CN108760430B - Method for measuring thermoforming limit curve of titanium alloy plate - Google Patents
Method for measuring thermoforming limit curve of titanium alloy plate Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for determining a thermal forming limit curve of a titanium alloy plate, and belongs to the field of alloy forming limit curve measurement. The silicon nitride ceramic ball and the molybdenum disulfide are used as pressure transmission media, so that the high-temperature-resistant high-pressure-resistant high-temperature-; different strain loading paths of the double-pulling strain area are realized by changing the composition of a pressure transfer medium and a mould; the strain measurement in the deformation process of the alloy plate is realized by an online vision measurement technology, and the forming limit curve test acquisition method of the alloy plate under the conditions of wider temperature range, more loading paths and more accurate strain measurement is realized by combining the three points.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of alloy forming limit curve measurement, in particular to a method for measuring a titanium alloy plate hot forming limit curve.
Background
In the fields of aerospace, automobile manufacturing and the like, the application of high-strength metal alloy plates (aluminum alloy plates, magnesium alloy plates, titanium alloy plates and the like) becomes one of the main ways of realizing the light weight of components and ensuring sufficient strength. However, high-strength plates have poor plastic deformation capability at room temperature, and it is difficult to obtain parts with complicated shapes by press working. Therefore, the plastic processing of the plate is usually carried out under the high temperature condition, the low temperature is 200-300 ℃, and the high temperature is close to 1000 ℃. How to obtain a forming limit curve under a high-temperature condition to evaluate the maximum forming capacity of the plate under a specific process temperature condition is a relatively difficult and significant work.
In general, the method of obtaining the forming limit curve mainly includes a theoretical method and a test method. The method for theoretically acquiring the forming limit curve is limited to the applicability and accuracy of the used theory, and the situation that the theory and the reality have large deviation often occurs. Therefore, in industrial production, the method of obtaining the forming limit curve by adopting a test method is the most effective and reliable method for different raw materials. In the traditional cold stamping forming, the method for obtaining the forming limit curve through the test mainly comprises a cylindrical male die test method, a hemispherical male die test method and a hydraulic bulging test method. In the former two rigid punch test methods, the right area of the forming limit diagram is obtained by changing the lubrication state when the sample contacts the punch to realize different strain loading paths of the double-pull strain area, but the selection of the lubrication medium at high temperature is limited, and the change of the lubrication effect cannot enable the strain range of the test piece to cover the required area of the forming limit diagram more. The hydro-bulging test method realizes different loading paths of the double-tensile strain area by changing the shape of the female die so as to obtain a relatively complete right area of a forming limit diagram, but is limited by the heat resistance of a liquid medium and a device sealing element, and the deformation temperature range applicable to the method is generally not more than 300 ℃, so that a plate forming limit curve under a high-temperature condition is difficult to obtain.
In the experiments to obtain the forming limit curves, the strain was mainly obtained by the grid analysis technique. The method comprises the steps of printing square or circular grids with the same size on a plate before testing, measuring the changes of the shrinkage and fracture positions and the sizes of the grids nearby after testing, and then obtaining a first main strain and a second main strain at the failure moment through a series of mathematical processing methods. Common methods for printing the grid include: printing ink silk screen printing method, electrochemical corrosion method and laser candle carving method. In any method, the definition of the grid under the high-temperature condition is influenced, and the precision of subsequent strain analysis is difficult to guarantee.
In summary, the main reasons why the conventional test method for obtaining the forming limit curve is difficult to implement under high temperature conditions can be summarized as follows: firstly, the loading modes of different strain paths under the high-temperature condition are difficult to realize; secondly, the strain measurement under the high temperature condition is difficult to ensure the precision.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for measuring a thermoforming limit curve of a titanium alloy plate, which is a method for measuring a forming limit curve test in a wider deformation temperature interval and provides a feasible test method for drawing the forming limit curve of the titanium alloy plate under a high-temperature condition.
