CN108700287B - Method for injecting particulate solid fuel and oxidant and injector therefor - Google Patents
Method for injecting particulate solid fuel and oxidant and injector therefor Download PDFInfo
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- CN108700287B CN108700287B CN201580085789.8A CN201580085789A CN108700287B CN 108700287 B CN108700287 B CN 108700287B CN 201580085789 A CN201580085789 A CN 201580085789A CN 108700287 B CN108700287 B CN 108700287B
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- oxidant
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D1/00—Burners for combustion of pulverulent fuel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L7/00—Supplying non-combustible liquids or gases, other than air, to the fire, e.g. oxygen, steam
- F23L7/007—Supplying oxygen or oxygen-enriched air
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D2201/00—Burners adapted for particulate solid or pulverulent fuels
- F23D2201/10—Nozzle tips
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
Abstract
Method and injector for injecting a fluid-propelled particulate solid fuel and an oxidant, wherein at least three jets of fast oxidant and at least three jets of slow oxidant are injected around the jet of solid fuel, the jets of oxidant being injected along a contour (40) surrounding a fuel injection opening (12) and along the contour (40) at most three jets of slow oxidant being injected between the two jets of fast oxidant.
Description
The present invention relates to the combustion of a fluid-propelled particulate solid fuel in a combustion chamber, for example in order to heat said combustion chamber or in order to heat a charge present in said combustion chamber.
In industrial combustion processes, such as for glass melting furnaces, different types of fuels are burned.
From a technical point of view, high quality gaseous fuels such as natural gas and shale gas are often the preferred fuel types, particularly because of their ease of transportation, injection, distribution, and combustion.
Especially in areas where the price of gaseous fuels is high and where particulate or pulverized solid fuels such as pulverized coal or petroleum coke (also known as "petroleum coke") are available at low cost, it may be economically preferable to burn the pulverized solid fuel, including in facilities originally designed for combustion of combustion gases.
However, in this case, it is generally insufficient to merely replace the gaseous fuel with the fluid-propelled pulverized solid fuel.
It has in fact been found that when replacing gaseous fuels with pulverized solid fuels (for example in glass melting furnaces), the energy efficiency of the process is reduced by incomplete combustion of the solid fuel. This is also the case when the oxidant gas injected in contact with the solid fuel to combust the solid fuel has a very high oxygen content.
Even when the injection velocities of the fuel and oxidant gases are adjusted so as to prolong the residence time of the solid fuel in the fuel/oxidant gas stream/flame in the furnace and delay the precipitation of unburned or partially burned solid fuel, the degree of combustion of the solid fuel is still low relative to the case of using gaseous fuel. Furthermore, increased corrosion of the furnace structure is observed due to friction between the structure (furnace walls) and the unburnt or partially burnt solid fuel in the flow/flame.
Accordingly, there is a need for a method of injecting and combusting solid pulverized material and an injector for pulverized fuel and an oxidizer that enables the solid pulverized fuel to be combusted to a greater extent within the confined space of an industrial combustion facility, such as a glass melting furnace.
In view of the apparent need for a facility originally designed for burning gaseous fuels, it will be appreciated that other industrial combustion facilities and processes not originally designed for gaseous fuels, including new industrial solid fuel combustion facilities to be constructed, may also require an injector capable of achieving a greater degree of pulverized solid fuel combustion in a relatively compact flame.
Processes and equipment for injecting and combusting fluid propelled particulate solid fuels are known in the art.
For example, CN-A-101709876 describes A premixed or semi-premixed burner for fuel gas propelled petroleum coke powder. The burner comprises a hollow inner tube for transporting and injecting gas-propelled petroleum coke powder and a surrounding narrow tubular passage for air (used as a gaseous combustion oxidant) between the inner and outer tubes. The inner tube terminates in a nozzle and the outer tube terminates in a conical cap. The tip of the conical cap defines a tip injection opening of the burner.
CN-A-101709876 more particularly discloses A burner in which the outer surface of the inner nozzle is provided with A large number of ribs defining A ring of evenly distributed air injection passages of rectangular cross-section between the inner nozzle and the conical cap. The air injected through the rectangular air passage contacts and mixes with the gas-propelled petroleum coke powder upstream of the distal injection opening of the burner.
