements of the standard logging shale sample measured in the experiment according to a comparison table of the porosity or the content of the radioactive elements and the depth of the logging shale core, and then returning.
Preferably, the specific steps of performing depth homing on a plurality of logging shale standard samples are as follows:
the principle is as follows: since the porosity and the radioactivity content (uranium 235, thorium 238 and potassium 40) of rock under the stratum can be used as a marker index to determine the depth of the rock according to the stratum, the depth of the rock core can be compared with the porosity and the radioactivity content obtained by well logging by a method for testing the porosity or the radioactivity content of the rock indoors, and then the rock is restored. The specific steps and operation examples are as follows:
(1) rock porosity experiments or radioactive content experiments are conducted indoors, and radioactive strength experiment data of rocks can be obtained by using radioactive tests. As the influence of uranium ions in the hydrodynamic force can cause error influence on radioactive homing, the uranium-depleted gamma is used as a homing index. The results are shown in the following table:
| numbering | Content of uranium | Thorium content | Potassium content | Content of uranium removed | Depth of coring |
| Unit of | ug/g | ug/g | ug/g | ug/g | m |
| 15-1 | 0.062 | 3.424 | 9.294 | 12.718 | 1832 |
| 15-2 | 0.022 | 4.551 | 15.213 | 19.764 | 1832 |
| 16-1 | 0.421 | 0.172 | 15.026 | 15.198 | 1855 |
| 17-1 | 0.228 | 0.215 | 6.032 | 6.247 | 1890 |
| 17-2 | 0.321 | 0.066 | 15.321 | 15.387 | 1890 |
| 17-3 | 0.023 | 0.132 | 19.213 | 19.345 | 1890 |
| 17-4 | 0.081 | 0.891 | 6.315 | 7.206 | 1890 |
(2) And recording the core data into a logging curve according to the coring depth, and further adjusting the core depth according to the actually measured radioactive data in the logging curve. For example, the original coring position of the core numbered 15-1 is at 1832 meters, and the value is adjusted to find that the corresponding depth should be at a position shifted downward, i.e., 1833 meters, while the 19.786ug/g of the core numbered 15-2 should be shifted upward to 1831 meters. In the same way, other cores can be further repositioned according to the actual amplitude, as shown in fig. 5 before the adjustment of the logging curve and in fig. 6 after the adjustment of the logging curve.
After the core is repositioned, the values of the bedding characteristics (bedding density and bedding angle) of the core are entered into a logging processing program (Cif Log). Therefore, the actually measured bedding characteristic value of the rock core can be compared with the predicted value interpreted by logging.
Examples
1. Calculating qualitative bedding characteristic curve
1.1 calculate Standard Euclidean distance Curve
By taking logging information (acoustic velocity and rock density) as basic parameters, a distance curve based on the acoustic velocity and the rock density can be calculated by a standard Euclidean distance formula (1-1), wherein the formula (1-1) is as follows:
in the formula, D is the standard Euclidean distance of the acoustic wave speed and the rock density, and is dimensionless;
a1-a sound velocity weighting factor, with a value ranging between 0 and 1, dimensionless;
a2-a rock density weight coefficient, with a value range between 0 and 1, dimensionless;
x1acoustic velocity at a depth of k meters, unit: μ s/m;
x2acoustic velocity at a depth of k + i meters, in units of: μ s/m, wherein i is precision, i is less than +/-1 m;
y1-rock density at a depth of k meters, in units of: g/cm3；
y2-rock density at a depth of k + i meters, in units of: g/cm3；
The Euclidean distance curve based on the logging information can be calculated through the formula. Different weighting coefficients are introduced, the Euclidean distance curves of the weighting coefficients may be different, and for different shale blocks, different weighting coefficients should be selected according to experiments in the blocks.
1.2 orderly clustering standard Euclidean distance curves
In the process of orderly clustering the curves through a computer, the inter-class distance and the intra-class distance of the curves need to be calculated firstly. The intra-class distance of the curve can be calculated according to the formula (1-2), and the inter-class distance of the curve can be calculated according to the formula (1-3).
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
and carrying out ordered clustering according to the minimum intra-class distance and the maximum inter-class distance as an optimized objective function. The clustered curves can be automatically clustered by a computer as required.
