CN108753273A - A kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN108753273A CN108753273A CN201810643578.7A CN201810643578A CN108753273A CN 108753273 A CN108753273 A CN 108753273A CN 201810643578 A CN201810643578 A CN 201810643578A CN 108753273 A CN108753273 A CN 108753273A
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickeners and preparation method thereof, belong to oil-gas mining chemicals technical field.The present invention is using the water-soluble dietary fiber extracted in the Deproteinated soybean bean dregs of de-oiling of peeling as raw material, by water-soluble dietary fiber, xanthans, sodium carbonate is molten, bacteria cellulose enzyme, formaldehyde, polyacrylamide, polyethylene polyamine is modified to water-soluble dietary fiber can be obtained thickener, soybean bean dregs resource is in China's very abundant, it obtains and is easy, therefore, the preparation method of the present invention is simple, it is of low cost, the thickener performance of preparation is good, it is degradable, do not generate residue, have a good application prospect.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to oil-gas mining chemicals technical field more particularly to a kind of routine or unconventionaloil pool exploitation pressures
Split the fracturing fluid thickener and preparation method thereof needed for technology
Background technology
The purpose of formation breakdown technology is so that in-place permeability is increased by pressure break, reaches routine and untraditional reservoir increases
Produce purpose.When configuring pressure break system, most is thickener.When fracturing stratum, it is (big to make primary raw material with thickener
Account for about 95% or more), so that thickener is formed spawn with auxiliary agents such as crosslinking agents, takes sand and enter the gap after formation breakdown.
Fracturing sand plays a supportive role, and in-place permeability cannot improve after avoiding pressure break.So after thickener gelation, sand entrance is taken
Behind stratum, after the thickener degradation of gelation, also need to return to flow back to ground, the row of returning is more thorough, and residue is fewer, to underground oil-gas Layer
Injury it is lighter.
Pressure break thickener mainly divides three types at present：First, macromolecule plant glue, such as guar gum and guar gum
Chemical modification product, second is that chemical synthesis macromolecule thickener and biochemistry synthesize macromolecule thickener, third, surface-active
Agent plural gel.Most common thickener is the chemical modification product of guar gum and guar gum, due to guar gum and guar gum
Chemical modification product viscosity it is big and gel strength is small, the shear flow after gel is denaturalized, and is conducive to construction, so, the use of guar gum
Amount is maximum.But since the main grown place of guar gum is India.This plant country of raw material cluster bean of guar gum cannot give birth to
It is long, and the prices fluctuate much, in the above context, has gradually appeared all kinds of replacements and follow-on fracturing fluid thickener, example
Such as, it is to make height with method physically or chemically that patent application CN101475775A, which discloses a kind of preparation of low molecular plant gum,
The natural plant gum chain rupture of molecule and become low molecular plant gum.But this process needs that the production cost of thickener can be increased, unfavorable
In practical application.
Patent application CN1459464A discloses a kind of preparation method of water soluble hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose thickener,
It is to be prepared with chemically synthesized method.But the by-product that this method generates during preparing, synthesizing can cause crosslinking not
Easily, the thickener obtained is not degradable, there is residue, is easy to damage gas-bearing formation.
Patent application CN106046253A discloses a kind of micro- electric type clean fracturing of special supermolecule surface-active of shale gas
Liquid thickener and preparation method thereof；But thickener molecule amount prepared by this method is big, is brought to the degradation using rear thickener
It is greatly difficult.
To sum up, existing fracturing fluid thickener and preparation method thereof still has of high cost, degradation rate is low, method is complicated etc.
Problem, therefore, it is necessary to develop, a kind of performance is more preferable, cheap fracturing fluid thickener
Invention content
For the above-mentioned prior art the problem of, the present invention is intended to provide a kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickens
Agent and preparation method thereof.Common fracturing fluid thickener is the chemical modification product of guar gum and guar gum at present, viscosity it is big and
Gel strength is small, and the shear flow after gel is denaturalized, and is conducive to construction, but the dosage of guar gum is very big and main grown place is India.
