CN108704645B - Copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN108704645B CN108704645B CN201810617982.7A CN201810617982A CN108704645B CN 108704645 B CN108704645 B CN 108704645B CN 201810617982 A CN201810617982 A CN 201810617982A CN 108704645 B CN108704645 B CN 108704645B
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- 239000011941 photocatalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- SLZVKEARWFTMOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4].[Cu+2] SLZVKEARWFTMOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002135 nanosheet Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine B Chemical group [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229940043267 rhodamine b Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002957 persistent organic pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000013033 photocatalytic degradation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- JZCCFEFSEZPSOG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.[Cu+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O JZCCFEFSEZPSOG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012362 glacial acetic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000013032 photocatalytic reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-olate;titanium(4+) Chemical compound [Ti+4].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-] YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009281 ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(I) oxide Inorganic materials [Cu]O[Cu] BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRFJLUBVMFXRPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cuprous oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Cu+].[Cu+] KRFJLUBVMFXRPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007146 photocatalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003071 polychlorinated biphenyls Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005575 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000701 toxic element Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/72—Copper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/39—Photocatalytic properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/40—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
- C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst, which is prepared by adding a photocatalyst into TiO2Depositing elemental copper on the surface of the nanosheet to form Cu-TiO2A Schottky junction; the mass ratio of the deposition amount of the elemental copper to the titanium oxide is 0.1: 1; the copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst is integrally flaky, the side length of the flaky is 0.5-2 microns, and the thickness of the flaky is 30-100 nanometers. The invention deposits simple substance copper on TiO with {001} crystal face as main exposed face by simple in-situ reduction method2Nanosheet to obtain Cu-TiO with excellent performance2A schottky junction. With TiO2Comparison of photocatalysts, the Cu-TiO we synthesized2The Schottky junction greatly improves the photocatalytic activity, and the preparation method is simple, low in cost and good in application prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst, a simple preparation method thereof and photocatalytic activity.
Background
In the 21 st century, human beings have faced two very serious problems of energy and environment, especially the environmental problem caused by toxic and non-degradable organic pollutants (such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, polychlorinated biphenyl, pesticide, dye, etc.), which has become a significant problem affecting human survival and health. Organic pollutants can be effectively oxidized and decomposed by utilizing the characteristic that the surface of the semiconductor oxide material can be activated under the irradiation of sunlight. Compared with the traditional environment purification treatment method, the semiconductor photocatalysis technology has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, no secondary pollution and operationSimple preparation, obvious degradation effect and the like. The most studied and used photocatalyst since the development of photocatalytic technology was TiO2. However, the generated photogenerated electron-hole pairs are easy to recombine, so that electrons and holes cannot be timely transferred to the surface to participate in redox reaction, and the light conversion efficiency is low. Therefore, it is important to prepare a photocatalyst having high activity. Because copper is a nontoxic cheap metal, compounds containing toxic elements such as lead, antimony, cadmium, mercury and the like, such as CuO, Cu, are increasingly substituted for the preparation of photocatalysts in recent years2O, and the like. In recent years, TiO2The nanosheets have attracted extensive attention due to their unique platelet morphology. However, the separation efficiency of the electron-hole pairs is still not high, and therefore, the method is a very effective means for improving the separation efficiency of the electron-hole pairs by combining with a metal material capable of promoting the directional flow of electrons. In the existing report, Junhua et al reported that elemental copper is epitaxially grown on TiO2The {101} crystal face (application publication No. CN 104722300A); wang Yanfen et al reported a Cu2O/TiO2Composite photocatalytic material (application publication No. CN 106466604A). But the preparation methods are all complex.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provide a structural material which is simple in preparation method and improves the photocatalytic activity.