1.3 calculating and obtaining the qualitative bedding characteristic curve of the shale
The standard Euclidean distance curves of the acoustic wave speed and the rock density can be orderly clustered through clustering, and the clustered curves are segmented according to the sequence of the stratum depth. We define that the bedding density is a function of its segmentation width, with the inverse relationship, i.e. the distance of the bedding segmentation is smaller when the bedding density is larger, and vice versa. The following relationship can thus be obtained:
where ρ -the density of the bedding plane along the acoustic propagation path; unit: strips/mm;
a-conversion coefficient, dimensionless;
Δ d — distance of a certain layer after ordered clustering, unit: mm/strip.
Therefore, qualitative bedding characteristics of the shale can be obtained by combining indoor experiments based on logging data. The distribution of the layer density of a block in a specific layer interval can be roughly described. But quantitative bedding characteristic (bedding angle and bedding density) information of the bedding needs to be known and further modeling needs to be needed.
2. Indoor shale bedding characteristic information acquisition
Although the real bedding information in the shale cannot be directly obtained, the internal bedding density of the shale can be reflected by extracting the bedding information of the surface shale, and then the macro structure characteristics of the shale are indirectly extracted. When the inner shale has denser bedding density, the surface shale has denser bedding density, and vice versa. Based on the method, shale bedding characteristic information is drawn by methods of core photographing, image characteristic extraction and statistical information. The macro-structure feature extraction comprises five processes: photographing, image clear drawing, graying, binaryzation, reading and statistics.
1. Photographing device
The 32 standard shale samples of the LP area are selected as a research object, and the image information (64 groups of image information in total) of the 32 standard shale samples is extracted by photographing the 32 standard shale samples in the transverse direction and the longitudinal direction through a high-resolution single-lens reflex camera. The photograph of the 15 th core therein is shown in fig. 1 (fig. 1-a, fig. 1-b).
2. Clear drawing of image
The pretreatment operation of the shot shale standard rock core means that peripheral irrelevant information of an image is deducted by using image processing software Photoshop, and the image is zoomed to a reasonable size (all images are zoomed to <500kb in the text), and only then the matlab can be used for further processing the image. As shown in fig. 2 (fig. 2-a, fig. 2-b), which is a clear-drawn image of a longitudinal-transverse photo of a standard core of the numbered 15 shales.
3. Graying
Core surface photographs (transverse and longitudinal) were read with MATLAB and then RGB images could be converted to grayscale images using the "RGB 2 gray" function. As shown in fig. 2 (fig. 2-a, fig. 2-b), a longitudinal-transverse clear picture of a 15 shale standard core is shown.
The image mode of the surface photo of the rock core obtained by the single lens reflex camera belongs to an RGB mode, namely a standard color chart mode. In the standard color image mode, the color is only R, G, B three color components (R represents red, G represents green, and B represents blue), and each component can be obtained from 256 values in the range of 0 to 255, so that each pixel point can be obtained from 16581375(255 × 255 × 255) color variation ranges. The grayscale image is a mode of depicting the image by extracting color images. The variation range of one pixel point of the gray image is 0-255, so that the process of graying the image is a process of reducing image information and a process of extracting image characteristics in the digital image processing process.
4. Binarization method
In order to further reduce noise information, improve useful picture information, and extract key layering information in an image, binarization of an obtained grayscale image is required. I.e. a binary threshold value is given, the image values above the threshold value are defined as 1, and the image values below the threshold value are defined as 0. Therefore, the selection of the threshold is very critical, the gray value of the most obvious bedding part in the image is selected as the key information of the selection of the threshold, and the gray value of the information which is upwards taken to be 0.1 is taken as the threshold. For example, the standard shale core number 15, the bedding gray value extracted herein is 0.3266, and 0.4266 is defined herein as the binarization threshold of the picture. The image is processed using the "binning" function in matlab. As shown in fig. 3 (fig. 3-a, 3-b), a core photograph obtained after the shale core binarization process of number 15.
5. Reading value
Before reading, four important basic concepts need to be introduced: a core tangent plane angle theta, a propagation direction angle alpha, a vertical bedding plane density rho and a propagation direction bedding plane density rho'. As shown in fig. 4.
(1) Rock core tangent plane angle:
the tangent plane angle of the core refers to the included angle between the tangent plane of the core and the bedding plane, and the dimension is degree. Denoted by theta herein, it can be seen in the figure that the core tangent angle theta increases gradually from 0 deg. to 90 deg. from left to right.