This plant country of raw material cluster bean of guar gum cannot be grown, and the prices fluctuate much.For this problem, present invention examination
The substitute of a kind of guar gum of figure searching and guar gum chemical modification product.By screening present invention discover that soluble soybean diet
Fiber has the cross-linking structure similar with guar gum.Therefore, the present invention is to extract in the Deproteinated soybean bean dregs of de-oiling of peeling
Water-soluble dietary fiber is raw material, to its it is modified can be obtained thickener, and soybean bean dregs resource is very rich in China
Richness is obtained and is easy, and therefore, preparation method of the invention is simple, of low cost, and the thickener performance of preparation is good, degradable, no
Residue is generated, there is greater advantages, great application prospect compared to the chemical modification product of guar gum and guar gum.
An object of the present invention is to provide a kind of preparation method of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener.
The second object of the present invention is to provide a kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener.
The third object of the present invention is to provide a kind of fracturing fluid.
The fourth object of the present invention is to provide above-mentioned thickener and preparation method thereof and makes and the application of fracturing fluid.
For achieving the above object, the invention discloses following technical proposals：
First, the invention discloses a kind of preparation methods of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, specifically, the system
Preparation Method includes the following steps：
(1) water-soluble dietary fiber, xanthans are added in deionized water, sodium carbonate is added in stirring until completely dissolved
Solution is then heated to certain temperature and keeps the temperature, and certain temperature is cooled to after the completion of heat preservation, centrifuges, and the separation for removing bottom is heavy
Starch takes upper layer isolate for use；Water-soluble dietary fiber generates electrostatic adsorption with xanthans under alkaline condition, makes
System viscosity increases.
(2) bacteria cellulose aqueous solution is added in the upper layer isolate in step (1), stirring is heated to certain temperature
And keep the temperature, it is cooled to certain temperature after the completion of heat preservation, is centrifuged, is removed the sediment separate out of bottom, take upper layer isolate for use；
Bacteria cellulose aqueous solution further increases system viscosity by physisorption.
(3) formaldehyde, polyacrylamide are sequentially added in the upper layer isolate in step (2), mixed liquor is obtained, by this
It is stirred evenly after mixed liquor sealing, is heated to certain temperature and keeps the temperature, certain temperature is cooled to after the completion of heat preservation, obtained uniformly
Product is for use；Water-soluble dietary fiber after physical modification contains the cross-linking structure of polyhydroxy base class, with formaldehyde, polyacrylamide
Crosslinking.
(4) polyethylene polyamine is added in the uniform products in step (3), stirs evenly, is heated to certain temperature and protects
Temperature is cooled to certain temperature to get the aqueous thickener solution containing modified soluble dietary fiber after the completion of heat preservation.More ethylene
Further modification obtains thickener to polyamines with modified soluble dietary fiber.
In step (1), the water-soluble dietary fiber is directly to be extracted from the decortication Deproteinated soybean bean dregs of de-oiling, is wrapped
Include natural plant gum, fructose and water-soluble hemicellulose.Soybean bean dregs resource is obtained and is easy in China's very abundant, using big
Beans bean dregs thickener the most prepares raw material, and the production cost of thickener can be greatly lowered.
In step (1), the water-soluble dietary fiber, part xanthans, deionized water, the input amount of sodium carbonate liquor difference
It is 2-8 parts, 0.02-0.2 parts, 35-45 parts, 1-10 parts, parts by weight.
In step (1), the stirring refers to：It is stirred at 40-50 DEG C.
In step (1), the sodium carbonate liquor refers to：With the aqueous sodium carbonate for 1% concentration that deionized water configures.
In step (1), it is described heat to certain temperature and keep the temperature refer to：It is heated to 65-75 DEG C, keeps the temperature 45-55min.
In step (2), the bacteria cellulose enzyme aqueous solution is β-Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-glucan -4- glucans hydrolysis of concentration 10%
Enzyme, abbreviation BG.
In step (2), the input amount of the bacteria cellulose enzyme aqueous solution is 0.1-1 parts by weight.
In step (2), it is described heat to certain temperature and keep the temperature refer to：It is heated to 40-50 DEG C, keeps the temperature 55-65min.