CN-A-101709876 also mentions the use of burners for burning petroleum coke powder in glass melting furnaces.
Premixed and semi-premixed burners are characterized by the ignition of fuel within or near the burner.
In view of this may be useful in certain applications, in other applications, particularly high temperature applications, this may result in overheating of the burner tip causing rapid failure of the burner.
When overheating of the burner tip can occur, it is preferred to use a fuel and oxidant injector in which the oxidant contacts the fluid-propelled particulate solid fuel downstream of the injector (i.e., inside the combustion chamber of the facility). Such injectors are commonly referred to as "post-mix" injectors, but may also be referred to as "no-premix" injectors.
In post-mix injectors, the fluid-propelled particulate solid fuel is typically supplied via the inner tube of the injector and the oxidant is supplied via the outer passage of the injector.
However, it has been found that with this post-mix injection configuration, only a relatively small amount of oxidant supplied by the outer passage mixes with the fluid-propelled fuel at and near the distance from the injector at which the oxidant jet first impinges the fuel jet.
It has in fact been observed that downstream of said first impact, the remaining oxidizing agent tends to form a sheath of oxidizing agent flowing substantially parallel to the jets of fluid-propelled particulate fuel and to the flame produced by the combustion of said fuel, the oxidizing agent being progressively consumed by the flame substantially located in the peripheral zone in which it is in contact with the jets/flames of fluid-propelled particulate fuel.
This may result in (a) excessively long flames, (b) incomplete combustion of the particulate fuel, and (c) deposition of unburned or partially burned fuel and ash inside the combustion chamber or on/in the charge present in the combustion chamber if a portion of the particulate fuel precipitates from the entrained flow due to the action of gravity before mixing with the oxidant and burning.
It is an object of the present invention to at least partially overcome the above disadvantages of the post mixing type injectors.
According to the invention, this object is achieved by: increasing a portion of oxidant emerging from an external passageway of the post-mix injector that is effectively mixed with the fluid-propelled particulate fuel at and immediately downstream of a distance from the injector at which the oxidant from the external passageway first impinges the jet of fluid-propelled fuel.
The invention relates more particularly to a method and a mixed ejector for achieving the above, as well as to an industrial process in which said method is used and to an industrial installation equipped with said ejector.
The invention more particularly relates to a method of injecting a fluid-propelled particulate solid fuel and an oxidant into a combustion chamber. The method comprises the following steps:
at fuel injection velocity vfInjecting a fluid-propelled particulate solid fuel jet into the combustion chamber, the fuel jet being injected into the combustion chamber via a fuel injection opening, the circumference of which corresponds to a first two-dimensional geometric profile (hereinafter "first profile") presenting a geometric center or centroid;
injection n1A first oxidant jet (hereinafter "flash oxidant jet") passing through n1A first injection opening into the combustion chamber, the rapid oxidant jet being injected at a first oxidant injection velocity VO1(referred to as "high oxidant velocity") injection, number n of first injection openings1Equal to or greater than 3;
injection n2A second jet of oxidant (hereinafter referred to as slow oxidant jet) passing through n2A second injection opening into the combustion chamber, the slow jet of oxidant having a second oxidant injection velocity VO2(referred to as "low oxidizer velocity") and the number n of second injection openings2Equal to or greater than 3.
When a flame with a circular cross-section is desired, the first profile is generally circular, whereas when a "flat flame", i.e. a flame with an elongated cross-section perpendicular to the propagation direction of the flame, is desired, the first profile is elongated.
According to the method of the invention, n1Each of the first oxidant injection openings and the n2Each of the second oxidant injection openings intersects the second profile. The second contour surrounds and is spaced apart from the first contour, the second contour corresponding to connecting n in a clockwise direction or in a counterclockwise direction1+n2Closed curve of each oxidant injection opening. In other words, the second contour surrounds the outer circumference of the fuel injection opening while being spaced apart from the fuel injection opening and its outer circumference.