The invention provides a method for measuring a titanium alloy plate hot forming limit curve, which comprises the following steps:
(1) spraying spot raw materials on one side of the titanium alloy plate, and making spots to obtain a pretreated alloy plate, wherein the spot raw materials comprise silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and an organic solvent;
(2) providing a pressure transmission medium, wherein the pressure transmission medium comprises zirconia ceramic balls and boron nitride, the grain diameter of the zirconia ceramic balls is 0.05mm, 0.1mm or 0.2mm, and the volume ratio of the zirconia ceramic balls to the boron nitride is 9:1 or 8: 2;
(3) preheating the pretreated alloy plate, the pressure transfer medium and the die respectively through a thermal forming limit curve measuring device, wherein the preheating temperatures of the pretreated alloy plate, the pressure transfer medium and the die are 600-900 ℃ independently; the die is an elliptical bulging die, the diameter of the long axis of the die is 100mm, and the diameters of the short axes of the die are respectively 100mm, 90mm, 80mm, 60mm and 40 mm;
(4) applying a side pressure with a pressure rate of 0.0045 or 0.045MPa · s-1；
(5) Recording strain data through an online vision measurement system, calculating first main strain and second main strain at failure critical moments under different pressure transmission media and different die conditions by utilizing online vision measurement system software to serve as limit main strains, and drawing the obtained limit main strains in a forming limit diagram to obtain a hot forming limit curve of the alloy plate;
there is no temporal limitation on the steps (1) and (2).
Preferably, the titanium alloy plate in the step (1) is circular, the diameter of the titanium alloy plate is 180-200 mm, and the thickness of the titanium alloy plate is 1-1.5 mm.
Preferably, the preheating and temperature rising rates of the alloy plate pretreated in the step (3), the pressure transfer medium and the die are independently 5-10 ℃/min.
Preferably, the online vision measuring system in the step (5) is positioned above an upper die of the thermoforming limit curve measuring device.
Preferably, the calculating of the limit principal strain in the step (5) comprises the steps of: the first principal strain and the second principal strain are extracted in the vicinity of the fracture position, and the average values are respectively found as the limit principal strains.
The invention provides a method for measuring a titanium alloy plate hot forming limit curve, which comprises the following steps:
(1) spraying spot raw materials on one side of the titanium alloy plate, and making spots to obtain a pretreated alloy plate, wherein the spot raw materials comprise silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and an organic solvent;
(2) providing a pressure transmission medium, wherein the pressure transmission medium comprises zirconia ceramic balls and boron nitride, the grain diameter of the zirconia ceramic balls is 0.05mm, 0.1mm or 0.2mm, and the volume ratio of the zirconia ceramic balls to the boron nitride is 9:1 or 8: 2;
(3) preheating the pretreated alloy plate, the pressure transfer medium and the die respectively through a thermal forming limit curve measuring device, wherein the preheating temperatures of the pretreated alloy plate, the pressure transfer medium and the die are 600-900 ℃ independently; the die is an elliptical bulging die, the diameter of the long axis of the die is 100mm, and the diameters of the short axes of the die are respectively 100mm, 90mm, 80mm, 60mm and 40 mm;
(4) applying a side pressure with a pressure rate of 0.0045 or 0.045MPa · s-1；
(5) Recording strain data through an online vision measurement system, calculating first main strain and second main strain at failure critical moments under different pressure transmission media and different die conditions by utilizing online vision measurement system software to serve as limit main strains, and drawing the obtained limit main strains in a forming limit diagram to obtain a hot forming limit curve of the alloy plate;
there is no temporal limitation on the steps (1) and (2).