(2) Propagation direction angle:
the propagation direction angle refers to an included angle between a sound wave propagation path and a bedding surface, and the dimension is degree. Denoted herein by α, it can be seen in the figure that the direction of propagation angle α decreases gradually from 90 ° to 0 ° from left to right, and has the following relationship to the core tangent angle θ.
θ+α＝90° (2-1)
In the formula, theta is a cut surface angle of the core, which refers to an included angle between the cut surface of the core and a bedding surface, and the dimension is degree;
alpha is a propagation direction angle, refers to an included angle between a sound wave propagation path and a bedding surface, and is a dimension;
(3) vertical layer surface density:
the vertical bedding plane density refers to the calculated bedding plane density when being vertical to the bedding plane, and the dimension is strip/mm or strip/m. Denoted herein as ρ, it can be seen that the vertical bedding areal density ρ of the core has hardly changed from left to right.
(4) Propagation direction bedding areal density:
the propagation direction bedding surface density refers to the bedding surface density passing through the acoustic wave propagation path, and the dimension is strip/mm or strip/m. Denoted herein by ρ'. It can be seen in the figure that the propagation direction bedding surface density ρ 'of the core gradually decreases from left to right, on the fourth plot, the propagation direction bedding surface density is almost 0, and it is found herein that the following relationship is satisfied for the vertical bedding surface density ρ and the propagation direction bedding surface density ρ' in the uniformly distributed and flat-layered core.
ρ'＝ρcosα (2-2)
In the formula, alpha is a propagation direction angle, refers to an included angle between a sound wave propagation path and a bedding surface, and dimension is degree;
rho is the density of a vertical bedding surface, which is the density of the bedding surface calculated when the density of the bedding surface is vertical to the bedding surface, and the dimension is strip/mm or strip/m;
rho' is the propagation direction bedding surface density, which is the bedding surface density transmitted on the acoustic wave propagation path, and the dimension is strip/mm or strip/m.
3. Construction of bedding characteristic well logging interpretation model
3.1 basic assumptions of the model
(1) Bedding density ρ of shale along bedding plane0Can be regarded as a constant
By comparing a plurality of bedding densities rho of shale along bedding surfaces under the same block interval0We find its ρ0Generally, the range is maintained within a certain range, as follows, the same thing is done for a certain block in ChinaRho of 32 samples made of a layer of sub-shale samples0The value is obtained.
In combination with the experimental test results, it can be seen that the average bedding density along the bedding plane of these 32 samples is 1.00 strips/mm. This is probably due to the fact that the hydrodynamic forces acting on the same block and the deposition environment do not differ much during deposition, so that the resulting density of the layers along the bedding surface is comparable during sedimentation. Therefore, reasonable assumptions can be made: the bedding density rho of the shale along the bedding surface under the layer interval of the same block0Can be considered as a constant.
(2) The acoustic wave propagation path in the rock sample can be regarded as a straight line propagation path
For well logging and ultrasonic testing, the acoustic frequency used is 104～5Hz, the propagation speed is about 6000m/s, and the acoustic wave wavelength lambda in the rock can be estimated to be about 0.06-0.6 m through an acoustic wave propagation speed formula. And the shale has a bedding surface spacing of about 10-4And m is selected. Since the acoustic wave wavelength is much larger than its bedding plane spacing, the acoustic propagation path within the rock can be considered as straight line propagation.
3.2 basic definition
In order to build a well logging bedding feature interpretation model of shale, four basic concepts need to be defined: core tangent plane angle theta, propagation direction angle alpha, and bedding plane density rho of vertical and bedding planes0And a bedding plane density ρ in the propagation direction.
(1) Bedding core tangent angle theta
The tangent plane angle of the core refers to the included angle between the tangent plane of the core and the bedding plane, and is unit degree. Denoted by theta in fig. 1, it can be seen that the core tangent angle theta increases gradually from 0 deg. to 90 deg. from left to right in the figure.
(2) Bedding propagation direction angle alpha
The propagation direction angle is the angle between the acoustic wave propagation path and the bedding plane, in units. Denoted by α in fig. 1, it can be seen that the propagation direction angle α gradually decreases from 90 ° to 0 ° from left to right, and has the following relationship with the core tangent angle θ.