Furthermore, along said second contour, at n1N is injected between two continuous jets of fast oxidant in the jet of fast oxidant2At most three of the slow oxidant jets. In other words, the succession of the first and second oxidant injection openings along the second contour is such that no more than three (3) second oxidant injection openings are positioned between two consecutive first oxidant injection openings. In addition, high oxidant injection velocity VO1And low oxidant injection velocity VO2So that the velocity V of the oxidizing agent is highO1Is greater than or equal to the low oxidant velocity VO2Of highest speed1.25 Multiple times。
Preferably, n2At most two of the slow oxidant jets follow a second profile at n1Fast thighBetween two successive jets of fast oxidant in the jet of fast oxidant, more preferably n2At most one (i.e., one or zero) of the slow jets of oxidant is positioned along the second profile at n1Between each two consecutive jets of fast oxidant in the plurality of jets of fast oxidant.
In the present context, the terms "jet", "flow" and "flow" are used synonymously.
Likewise, the terms "powder" and "particulate" are used synonymously. Thus, unless otherwise indicated, the expression "powdered fuel" is used to refer to "particulate fuel" without limiting how the particulate fuel is obtained or manufactured.
In the present context, two oxidant jets or two oxidant injection openings are said to be "adjacent" when they follow the second contour next to each other.
By means of the above described arrangement of the slow and fast oxidant jets around the fuel jet, adjacent fast and slow oxidant jets can be injected so as to impinge the fuel jet at substantially the same distance from the fuel injection opening (measured in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the fuel injection opening). Alternatively, adjacent jets of fast and slow oxidant may be injected such that one or more, and possibly all, of the fast oxidant jets impinge the fuel jet immediately downstream of the adjacent slow oxidant jet. When not all of the fast oxidant jets impinge the fuel stream upstream of where the adjacent slow oxidant jet impinges the fuel jet, the remaining fast oxidant jets impinge the fuel stream at substantially the same distance from the fuel injection opening as the adjacent slow oxidant jet.
When the injection directions of the fuel and oxidant jets are parallel, the position of the oxidant injection opening relative to the fuel injection opening determines the distance at which the corresponding oxidant jet from the fuel injection opening (i.e. the oxidant jet injected through said oxidant injection opening) hits the fuel jet. When the jet of oxidant is injected in a direction different from the direction of the jet of fuel, then the distance at which the jet of oxidant from the fuel injection opening hits the jet of fuel is determined by the position of the corresponding oxidant injection opening relative to the fuel injection opening and the injection direction of the jet of oxidant relative to the injection direction of the jet of fuel (e.g. towards the jet of fuel or away from the jet of fuel).
It will be appreciated that, since the injected jets naturally undergo widening downstream of the respective injection openings, the oxidant jets may hit the fuel jets even if they are injected in a direction parallel to the fuel jets or in a direction slightly inclined away from the injection direction of the fuel jets.
It has been found that by injecting the oxidant in a plurality of oxidant jets around the fuel jet rather than as a single annular jet around the fuel jet, all other factors being equal, the degree of combustion of the pulverized solid fuel is slightly increased, but a higher degree of fuel combustion is still required.
According to the invention, this is achieved by a combination of: the fast and slow oxidant jets, and their positions relative to each other (along the second profile) and to the fuel jet, are as described above.
It is speculated that with the prior art post-mix solid fuel and oxidant injection methods, only a small portion of the oxidant is initially mixed with the fuel jet at the point of impact between the oxidant jet and the fuel jet downstream of their respective injection openings, while the majority of the oxidant thereafter follows a flow pattern around and parallel to the fuel jet/flame, thereby limiting fuel combustion to the frontal region between the oxidant jet and the fuel jet/flame.
With the arrangement of the fast and slow oxidant jets according to the present invention, it has been found that the amount of oxidant that effectively permeates the fuel jet at the point of impact is increased, thereby increasing the extent of fuel combustion at the early stages of the flame.