The invention uses zirconia ceramic balls and boron nitride as pressure transmission media, has the advantage of high temperature resistance, can realize higher pressure, can be used in a wider temperature range, and provides loading pressure for free bulging of the alloy plate in the process of obtaining a forming limit curve test under the condition of high temperature; different strain loading paths of the double-tensile strain area are realized by changing the composition of a pressure transmission medium and a die, the phenomenon that the strain paths of different loading paths are not obviously different when the friction state is changed under the high-temperature condition is avoided, the problem that the measurement result is concentrated in the double-tensile strain area in the prior art is effectively solved, and the drawing accuracy of a forming limit curve can be effectively improved; the method is characterized in that strain measurement in the deformation process of the alloy plate is realized by an online vision measurement technology, the limit main strain is determined according to the change history of the first main strain and the second main strain in the deformation process of the plate, so that the determination of a forming limit curve is more accurate, the problems that an ink silk-screen printing method, an electrochemical corrosion method and a laser candle etching method are difficult to implement or the measurement error is large under the high-temperature condition are solved, the limit strain is determined according to the change of the strain history, the limit strain can be compared and analyzed with a synchronously obtained loading curve, the main strain value of the plate at the moment of the deformation instability beginning and the fracture occurrence of the plate can be accurately identified, and the forming limit curve test obtaining method under the more accurate strain measurement condition of the alloy plate in a wider temperature interval and under more loading paths is realized through the combination.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a structural view of a die used in the method for measuring a limit curve of hot forming of a titanium alloy sheet material according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a thermoforming limit curve measuring device and an on-line vision measuring system for use with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a first plot of experimental data obtained in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a limit principal strain point under different strain paths in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a forming limit curve of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy plate material according to example 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a method for measuring a titanium alloy plate hot forming limit curve, which comprises the following steps:
(1) spraying spot raw materials on one side of the titanium alloy plate, and making spots to obtain a pretreated alloy plate, wherein the spot raw materials comprise silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and an organic solvent;
(2) providing a pressure transmission medium, wherein the pressure transmission medium comprises zirconia ceramic balls and boron nitride, the grain diameter of the zirconia ceramic balls is 0.05mm, 0.1mm or 0.2mm, and the volume ratio of the zirconia ceramic balls to the boron nitride is 9:1 or 8: 2;
(3) preheating the pretreated alloy plate, the pressure transfer medium and the die respectively through a thermal forming limit curve measuring device, wherein the preheating temperatures of the pretreated alloy plate, the pressure transfer medium and the die are 600-900 ℃ independently; the die is an elliptical bulging die, the diameter of the long axis of the die is 100mm, and the diameters of the short axes of the die are respectively 100mm, 90mm, 80mm, 60mm and 40 mm;
(4) applying a side pressure with a pressure rate of 0.0045 or 0.045MPa · s-1；
(5) Recording strain data through an online vision measurement system, calculating first main strain and second main strain at failure critical moments under different pressure transmission media and different die conditions by utilizing online vision measurement system software to serve as limit main strains, and drawing the obtained limit main strains in a forming limit diagram to obtain a hot forming limit curve of the alloy plate;
there is no temporal limitation on the steps (1) and (2).
The method comprises the steps of spraying spot raw materials on one surface of a titanium alloy plate, manufacturing spots, and obtaining the pretreated alloy plate, wherein the spot raw materials comprise silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and an organic solvent. In the invention, the titanium alloy plate is preferably circular, the diameter of the titanium alloy plate is preferably 180-200 mm, more preferably 185-195 mm, and the thickness of the titanium alloy plate is preferably 1-1.5 mm.
The source of the titanium alloy sheet material is not particularly limited in the present invention, and commercially available products known to those skilled in the art may be used.
The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned spraying method, the spraying amount, and the size of the spot, and the spraying method and the spraying amount known to those skilled in the art may be used.
In the invention, spots are preferably sprayed on one surface of the titanium alloy plate completely. In the invention, the spots are used for facilitating the calculation of a strain distribution cloud picture in the deformation process of the alloy plate by an online measurement system by utilizing an image recognition technology.
In the invention, before spraying spot raw materials on the titanium alloy plate, stamping blanking or mechanical cutting is preferably adopted, the edge of the alloy plate is cut off, and the titanium alloy plate is polished to remove burrs.
The invention provides a pressure transmission medium comprising zirconium oxide (ZrO)2) The zirconia ceramic ball comprises a ceramic ball and boron nitride, wherein the grain diameter of the zirconia ceramic ball is 0.05, 0.1 or 0.2mm, and the volume ratio of the zirconia ceramic ball to the boron nitride is 9:1 or 8: 2. The sources of the zirconia ceramic balls and boron nitride are not particularly limited in the present invention, and commercially available products known to those skilled in the art may be used.
In the present invention, the pressure medium preferably comprises ① volume ratio of 9:1 zirconia ceramic balls (particle size of 0.05mm) and boron nitride, ② volume ratio of 9:1 zirconia ceramic balls (particle size of 0.1mm) and boron nitride, ③ volume ratio of 9:1 zirconia ceramic balls (particle size of 0.2mm) and boron nitride, ④ volume ratio of 8:2 zirconia ceramic balls (particle size of 0.05mm) and boron nitride, ⑤ volume ratio of 8:2 zirconia ceramic balls (particle size of 0.1mm) and boron nitride, ⑥ volume ratio of 8:2 zirconia ceramic balls (particle size of 0.2mm) and boron nitride.
The method for preparing the pressure-transmitting medium is not particularly limited in the present invention, and the pressure-transmitting medium can be prepared by a method for preparing a composition well known to those skilled in the art.
