CN108730751A - 一种气-固复合储氢罐 - Google Patents
一种气-固复合储氢罐 Download PDFInfo
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- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 174
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 174
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 160
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- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
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- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
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- SYHGEUNFJIGTRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenedioxypyrovalerone Chemical compound C=1C=C2OCOC2=CC=1C(=O)C(CCC)N1CCCC1 SYHGEUNFJIGTRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种气‑固复合储氢罐,其包括外部罐体、内部罐体、储氢合金、导气管、内部循环水路、支撑板和氢气阀门。内部罐体由支撑板固定于外部罐体腔体内,支撑板焊接于内部罐体外壳上。装填有储氢合金的内部罐体,轴向设有多孔导气管,多孔导气管的两端设置有过滤器。本发明的气‑固复合储氢罐成本低廉,结构简单,制造容易,并且兼具固态储氢的高体积密度和高压气态储氢的良好放氢动态性能等特性,适合用于电网氢储能的大规模氢气存储。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种氢储能设备,具体涉及一种气-固复合储氢罐。
背景技术
随着经济发展和人口增加,人们对能源短缺、气候变化和环境污染等日益关注,能源安全和环境保护是全球关注的焦点问题。积极发展智能电网,推动清洁能源大规模利用,实现低碳经济以适应未来可持续发展的要求,已成为当今世界能源科技发展的最新动向。但是,当风能、太阳能等可再生能源发电成为支撑电网的主要来源时,这些间歇性和随机性的能量会对电网产生冲击,大规模可再生能源发电并网困难已成为当前新能源及电网发展的瓶颈之一。因此,迫切需要发展大容量、高功率、长寿命、高安全和低成本的储能技术,以保障电网系统的安全稳定,同时实现可再生能源的充分利用。
电网氢储能技术是一种清洁、环保、高效的长效储能技术,被认为能够有效解决新能源稳定并网问题,并大幅度降低碳排放,同时小型高效氢能系统也可以用于电动汽车、变电站备用电源、紧急救援供电车等。氢储能系统涉及电解制氢、储氢、燃料电池发电、控制系统等几大环节,其中,大规模、安全、高效、低成本的储氢技术是氢储能系统的难点和关键,并在氢储能系统中起承上启下的作用。标准状况下,氢的密度为0.0899g L-1,体积能量密度仅为0.01066MJ L-1,如何高效地存储氢气是氢储能技术得以实际应用的技术瓶颈。