In step (3), the input amount of the formaldehyde is 0.002-0.02 parts by weight.
In step (3), the polyacrylamide is the anionic polyacrylamide aqueous solution of solid content 2%.
In step (3), the dosage of the polyacrylamide is 2-5 parts by weight.
In step (3), it is described heat to certain temperature and keep the temperature refer to：It is heated to 45-55 DEG C, keeps the temperature 55-65min.
In step (4), the input amount of the polyethylene polyamine is 0.001-0.01 parts by weight.
In step (4), it is described heat to certain temperature and keep the temperature refer to：It is heated to 65-75 DEG C, keeps the temperature 55-65min.
In step (1) to (4), the certain temperature that is cooled to refers to：It is cooled to 30-40 DEG C.
Secondly, the invention discloses a kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, the thickener is：Contain 0.5-
Aqueous thickener solution prepared by the present invention of 1% (quality)；Alternatively, the thickened aqueous solutions agent for first preparing the present invention purifies, is dry
The powder obtained after dry.
Preferably, the purifying refers to first is evaporated to a concentration of of dietary fiber by aqueous thickener solution prepared by the present invention
10-20% (quality) forms colloid, obtained after dry powder to get
Again, the invention discloses a kind of fracturing fluid, the fracturing fluid includes thickener of the present invention, auxiliary agent.
The thickener is：The aqueous thickener solution of concentration 0.5-1% (quality).
The auxiliary agent includes：Crosslinking agent, cleanup additive, corrosion inhibiter, surfactant etc..The ratio of thickener and auxiliary agent according to
The usage amount of this field fracturing fluid optionally matches.
It should be noted that：The water-soluble dietary fiber of the present invention is extracted from soybean bean dregs, itself is containing cross-linking
Hydroxyl structure, so gel can be formed with commercially available crosslinking agent.Water-soluble dietary fiber natural plant gum structural formula of the present invention is such as
Under：Natural plant gum：
Pectin structure formula：
Water-soluble hemicellulose structural formula：
Finally, make the invention discloses above-mentioned thickener and preparation method thereof and the application of fracturing fluid, the application packet
It includes：For in routine or unconventionaloil pool exploitation fracturing technique.
Compared with prior art, the present invention achieves following advantageous effect：
(1) the modified soluble dietary fiber thickener environmental protection that prepared by the present invention, to stratum fanout free region, performance is good, price
It is cheap, the substitute of guar gum can be work perfectly well as.
(2) the soybean bean dregs of the invention for being used to prepare modified soluble dietary fiber thickener are resourceful, and it is convenient to obtain,
Therefore, preparation method of the invention is not only cheap, but also is highly suitable for large-scale production and application.
Specific implementation mode
It is noted that following detailed description is all illustrative, it is intended to provide further instruction to the application.Unless another
It indicates, all technical and scientific terms used herein has logical with the application person of an ordinary skill in the technical field
The identical meanings understood.
It should be noted that term used herein above is merely to describe specific implementation mode, and be not intended to restricted root
According to the illustrative embodiments of the application.As used herein, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, otherwise singular shape
Formula is also intended to include plural form, additionally, it should be understood that, when in the present specification use term "comprising" and/or
When " comprising ", existing characteristics, step, operation, device, component and/or combination thereof are indicated.
As described in background, existing fracturing fluid thickener and preparation method thereof still has of high cost, degradation rate
Low, the problems such as method is complicated, therefore, the present invention, provide a kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener and preparation method thereof, existing
In conjunction with specific implementation mode, invention is further explained.
The water-soluble dietary fiber extracted from soybean bean dregs described in the embodiment of the present invention is shown in company standard number：Q/YWST
0007S-2018,http://www.sdfda.gov.cn；In addition, other existing methods can also realize water in soybean bean dregs
The extraction of soluble dietary fiber, such as《The extraction of Soybean Soluble Dietary Fiber is studied》, Wu Hui etc., 2008；doi:
10.3969/j.issn.1673-9078.2008.04.011, technical staff can voluntarily select as needed, and the present invention, which is not done, to be had
Body limits.