θ+α＝90° (3-1)
(3) Perpendicular bedding areal density ρ0
Vertical bedding plane density refers to the calculated bedding plane density perpendicular to the bedding plane in bars/mm, or bars/m. In this context by p0In this representation, the vertical bedding areal density ρ of the core from left to right can be seen in the figure0Little change occurred.
(4) Propagation direction bedding areal density ρ
The propagation direction bedding surface density refers to the bedding surface density passing through the acoustic wave propagation path, and the unit is strip/mm or strip/m. Denoted in fig. 1 by ρ. It can be seen in the figure that the propagation direction bedding surface density ρ of the core decreases gradually from left to right, and on the fourth figure, the propagation direction bedding surface density is almost 0.
In which the vertical bedding areal density ρ is readily apparent0The following relationship exists with the propagation direction bedding plane density ρ.
ρ'＝ρcosα (3-2)
3.3 solving model coefficients
In combination with the formula (2-2) and the formula (3-2), we can easily deduce the angle α of the bedding propagation direction and the density ρ of the perpendicular bedding plane0The relationship between them can be found by the following model.
In the formula, alpha is a propagation direction angle, refers to an included angle between a sound wave propagation path and a bedding surface, and the unit is degree;
a is a conversion coefficient and needs to be obtained through experiments;
ρ0the density of the vertical bedding surface is calculated when the density of the bedding surface is vertical to the bedding surface, and the unit is strip/mm or strip/m; bedding density rho of shale along bedding surface according to assumed conditions0Can be regarded as a constant which can be obtained through experiments
Δ d — distance of a certain layer after ordered clustering, unit: mm/strip
Therefore, the shale bedding characteristics in the non-cored wellbore can be obtained by calculating the formula (3-3).
Application example:
in the shale stratum (1700-2200 meters) of a three-fold system stratum of an oil field at the northwest edge of the Ordors basin, important basic well logging information such as transverse and longitudinal wave velocity, rock density and the like of the shale stratum is obtained through conventional well logging construction. In order to obtain the bedding characteristic information of the shale stratum and further provide accurate data for subsequent exploration and development, the shale stratum is explained and applied by the method, and the concrete process is as follows:
(1) and (4) performing indoor experiment, namely acquiring basic rock radioactive intensity and bedding characteristic information. Rock radioactivity can be tested and analyzed using a radioactivity tester. The bedding characteristic information can be extracted by adopting the method set forth in the step (4). The bedding characteristics of 32 rocks were tested,
(2) and (5) carrying out depth homing on the core. And carrying out depth homing on 32 rock cores in the work area, and adjusting the range of +/-1 meter up and down. The corresponding precise depth location of the core sample may then be obtained. The results are shown in the following figure.
(3) Calculating the Euclidean distance of the transverse and longitudinal wave velocity and the rock density in the logging information (applying the Euclidean distance calculation formula-formula (1), wherein the weight coefficient a1＝a21), an euclidean distance curve can be obtained, and the calculation results thereof are shown in the following figure. In the computer automatic layer division according to the ordered clustering, the automatic division number is 10 layers. The results are shown in the following figure.
(4) According to the core homing result, a relation model can be obtained by dividing the shale bedding characteristic data measured in the room and the dividing distance D obtained by well logging division according to a mathematical model (formula (4))
a＝Δd·ρ (4-3)
Further, the values of the key coefficients a of the 32 cores in the interpretation model can be obtained, and the specifically calculated values are shown in the following table:
the coefficient a is statistically averaged as: 18.432, standard deviation: 3.775. the standard deviation of the key coefficient a is relatively small, so that the method can be considered to meet the modeling requirement. The model (4-4) is substituted to obtain a physical characteristic well logging interpretation model under the shale stratum of the work area:
finally, the mathematical model can be interpreted to obtain a continuous shale physical characteristic profile as shown in FIG. 7;
it can be seen from the figure that the results obtained by using different distance calculation methods are not very different. The actually explained bedding characteristics and the core photo contrast have certain correspondence, and the correctness of the model can be proved through physical experiments.