储氢方式按照氢的存在状态分类可分为高压气态储氢、低温液态储氢和固态储氢。高压气态储氢是指氢气通过高压压缩的方式储存在高压罐里。这种储氢方式简单易行,操作方便,充放氢在常温即可进行且速率快,当压力不太高时(20MPa以下),成本较低,其缺点是储氢密度低,占用空间大。为了提高高压气态储氢方式的储氢密度,往往通过增加储存压力来实现,但其弊端是一方面对罐体材料提出了较高要求,例如35MPa高压储氢罐采用碳纤维缠绕复合罐,会使成本急剧上升,另一方面,压力过高也存在一定安全隐患,同时也相应增加了压缩能耗。将氢气温度降至20K以下的低温液态储氢方式,是将气态氢气液化储存于液态储罐中。这种储氢方式具有比高压气态储氢更高的储氢密度,但是,低温液态储氢方式仍存在对储存容器的隔热要求极高,液化耗能太大(大约占储存能量的1/3),液氢容易挥发,成本高等问题。固态储氢是一种基于储氢材料的可逆氢化/脱氢反应的储氢方式,储氢材料一般装填在储氢罐中使用,储氢材料可存储相当于其自身体积1000~3000倍的氢气,具有体积储氢密度大、工作压力低、安全性好等优点。但是,由于固态储氢的吸放氢过程依赖于储氢材料的氢化/脱氢反应,其吸放氢动态性能不如高压气态储氢方式好,并对储氢罐的传热性能和储氢材料的反应动力学性能较依赖。
现阶段,结合高压气态储氢方式和固态储氢方式的气-固复合储氢方式有着高效、安全、高性能的特点,是较有应用前景的。相比于高压气态储氢,气-固复合储氢的体积储氢密度更高;相比于固态储氢,气-固复合储氢的吸放氢动力学性能更优越。因此,气-固复合储氢是一种综合储氢性能更优越的储氢方式。
对于气-固复合储氢,日本丰田公司研制出了针对车载应用的35MPa气-固复合储氢系统,储氢量可达7.3kg,罐体体积180L,罐体重量420kg,5分钟可充氢80%。北京有色金属研究总院于2014年也研制出用于加氢站用的45MPa气-固复合储氢系统。
目前,气-固复合储氢的研究主要以车载或者加氢站为应用目标,对于车载应用领域,高的工作压力可以获得高的储氢密度从而保证燃料电池汽车更大的续航里程,因此,研究的气-固复合储氢装置的工作压力基本在35MPa以上;而对于加氢站应用领域,储氢系统需要有足够的储氢平台压力,以满足高压加注条件。然而,较高的工作压力一方面由于需要采用碳纤维缠绕复合罐而大大增加了使用成本,另一方面也降低了使用安全性。
对于电网氢储能的固定式应用场景来说,除要求储氢系统应具备使用性外,还应具备安全性、经济性,具体表现在:首先,在储氢性能方面,由于电网氢储能是固定式的应用场景,其储氢系统更看重体积储氢密度,而对重量储氢密度要求不高,另外,储氢系统还应具有较强的即时响应能力及较快的放氢动力学性能,以适应电网的瞬时波动;其次,在安全性方面,为确保安全,储氢系统的储氢压力不能过高,且较低的储氢工作压力还可以利用现有的钢瓶储罐技术,技术成熟,成本低廉;再次,在经济性方面,储氢系统的成本要低,以利于大规模利用。因此,需要提供一种具有较高体积储氢密度、高安全性、低成本且吸放氢动态性能优越的储氢罐来满足电网氢储能的大规模应用。
发明内容
为满足现有技术对较高体积储氢密度、高安全性、低成本且吸收氢动态性能优越的储氢罐的需要,本发明提供了一种适合用于电网氢储能应用场景的气-固复合储氢罐,该气-固复合储氢罐具有较高体积储氢密度和较好的放氢动态性能,并且,该气-固复合储氢罐的工作压力比目前常规的气-固复合储氢罐的工作压力低,安全性更好,而且无需使用昂贵的碳纤维复合材料,使得成本大大降低。
本发明采用以下技术方案:
一种气-固复合储氢罐,
所述的气-固复合储氢罐包括外部罐体(1)、内部罐体(2)、储氢合金(3)、导气管(4)、内部循环水路(5)、支撑板(6)和氢气阀门(7);所述内外罐体同轴心设置。
进一步的,所述内外罐体间设有径向用于支撑和固定内部罐体(2)支撑板(6)。
进一步的,所述外部罐体(1)和内部罐体(2)的材质包括碳钢、不锈钢或者镍合金。
进一步的,所述碳钢组分的质量百分比为:碳:0.1~2.2%;锰:0.2~1%;硅:≤0.4%;硫:≤0.05%;磷:≤0.5%;其余为铁和不可避免的杂质。
进一步的,所述不锈钢组分的质量百分比为:碳:0.02~0.15%;铬:11~23%;镍:3~20%;锰:1~2%;磷:0.03~0.05%;硫:0.01~0.04%;氮:0~0.2%;钼:0~4%;其余为铁和不可避免的杂质。
进一步的,所述镍合金组分的质量百分比为:碳:0.2~0.5%;锰:0.1~0.3%;硅:1~2%;铝:2~2.5%;钛:0.5~0.8%;铬:0.3~0.7%;铁:0.8~1.2%;硼:0.02~0.06%;其余为镍和不可避免的杂质。