Embodiment 1
1, a kind of preparation method of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, includes the following steps：
(1) xanthans of the water-soluble dietary fiber of 2 parts by weight, 0.02 parts by weight is added to the deionization of 40 parts by weight
It in water, is stirred at 45 DEG C, the sodium carbonate liquor that the mass fraction of 1 parts by weight is 1% is added until completely dissolved, then adds
Heat is cooled to 35 DEG C to 70 DEG C of heat preservation 50min after the completion of heat preservation, centrifugation removes the sediment separate out of bottom, takes layer separation
Object is for use；
(2) bacteria cellulose that the mass fraction of 0.1 parts by weight is 10% is added in the upper layer isolate in step (1)
Enzyme aqueous solution, stirring are heated to 45 DEG C of heat preservation 60min, 35 DEG C are cooled to after the completion of heat preservation, and centrifugation removes the separation of bottom
Sediment takes upper layer isolate for use；
(3) formaldehyde of 0.002 parts by weight, the solid content of 2 parts by weight are sequentially added in the upper layer isolate in step (2)
For 2% anionic polyacrylamide, mixed liquor is obtained, is stirred evenly after which is sealed, 50 DEG C of heat preservations are heated to
60min is cooled to 35 DEG C after the completion of heat preservation, it is for use to obtain uniform products；
(4) 0.001 part of polyethylene polyamine is added in the uniform products in step (3), stirs evenly, is heated to 70 DEG C
60min is kept the temperature, 35 DEG C are cooled to get modified soluble dietary fiber thickener after the completion of heat preservation.
In step (1), the water-soluble dietary fiber includes natural plant gum, fructose and water-soluble hemicellulose.The present invention's
Water-soluble dietary fiber is extracted from the decortication Deproteinated soybean bean dregs of de-oiling, soybean bean dregs resource in China's very abundant,
And obtain and be easy, raw material is prepared using soybean bean dregs thickener the most, being produced into for thickener can be greatly lowered
This.
2, a kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, the thickener are：The present embodiment containing 0.5% (quality)
The aqueous thickener solution of preparation.
3, a kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, the thickener are：First by thickener manufactured in the present embodiment
Be evaporated to a concentration of 10% (quality) of dietary fiber, form colloid, obtained after then drying powder to get.
Embodiment 2
1, a kind of preparation method of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, includes the following steps：
(1) xanthans of the water-soluble dietary fiber of 8 parts by weight, 0.2 parts by weight is added to the deionization of 45 parts by weight
It in water, is stirred at 50 DEG C, the sodium carbonate liquor that the mass fraction of 10 parts by weight is 1% is added until completely dissolved, then adds
Heat is cooled to 40 DEG C to 75 DEG C of heat preservation 55min after the completion of heat preservation, centrifugation removes the sediment separate out of bottom, takes layer separation
Object is for use；
(2) the bacteria cellulose enzyme that the mass fraction of 1 parts by weight is 10% is added in the upper layer isolate in step (1)
Aqueous solution, stirring are heated to 50 DEG C of heat preservation 65min, 40 DEG C are cooled to after the completion of heat preservation, and centrifugation removes the precipitation and separation of bottom
Object takes upper layer isolate for use；
(3) formaldehyde of 0.02 parts by weight, the solid content of 5 parts by weight are sequentially added in the upper layer isolate in step (2)
For 2% anionic polyacrylamide, mixed liquor is obtained, is stirred evenly after which is sealed, 55 DEG C of heat preservations are heated to
65min is cooled to 40 DEG C after the completion of heat preservation, it is for use to obtain uniform products；
(4) 0.01 part of polyethylene polyamine is added in the uniform products in step (3), stirs evenly, is heated to 75 DEG C of guarantors
Warm 65min is cooled to 40 DEG C to get modified soluble dietary fiber thickener after the completion of heat preservation.
2, a kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, the thickener are：The present embodiment containing 0.8% (quality)
The aqueous thickener solution of preparation.
3, a kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, the thickener are：First by thickener manufactured in the present embodiment
Be evaporated to a concentration of 15% (quality) of dietary fiber, form colloid, obtained after then drying powder to get.