According to the invention, a pre-treated alloy plate, a pressure transmission medium and a die are respectively preheated by a thermal forming limit curve measuring device, and the preheating temperatures of the pre-treated alloy plate, the pressure transmission medium and the die are 600-900 ℃ independently; the die is an oval bulging die, the major axis diameter of the die is 100mm, and the minor axis diameters of the die are 100, 90, 80, 60 and 40mm respectively. In the invention, the preheating and temperature rising rates of the pretreated alloy plate, the pressure transfer medium and the die are independently preferably 5-10 ℃/min.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a mold used in the present invention, in fig. 1: 1 is a mold with a major axis and a minor axis of 100mm, 2 is a mold with a major axis of 100mm and a minor axis of 90mm, 3 is a mold with a major axis of 100mm and a minor axis of 80mm, 4 is a mold with a major axis of 100mm and a minor axis of 70mm, and 5 is a mold with a major axis of 100mm and a minor axis of 60 mm.
In the present invention, the preheating temperature is independently preferably 800 ℃.
In the present invention, the source of the thermoforming limit curve measuring device is not particularly limited, and a thermoforming limit curve measuring device known to those skilled in the art may be used.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a thermoforming limit curve measuring device and an on-line vision measuring system used in the present invention, in FIG. 2: the device comprises a constant temperature environment box 1, an ejector rod 2, an upper die blank holder 3, an alloy test piece 4, a lower die blank holder 5, a push rod 6, a thermal insulation layer 7, a thermal insulation ring 8, a pressure head 9, a heat-resistant particle medium 10, an online vision measurement system 11 and an observation window 12. Alloy test piece 4 is put between last mould pressing blank holder 3 and lower mould blank holder 5, heat-resisting granular medium 10 of the first specification of packing into in the cavity that pressure head and lower mould blank holder formed, then put whole equipment in constant temperature environment case 1 and heat to the alloy panel forming temperature, it is fixed by ejector pin 2 to go up mould blank holder 3, lower mould blank holder 5 is fixed and applys the blank holder power by push rod 6, and push rod 6, ejector pin 2 and pressure head 9 are equipped with heat insulating ring 8 with box linking department, the insulating incasement temperature scatters and disappears. After the temperature of the constant temperature environment box 1 is stable, the edge pressing force is exerted through the push rod 6.
In the present invention, the on-line vision measuring system is preferably located above the upper die of the thermoforming limit curve measuring device.
Applying a side pressure with a pressure rate of 0.0045 or 0.045MPa · s-1. The specific method of applying the edge pressure is not particularly limited in the present invention, and the edge pressure may be applied by a method known to those skilled in the art.
And recording strain data through an online vision measurement system, calculating a first main strain and a second main strain at failure critical moments under different pressure transmission media and different die conditions by utilizing online vision measurement system software to serve as limit main strains, and drawing the obtained limit main strains in a forming limit diagram to obtain a hot forming limit curve of the alloy plate.
In the present invention, the calculating of the ultimate principal strain preferably includes the steps of: the first principal strain and the second principal strain are extracted in the vicinity of the fracture position, and the average values are respectively found as the limit principal strains.
The method for determining the hot forming limit curve of the alloy sheet material according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
Preparing a plurality of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy circular plate test pieces with the diameter of 180mm and the thickness of 1mm, spraying black and white speckles on one surface of each test piece by using a speckle material, and covering the whole surface with the speckles.
Preparing pressure transmission media, wherein the pressure transmission media are selected from zirconia ceramic balls and boron nitride with the grain diameters of 0.05mm, 0.1mm and 0.2mm, and the pressure transmission media are prepared according to the following specifications, namely ① zirconia ceramic balls (the grain diameter is 0.1mm) and boron nitride with the volume ratio of 9:1, ② zirconia ceramic balls (the grain diameter is 0.3mm) and boron nitride with the volume ratio of 9:1, ③ zirconia ceramic balls (the grain diameter is 0.5mm) and boron nitride with the volume ratio of 9:1, ④ zirconia ceramic balls (the grain diameter is 0.1mm) and boron nitride with the volume ratio of 8:2, ⑤ zirconia ceramic balls (the grain diameter is 0.3mm) and boron nitride with the volume ratio of 8:2, ⑥ zirconia ceramic balls (the grain diameter is 0.5mm) and boron nitride with the volume ratio of 8: 2.