Claims (6)
1. A method for extracting the bedding characteristics of a shale stratum is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, obtaining logging information comprising acoustic velocity and rock density, calculating a standard Euclidean distance curve based on the acoustic velocity and the rock density, then respectively calculating inter-class distance and intra-class distance of the standard Euclidean distance curve, and carrying out ordered clustering analysis to obtain a qualitative bedding characteristic curve of the rock; then obtaining shale bedding characteristic information of a plurality of logging shale standard samples indoors, and simultaneously performing depth homing on the plurality of logging shale standard samples; then, extracting information by combining the qualitative bedding characteristic curve and the indoor shale bedding characteristic to construct a logging interpretation model; the bedding characteristics of the shale stratum including bedding propagation direction angles and vertical bedding surface density can be indirectly obtained through the model;
after the ordered clustering analysis is carried out, the clustered standard Euclidean distance curve is segmented according to the ordering of the stratum depths, and the correlation analysis of the vertical bedding surface density and the segmentation width is obtained to be used as a qualitative bedding characteristic curve of the rock;
the well logging interpretation model is a correlation model based on a bedding propagation direction angle, vertical bedding surface density and interlayer spacing of a certain layer after ordered clustering.
2. The method for extracting the stratigraphic characteristics of the shale formation according to claim 1, wherein the method for obtaining the shale stratigraphic characteristic information indoors is to indirectly extract the shale macrostructural characteristics by extracting the surface shale stratigraphic information.
3. The method for extracting the bedding characteristic of the shale formation according to claim 2, wherein the method for acquiring the bedding characteristic information of the shale indoors comprises the following specific steps:
first, take a picture
Selecting a plurality of well logging shale standard samples as research objects, carrying out photo shooting on the shale standard samples in the transverse direction and the longitudinal direction through a high-resolution single-lens reflex camera, and extracting image information of the shale standard samples;
second, clear drawing of image
Removing peripheral irrelevant information of the shale standard sample image obtained by shooting, and further performing cleaning processing on the shale standard sample image by using matlab;
third, graying
Reading the shale standard sample image subjected to the cleaning and drawing treatment by using MATLAB, and converting the image into a gray image;
fourth, binary
Carrying out binarization on the gray level image;
reading value
Reading according to the following relation between the vertical bedding surface density rho and the bedding surface density rho' in the acoustic wave propagation direction in the rock core which is uniformly distributed and flat in bedding;
ρ′＝ρcosα (5)
θ+α＝90° (6)
in the formula, theta is a cut surface angle of the core, which refers to an included angle between the cut surface of the core and a bedding surface, and the dimension is degree;
alpha is a propagation direction angle, refers to an included angle between a sound wave propagation path and a bedding surface, and is a dimension;
rho is the density of a vertical bedding surface, which is the density of the bedding surface calculated when the density of the bedding surface is vertical to the bedding surface, and the dimension is strip/mm or strip/m;
rho' is the density of the bedding surface in the sound wave propagation direction, and refers to the density of the bedding surface transmitted on the sound wave propagation path, and the dimension is strip/mm or strip/m.
4. The method for extracting the stratigraphic features of the shale formation according to claim 1, wherein the well logging interpretation model is as follows:
in the formula, alpha is a propagation direction angle, refers to an included angle between a sound wave propagation path and a bedding surface, and the unit is degree;
a is a conversion coefficient;
ρ0the density of the vertical bedding surface is calculated when the density of the bedding surface is vertical to the bedding surface, and the unit is strip/mm or strip/m;
d, distance of a certain layer after ordered clustering, unit: mm/strip.
5. The method for extracting the bedding characteristics of the shale formation according to claim 1, wherein the specific steps of performing depth homing on a plurality of well-logging shale standard samples are as follows:
determining the depth of a rock by taking the porosity and the radioactive element content of the rock under the stratum as marker indexes, and obtaining the coring depth of a plurality of logging shale standard samples in logging by a method for testing the porosity or the radioactive element content of the rock indoors; and comparing the porosity or the content of radioactive elements of the standard logging shale sample measured in the experiment according to a comparison table of the porosity or the content of the radioactive elements and the depth of the logging shale core, and then returning.
6. The method for extracting the bedding characteristics of the shale formation according to claim 5, wherein the specific steps of performing depth homing on a plurality of well-logging shale standard samples are as follows:
(1) performing a rock porosity experiment or a radioactive element content experiment indoors, and testing by adopting radioactive elements to obtain radioactive strength experiment data of the rock; a uranium-removed gamma content-logging shale coring depth comparison table is used as a homing index;
(2) and (3) obtaining the coring depth of the radioactive intensity experimental data of the rock according to the uranium removal gamma content-logging shale coring depth comparison table, recording the coring depth into a logging curve, and further adjusting the core depth according to actually measured radioactive data in the logging curve.
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