Embodiment 3
1, a kind of preparation method of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, includes the following steps：
(1) xanthans of the water-soluble dietary fiber of 6 parts by weight, 0.05 parts by weight is added to the deionization of 35 parts by weight
It in water, is stirred at 40 DEG C, the sodium carbonate liquor that the mass fraction of 5 parts by weight is 1% is added until completely dissolved, then adds
Heat is cooled to 30 DEG C to 65 DEG C of heat preservation 45min after the completion of heat preservation, centrifugation removes the sediment separate out of bottom, takes layer separation
Object is for use；
(2) bacteria cellulose that the mass fraction of 0.5 parts by weight is 10% is added in the upper layer isolate in step (1)
Enzyme aqueous solution, stirring are heated to 40 DEG C of heat preservation 55min, 30 DEG C are cooled to after the completion of heat preservation, and centrifugation removes the separation of bottom
Sediment takes upper layer isolate for use；
(3) formaldehyde of 0.005 parts by weight, the solid content of 3 parts by weight are sequentially added in the upper layer isolate in step (2)
For 2% anionic polyacrylamide, mixed liquor is obtained, is stirred evenly after which is sealed, 45 DEG C of heat preservations are heated to
55min is cooled to 30 DEG C after the completion of heat preservation, it is for use to obtain uniform products；
(4) 0.005 part of polyethylene polyamine is added in the uniform products in step (3), stirs evenly, is heated to 65 DEG C
55min is kept the temperature, 30 DEG C are cooled to get modified soluble dietary fiber thickener after the completion of heat preservation.
2, a kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, the thickener are：The present embodiment system containing 1% (quality)
Standby aqueous thickener solution.
3, a kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, the thickener are：First by thickener manufactured in the present embodiment
Be evaporated to a concentration of 20% (quality) of dietary fiber, form colloid, obtained after then drying powder to get.
Embodiment 4
1, a kind of preparation method of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, includes the following steps：
(1) xanthans of the water-soluble dietary fiber of 4 parts by weight, 0.1 parts by weight is added to the deionization of 42 parts by weight
It in water, is stirred at 48 DEG C, the sodium carbonate liquor that the mass fraction of 8 parts by weight is 1% is added until completely dissolved, then adds
Heat is cooled to 30 DEG C to 68 DEG C of heat preservation 45min after the completion of heat preservation, centrifugation removes the sediment separate out of bottom, takes layer separation
Object is for use；
(2) bacteria cellulose that the mass fraction of 0.8 parts by weight is 10% is added in the upper layer isolate in step (1)
Enzyme aqueous solution, stirring are heated to 48 DEG C of heat preservation 55min, 30 DEG C are cooled to after the completion of heat preservation, and centrifugation removes the separation of bottom
Sediment takes upper layer isolate for use；
(3) formaldehyde of 0.01 parts by weight, the solid content of 4 parts by weight are sequentially added in the upper layer isolate in step (2)
For 2% anionic polyacrylamide, mixed liquor is obtained, is stirred evenly after which is sealed, 45 DEG C of heat preservations are heated to
55min is cooled to 30 DEG C after the completion of heat preservation, it is for use to obtain uniform products；
(4) 0.008 part of polyethylene polyamine is added in the uniform products in step (3), stirs evenly, is heated to 65 DEG C
55min is kept the temperature, 30 DEG C are cooled to get modified soluble dietary fiber thickener after the completion of heat preservation.
2, a kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, the thickener are：The present embodiment containing 0.6% (quality)
The aqueous thickener solution of preparation.
3, a kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, the thickener are：First by thickener manufactured in the present embodiment
Be evaporated to a concentration of 18% (quality) of dietary fiber, form colloid, obtained after then drying powder to get.