进一步的,所述外部罐体(1)的一端设置有氢气阀门(7)。
进一步的,所述内部罐体(2)的外壳缠绕有内部循环水路(5),循环水路(5)一端沿轴向贯穿内部罐体(2)的芯部,且另一端穿过外部罐体(1)通向外部。
进一步的,所述内部循环水路(5)为不锈钢管或铝管。
进一步的,所述不锈钢管的组分质量百分比为:碳:0.02~0.15%;铬:11~23%;镍:3~20%;锰:1~2%;磷:0.03~0.05%;硫:0.01~0.04%;氮:0~0.2%;钼:0~4%;其余为铁和不可避免的杂质。
进一步的,所述铝管的组分质量百分比为:Zn:5.0~7.0%、Mg:1.8~2.8%、Cu:1.4~2.0%、Cr:0.25%、Fe≤0.15%、Si:0.10%、其余为铝。
进一步的,所述导气管(4)与所述内部罐体(2)同轴设置,所述导气管(4)上设有径向导气孔,所述导气管(4)的两端设置有过滤器。
进一步的,所述导气管(4)的材质为不锈钢粉末烧结体,过滤精度为0.5~5μm;所述的过滤器为不锈钢粉末烧结体,过滤精度为0.5μm。
进一步的,所述内部罐体(2)中装填有储氢合金(3),储氢合金(3)为稀土系或者钛系储氢合金中的一种或者多种。
进一步的,所述储氢合金(3)在温度25℃时的放氢平台压为1~5MPa。放氢平台压的选择取决于气-固复合储氢罐的额定工作压力,额定工作压力高时选定高放氢平台压,额定工作压力低时选定低放氢平台压。
进一步的,所述气-固复合储氢罐的额定工作压力可达20MPa。
与最接近的现有技术比,本发明提供的技术方案具有以下优异效果:
1、本发明的气-固复合储氢罐的工作压力与目前的标准氢气钢瓶的工作压力相近,罐体可采用与现有标准氢气钢瓶类似的材质,技术成熟,无需使用昂贵的碳纤维缠绕复合罐,成本低廉;
2、本发明的气-固复合储氢罐结构简单,制造容易;
3、本发明通过内外罐体的设置,内部罐体用于固态储氢,外部罐体用于气态储氢,实现气-固复合储氢的功能,储氢罐兼具固态储氢的高体积密度和高压气态储氢的良好放氢动态性能两个特性,适合用于电网氢储能的大规模氢气存储。
附图说明
图1为本发明优选的一种气-固复合储氢罐的结构示意图;
图2为图1的A-A截面的示意图。
图号说明:
1、外部罐体
2、内部罐体
3、储氢合金
4、导气管
5、内部循环水路
6、支撑板
7、氢气阀门
具体实施方式
以下结合附图和具体实施例子对本发明作进一步说明。
图1为本发明优选的一种气-固复合储氢罐的结构示意图,图2为图1中A-A截面的示意图。该气-固复合储氢罐由外部罐体(1)、内部罐体(2)、储氢合金(3)、导气管(4)、内部循环水路(5)、支撑板(6)、氢气阀门(7)组成。
外部罐体(1)和内部罐体(2)的材质为不锈钢,其组分质量百分比为:碳:0.1%;铬15%;镍:14%;锰:1%;磷:0.05%;硫:0.03%;氮0.1%,其余为铁和不可避免的杂质。内部罐体(2)置于外部罐体(1)里面,外部罐体(1)的工作压力(即气-固复合储氢罐的额定工作压力)为15MPa。
内部罐体(2)的外径为100mm,长度为1000mm,外部罐体(1)的内径为200mm,长度为1200mm。
内部罐体(2)外壳上焊接有六个扇形支撑板(6),支撑板(6)的内径与内部罐体(2)的外径一致,支撑板(6)的外径与外部罐体(1)的内径一致。支撑板(6)用于支撑和固定内部罐体(2)处于外部罐体(1)的芯部位置。
内部罐体(2)装填有钛系储氢合金(3),在温度25℃时的放氢平台压为5MPa。内部罐体(2)的芯部贯穿有轴向多孔导气管(4),且多孔导气管(4)的两端设置有过滤器,用来过滤储氢合金粉,过滤器材质为不锈钢粉末烧结体,过滤精度为0.5μm,多孔导气管(4)的材质为不锈钢粉末烧结体,过滤精度为5μm。
内部罐体(2)的外壳缠绕有内部循环水路(5),并且循环水路(5)沿轴向贯穿内部罐体(2)的芯部,循环水路(5)穿过外部罐体(1)的一端通向外部,循环水路(5)为不锈钢管,外径为10mm。外部罐体(1)的另一端设置有氢气进出阀门(7)。