In order to achieve the aim, the invention provides a copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst which is prepared by adding a photocatalyst into TiO2Depositing elemental copper on the surface of the nanosheet to form Cu-TiO2A Schottky junction; the mass ratio of the deposition amount of the simple substance copper to the titanium oxide is 0.1: 1.
the copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst is integrally flaky, the side length of the flaky is 0.5-2 microns, and the thickness of the flaky is 30-100 nanometers.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst, which comprises the following specific steps:
1) adding 0.5g of 40wt% hydrofluoric acid into 30g of glacial acetic acid, and stirring for 30 minutes; 1.71g of tetratitanate were then addedButyl ester, stirring for 0.5 hour; then, transferring the mixture into a polytetrafluoroethylene lining autoclave, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction for 24 hours at the constant temperature of 180 ℃; centrifuging, washing, drying, calcining at 600 ℃ for 2 hours to obtain the flaky TiO with the {001} crystal face as the main exposed face2;
2) Adding 0.16mmol of copper sulfate pentahydrate and the flaky titanium dioxide prepared in the step (1) into 30mL of ethylene glycol, and stirring for 10 minutes;
3) adding 0.32mmol of ascorbic acid into the mixture obtained in the step (2), and stirring for 30 minutes;
4) adding the mixture prepared in the step (3) into a polytetrafluoroethylene lining autoclave, carrying out hydrothermal reaction for 2.5 hours at a constant temperature of 80 ℃, centrifuging, washing and drying to obtain Cu-TiO2
The invention also provides application of the copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants.
Specifically, when the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants is carried out, the copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst is added into an organic pollutant wastewater solution when the photocatalytic degradation of the organic pollutants is carried out, and after the copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst is stirred for 30min in the dark, a xenon lamp light source is started to carry out photocatalytic reaction for 60-70min under the irradiation of ultraviolet light; wherein the concentration of the organic pollutant wastewater solution is not higher than 12.5 mg/L; the adding amount of the copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst is 0.05g per 200mL of organic pollutant wastewater solution.
The organic pollutant subjected to photocatalytic degradation is preferably rhodamine B.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
the invention deposits simple substance copper on TiO with {001} crystal face as main exposed face by simple in-situ reduction method2Nanosheet to obtain Cu-TiO with excellent performance2A schottky junction. With TiO2Comparison of photocatalysts, the Cu-TiO we synthesized2The Schottky junction greatly improves the photocatalytic activity, and the preparation method is simple, low in cost and good in application prospect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view ofExample one preparation of Cu-TiO2Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of the composite photocatalyst;
FIG. 2 shows Cu-TiO prepared in example one2Composite photocatalyst, and Cu and TiO2X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of (a);
FIG. 3 shows Cu-TiO in the second embodiment2Composite photocatalyst and TiO2And (3) an activity comparison graph of degrading the wastewater solution containing the rhodamine B (RhB) dye.
C in FIG. 30The initial concentration of RhB, C the RhB concentration measured after a period of uv irradiation, and t the time.
As can be seen from FIG. 3, Cu-TiO2The composite photocatalyst can efficiently catalyze and degrade RhB dye wastewater solution, and the activity of the composite photocatalyst is far higher than that of pure-phase TiO2The performance of the catalyst.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples.
The first embodiment is as follows:
adding 5.35g of wt40% hydrofluoric acid and 1.2g of water into 30g of glacial acetic acid in a beaker, stirring for 30 minutes, adding 1.71g of tetrabutyl titanate, stirring for 0.5 hour, transferring into a polytetrafluoroethylene lining, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction at the constant temperature of 180 ℃ for 24 hours; washing, centrifuging, drying, calcining at 600 ℃ for 2 hours to obtain the pure-phase TiO2And is in the form of sheet.
Then 0.16mmol of copper sulfate pentahydrate and 0.1g of pure phase titanium dioxide are added into 30mL of ethylene glycol in a flaky manner and stirred for 10 minutes;
then adding 0.32mmol of ascorbic acid into the solution, and stirring for 30 minutes; then, the mixture is added into a polytetrafluoroethylene lining autoclave, hydrothermal reaction is carried out for 2.5 hours at the constant temperature of 80 ℃, centrifugation, washing and drying are carried out, and Cu-TiO is obtained2。
For Cu-TiO2The composite photocatalyst is analyzed, and then,
deposition amount of Cu and TiO2Is 0.1: 1.
as can be seen from FIG. 1, the Cu-TiO prepared by the invention2The composite photocatalyst is in a sheet shape,the side length of the sheet is 0.5-2 microns, and the thickness is 30-100 nanometers.
As can be seen from FIG. 2, Cu-TiO2The composite photocatalyst XRD contains Cu (standard card JCPDS: 85-1326) and TiO simultaneously2(Standard card JCPDS: 71-1166) Cu-TiO prepared in example one2A composite photocatalyst is provided.