The foregoing is merely the preferred embodiments of the application, are not intended to limit this application, for those skilled in the art
For member, the application can have various modifications and variations.Any modification made by within the spirit and principles of this application,
Equivalent replacement, improvement etc., should be included within the protection domain of the application.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of preparation method of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
(1) water-soluble dietary fiber, xanthans being added in deionized water, sodium carbonate liquor is added in stirring until completely dissolved,
It is then heated to certain temperature and keeps the temperature, certain temperature is cooled to after the completion of heat preservation, centrifuge, remove the sediment separate out of bottom,
Take upper layer isolate for use；
(2) bacteria cellulose enzyme aqueous solution is added in the upper layer isolate in step (1), stirring is heated to certain temperature simultaneously
Heat preservation is cooled to certain temperature after the completion of heat preservation, centrifuges, removes the sediment separate out of bottom, take upper layer isolate for use；
(3) formaldehyde, polyacrylamide are sequentially added in the upper layer isolate in step (2), obtains mixed liquor, by the mixed liquor
It stirs evenly, be heated to certain temperature and keep the temperature after sealing, be cooled to certain temperature after the completion of heat preservation, obtain uniform products and wait for
With；
(4) polyethylene polyamine is added in the uniform products in step (3), stirs evenly, is heated to certain temperature and keeps the temperature, protect
Certain temperature is cooled to get the aqueous thickener solution containing water-soluble dietary fiber after the completion of temperature.
2. preparation method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the water-soluble dietary fiber, part xanthans, deionization
Water, sodium carbonate liquor input amount be respectively 2-8 parts, 0.02-0.2 parts, 35-45 parts, 1-10 parts, parts by weight；Preferably, described
Sodium carbonate liquor refers to：With the aqueous sodium carbonate for 1% concentration that deionized water configures.
3. preparation method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the bacteria cellulose enzyme aqueous solution is concentration 10%
Beta-1,4-glucan -4- glucan hydrolases；Preferably, the input amount of the bacteria cellulose enzyme aqueous solution is 0.1-1 weight
Part.
4. preparation method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the input amount of the formaldehyde is 0.002-0.02 weight
Part；
Preferably, the polyacrylamide is the anionic polyacrylamide aqueous solution of solid content 2%；
Preferably, the dosage of the polyacrylamide is 2-5 parts by weight.
5. preparation method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the input amount of the polyethylene polyamine is 0.001-0.01
Parts by weight.
6. preparation method as described in any one in claim 1-5, which is characterized in that in step (1), the stirring refers to：In 40-
It is stirred at 50 DEG C；
In step (1), it is described heat to certain temperature and keep the temperature refer to：It is heated to 65-75 DEG C, keeps the temperature 45-55min；
In step (2), it is described heat to certain temperature and keep the temperature refer to：It is heated to 40-50 DEG C, keeps the temperature 55-65min；
In step (3), it is described heat to certain temperature and keep the temperature refer to：It is heated to 45-55 DEG C, keeps the temperature 55-65min；
In step (4), it is described heat to certain temperature and keep the temperature refer to：It is heated to 65-75 DEG C, keeps the temperature 55-65min；
In step (1) to (4), the certain temperature that is cooled to refers to：It is cooled to 30-40 DEG C.
7. a kind of modified soluble dietary fiber thickener, which is characterized in that the thickener is：Contain 0.5-1% (quality)
The aqueous thickener solution for preparing of any one of claim 1-6 the method；
Alternatively, aqueous thickener solution purifying, drying prepared by any one of claim 1-6 for first preparing present invention the methods
The powder obtained afterwards.
8. modified soluble dietary fiber thickener as claimed in claim 7, which is characterized in that the purifying refers to first will thickening
Agent aqueous solution is evaporated to a concentration of 10-20% (quality) of dietary fiber, forms colloid, obtained after dry powder to get.
9. a kind of fracturing fluid, which is characterized in that the fracturing fluid includes the increasing prepared such as any one of claim 1-6 the method
Thick dose and/or the thickener as described in claim 7 or 9, auxiliary agent.
Preferably, the thickener is：The aqueous thickener solution of concentration 0.5-1% (quality)；
Preferably, the auxiliary agent includes：Crosslinking agent, cleanup additive, corrosion inhibiter, surfactant.
10. as prepared by any one of claim 1-6 the methods, thickener as claimed in claim 7 or 8, such as claim 9
Application of the fracturing fluid in routine or unconventionaloil pool exploitation fracturing technique.
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