以下将粗略估计气-固复合储氢罐中固态储氢和气态储氢的储氢量。上述内部罐体里装填的是Ti系储氢材料,密度为6.4kg L-1,储氢密度为1.8wt%。根据上述罐体的尺寸可大致计算得储氢材料的体积为7.8L,外部罐体气态部分的容积为27.7L。因此固态储氢量为7.8L×6.4kg L-1×1.8%=0.898kg;气态储氢量为150×27.7L×0.0899g L-1=0.373kg。气-固复合储氢罐的总储氢量为1.271kg,其中固态储氢占71%,气态储氢占29%。
最后应该说明的是:以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非对其限制,尽管参照上述实施例对本发明进行了详细说明,所属领域的普通技术人员应当理解:依然可以对本发明的具体实施方式进行修改或者等同替换,而未脱离本发明精神和范围的任何修改或者等同替换,其均应涵盖在本权利要求范围当中。
Claims (13)
1.一种气-固复合储氢罐,其特征在于,所述的气-固复合储氢罐包括外部罐体(1)、内部罐体(2)、储氢合金(3)、导气管(4)、内部循环水路(5)、支撑板(6)和氢气阀门(7);所述内外罐体同轴心设置。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种气-固复合储氢罐,其特征在于,所述内外罐体间设有径向用于支撑和固定内部罐体(2)支撑板(6)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种气-固复合储氢罐,其特征在于,所述外部罐体(1)和内部罐体(2)的材质包括碳钢、不锈钢或者镍合金。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种气-固复合储氢罐,其特征在于,所述镍合金的质量百分比为:碳:0.2~0.5%;锰:0.1~0.3%;硅:1~2%;铝:2~2.5%;钛:0.5~0.8%;铬:0.3~0.7%;铁:0.8~1.2%;硼:0.02~0.06%;其余为镍和不可避免的杂质。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种气-固复合储氢罐,其特征在于,所述外部罐体(1)的一端设置有氢气阀门(7)。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种气-固复合储氢罐,其特征在于,所述内部罐体(2)的外壳缠绕有内部循环水路(5),循环水路(5)一端沿轴向贯穿内部罐体(2)的芯部,且另一端穿过外部罐体(1)通向外部。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种气-固复合储氢罐,其特征在于,所述内部循环水路(5)为不锈钢管或铝管。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种气-固复合储氢罐,其特征在于,所述铝管的质量百分比为:Zn:5.0~7.0%、Mg:1.8~2.8%、Cu:1.4~2.0%、Cr:0.25%、Fe≤0.15%、Si:0.10%、其余为铝。
9.根据权利要求1所述的一种气-固复合储氢罐,其特征在于,所述导气管(4)与所述内部罐体(2)同轴设置,所述导气管(4)上设有径向导气孔,所述导气管(4)的两端设置有过滤器。
10.根据权利要求7所述的一种气-固复合储氢罐,其特征在于,所述导气管(4)的材质为不锈钢粉末烧结体,过滤精度为0.5~5μm;所述的过滤器为不锈钢粉末烧结体,过滤精度为0.5μm。
11.根据权利要求1所述的一种气-固复合储氢罐,其特征在于,所述内部罐体(2)中装填有储氢合金(3),储氢合金(3)为稀土系或者钛系储氢合金中的一种或者多种。
12.根据权利要求11所述的一种气-固复合储氢罐,其特征在于,所述储氢合金(3)在温度25℃时的放氢平台压为1~5MPa。
13.根据权利要求1所述的一种气-固复合储氢罐,其特征在于,所述气-固复合储氢罐的额定工作压力可达20MPa。
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