Effect example two:
the test procedure was as follows:
Cu-TiO prepared in example one2Composite photocatalyst and pure-phase TiO2Respectively degrading waste water solution containing RhB.
Weighing Cu-TiO respectively20.05g of composite photocatalyst, pure phase TiO20.05g of the dye is respectively added into 200ml of RhB aqueous solution, wherein the concentration of the RhB is 12.5mg/L, and the mixture is stirred for 30min in a dark place, so that the dye is adsorbed/desorbed on the surface of the catalyst to be balanced. Then starting a xenon lamp light source to perform a photocatalytic reaction under the irradiation of ultraviolet light, and detecting the supernatant by using a spectrophotometer. According to the Lambert-Beer law, the concentration change of the organic matter can be quantitatively calculated according to the change of the characteristic absorption peak intensity of the organic matter. When the light-absorbing substances are the same and the thicknesses are the same, the change in the concentration of the solution can be directly expressed by the change in absorbance. Because RhB has a characteristic absorption peak at 554 nm, the change of the absorbance can be used for measuring the change of the concentration of RhB in the solution.
As shown in FIG. 3 (abscissa: UV irradiation time; ordinate: ratio of RhB concentration value measured after a period of UV irradiation to RhB initial concentration, it can be seen that Cu-TiO was present after 60min of irradiation2The composite photocatalyst degrades RhB by 95 percent and pure-phase TiO2In contrast, Cu-TiO2The composite photocatalyst has higher catalytic activity on RhB.
Claims (4)
1. A copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst is characterized in that: the photocatalyst is prepared by reacting on TiO2Depositing elemental copper on the surface of the nanosheet to form Cu-TiO2A Schottky junction; the mass ratio of the deposition amount of the simple substance copper to the titanium oxide is 0.1: 1; the copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst is integrally flaky and flakyThe side length of the shape is 0.5-2 microns, and the thickness is 30-100 nanometers; the preparation method of the photocatalyst comprises the following steps:
(1) adding 0.5g of 40wt% hydrofluoric acid into 30g of glacial acetic acid, and stirring for 30 minutes; then adding 1.71g of tetrabutyl titanate and stirring for 0.5 hour; then, transferring the mixture into a polytetrafluoroethylene lining autoclave, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction for 24 hours at the constant temperature of 180 ℃; centrifuging, washing, drying, calcining at 600 ℃ for 2 hours to obtain the flaky TiO with the {001} crystal face as the main exposed face2;
(2) Adding 0.16mmol of copper sulfate pentahydrate and the flaky titanium dioxide prepared in the step (1) into 30mL of ethylene glycol, and stirring for 10 minutes;
(3) adding 0.32mmol of ascorbic acid into the mixture obtained in the step (2), and stirring for 30 minutes;
(4) adding the mixture prepared in the step (3) into a polytetrafluoroethylene lining autoclave, carrying out hydrothermal reaction for 2.5 hours at a constant temperature of 80 ℃, centrifuging, washing and drying to obtain Cu-TiO2。
2. The use of the copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst as defined in claim 1 for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants.
3. Use according to claim 2, characterized in that: when the copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst is used for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, the copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst is added into an organic pollutant wastewater solution, stirred in the dark for 30min, and then a xenon lamp light source is started to perform photocatalytic reaction for 60-70min under the irradiation of ultraviolet light; the concentration of the organic pollutant wastewater solution is not higher than 12.5 mg/L; the adding amount of the copper-titanium oxide composite photocatalyst is 0.05g per 200mL of organic pollutant wastewater solution.
4. Use according to claim 3, characterized in that: the organic pollutant is rhodamine B.
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CN113181912B (en) * | 2021-03-26 | 2023-05-09 | 南京信息工程大学 | Cu (copper) alloy 2 O-TiO 2 Composite photocatalyst, preparation method and application thereof |
CN113731414A (en) * | 2021-09-14 | 2021-12-03 | 镇江市高等专科学校 | Cu cluster loaded TiO2Water treatment catalyst and preparation method and application thereof |
CN115155605A (en) * | 2022-07-23 | 2022-10-11 | 南京信息工程大学 | Novel Cu 2 O/BiVO 4 Preparation method and application of composite photocatalyst |
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