The thermoforming limit curve measuring device shown in fig. 2 is used, an alloy test piece 4 is placed between an upper die pressing edge ring 3 and a lower die pressing edge ring 5, a heat-resistant particle medium 10 of a first specification is filled in a cavity formed by a pressure head and the lower die pressing edge ring, then the whole device is placed in a constant temperature environment box 1 and heated to the alloy plate forming temperature of 800 ℃, an upper die pressing edge ring 3 is fixed by a push rod 2, a lower die pressing edge ring 5 is fixed by a push rod 6 and applies a pressing force, a heat insulation ring 8 is arranged at the joint of the push rod 6, the push rod 2 and the pressure head 9 and a box body, and the temperature in the box is isolated from. After the temperature of the constant temperature environment box 1 is stable, the edge pressing force is exerted through the push rod 6.
Opening an online vision measurement system (11) to prepare for recording the deformation history of the plate, immediately applying side pressure to the pressure medium through a pressure head (9) after die assembly is completed until the pressure medium bursts the titanium alloy circular plate test piece, wherein the pressure rate of the side pressure is 0.0045MPa s-1。
During the whole bulging process, strain data recorded by an online vision measuring system (11) are used for obtaining a strain cloud graph according to system measurement, the average value of the first main strain and the second main strain of the area around the fracture position is selected to be used as the limit main strain, and the limit main strain is drawn on the right side of the forming limit graph to obtain a first test data point (see figure 3). Change mould blank holder on different shapes, the structure of different moulds promptly (see fig. 1), in fig. 1: 1, dies with the long axis and the short axis of 100mm, 2, dies with the long axis of 100mm and the short axis of 90mm, 3, dies with the long axis of 100mm and the short axis of 80mm, 4, dies with the long axis of 100mm and the short axis of 70mm, and 5, dies with the long axis of 100mm and the short axis of 60mm, and repeating the experimental steps to obtain test data points under other strain paths; the pressure transmission medium with other specifications is replaced, and the test process is repeated again to obtain more ultimate main strains under different strain paths (see figure 4). The ultimate principal strains obtained for all the different strain paths are plotted on the right side of the forming limit diagram, and the smooth line is used to obtain the forming limit curve of the titanium alloy plate in the area at 600 ℃ (see figure 5).
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A method for measuring a titanium alloy plate hot forming limit curve comprises the following steps:
(1) spraying spot raw materials on one side of the titanium alloy plate, and making spots to obtain a pretreated alloy plate, wherein the spot raw materials comprise silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and an organic solvent;
(2) providing a pressure transmission medium, wherein the pressure transmission medium comprises zirconia ceramic balls and boron nitride, the grain diameter of the zirconia ceramic balls is 0.05mm, 0.1mm or 0.2mm, and the volume ratio of the zirconia ceramic balls to the boron nitride is 9:1 or 8: 2;
(3) preheating the pretreated alloy plate, the pressure transfer medium and the die respectively through a thermal forming limit curve measuring device, wherein the preheating temperatures of the pretreated alloy plate, the pressure transfer medium and the die are 600-900 ℃ independently; the die is an elliptical bulging die, the diameter of the long axis of the die is 100mm, and the diameter of the short axis of the die is 100, 90, 80, 60 or 40mm respectively;
(4) applying a side pressure with a pressure rate of 0.0045 or 0.045MPa · s-1；
(5) Recording strain data through an online vision measurement system, calculating first main strain and second main strain at failure critical moments under different pressure transmission media and different die conditions by utilizing online vision measurement system software to serve as limit main strains, and drawing the obtained limit main strains in a forming limit diagram to obtain a hot forming limit curve of the alloy plate; the step (5) of calculating the ultimate principal strain comprises the following steps: extracting a first main strain and a second main strain in a region near a fracture position, and respectively calculating an average value as a limit main strain;
there is no temporal limitation on the steps (1) and (2).
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the titanium alloy sheet material in the step (1) has a circular shape, and the titanium alloy sheet material has a diameter of 180 to 200mm and a thickness of 1 to 1.5 mm.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the preheating temperature-rise rates of the alloy plate pretreated in the step (3), the pressure-transmitting medium and the die are independently 5 to 10 ℃/min.
4. The assay of claim 1, wherein the in-line vision measuring system of step (5) is positioned above an upper die of the thermoforming limit curve measuring device.
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