Without wishing to be bound by this possible explanation, we believe that by using a combination of a fast oxidant jet and a slow oxidant jet as described above, the impingement of the fast oxidant jet and the fuel jet causes the surface of the fuel jet to shake and thereby allow a greater portion of the oxidant from the nearby slow oxidant jet to mix with the fuel of the fuel jet/flame at or immediately after the point of impingement of the two jets.
It will be appreciated that it is known to increase turbulent mixing of fuel and oxidant by means of purposefully selected injection velocities (in particular injection velocities relative to each other) at which all fuel and all oxidant are injected. However, such process parameter constraints may not be compatible with the requirements of the industrial process/furnace to be solid fuel fired, such as power flexibility and temperature profile. Further, varying the fuel injection rate and oxidant injection rate generally causes the shape of the flame to change, for example, from a long, tight flame to a shorter, dense flame, wherein the changed flame shape may result in a temperature profile that is not suitable for the requirements of the process and/or increased corrosion and/or thermal damage, etc.
The situation is not the case or at least to a lesser extent in the method according to the invention comprising injecting both a jet of fast oxidant and a jet of slow oxidant.
It will also be appreciated that it is known to provide fuel gas and injectors with means such as swirlers and flat bodies to increase turbulent mixing of the fuel and oxidant. Likewise, these devices generally cause the shape of the flame to change, with the consequences described above. Moreover, they complicate the results of the injector and therefore increase its production costs. In addition, such additional devices may reduce the robustness of the injector, especially in high temperature environments such as glass melting furnaces. Finally, when these devices come into contact with solid fuel streams, they are subject to rapid erosion by the fuel particles.
The method according to the invention may improve the mixing between the fuel and the oxidant without using such a device, as will become clear in the following description of the fuel and oxidant injector according to the invention.
To further increase the distance of the fast and slow oxidant jets from the injector where the oxidant jet first hits the fluid-propelled fuel jet and immediately downstream thereof with the fluid-propelled particulatesThe portion of the fuel in the form of a highly effective mixture, the high oxidant velocity VO1Is advantageously greater than or equal to the low oxidant velocity VO2Of highest speed1.30 times ofPreferably greater than or equal to the low oxidant velocity VO2Of highest speed1.50 times of。
To facilitate the execution of the method, n is preferred1High oxidant velocity V for each of the fast oxidant jetsO1Are all the same (in this case, said velocity is also equal to the above-mentioned high oxidant velocity VO1The lowest speed of).
Similarly, when n2Low oxidant velocity V for each of the slow oxidant jetsO2Are all the same (in this case, said velocity is also equal to the above-mentioned low oxidant velocity VO2The highest speed) the execution of the method of the invention is simplified.
Thus, according to a straightforward embodiment of the method according to the invention, all n are1The streams of fast oxidant jets all at the same high oxidant velocity VO1Spraying is carried out, and all n2The slow oxidant jets are all at the same low oxidant velocity VO2Injection is carried out, wherein the high oxidant velocity VO1Is the low oxidant velocity VO2At least 1.25 times, preferably at least1.30 times ofAnd more preferably at least1.50 times of。
Fuel injection velocity v when injecting fluid-propelled particulate solid fuel into combustion chamberfLess than n1High oxidant velocity V for each of the fast oxidant jetsO1When the fuel injection speed v is increased, the degree of fuel combustion can be further increasedfIs less than or equal to n2Low oxidant velocity V for each of the slow oxidant jetsO2This is especially true.
According to one embodiment, the number n of fast oxidant jets1Number n of jets of slow oxidant2The same is true. In that case, the fast and slow oxidant jets may alternate along a second profile (i.e., a burst of fast oxygen)The jet of oxidant is injected between every two successive slow jets of oxidant along a second profile, and one slow jet of oxidant is injected between every two successive fast jets of oxidant along said second profile).
According to an available embodiment, the second contour is or substantially congruent with the first contour defined by the fuel injection opening. For example, both the first and second profiles may be circular or substantially circular.
The first and second profiles are preferably also concentric or substantially concentric.
When the first and second profiles are concentric, they exhibit the same geometric center.
Preferably, the lateral distance between the first profile and the second profile is constant or substantially constant.
The fluid-propelled particulate solid fuel is preferably a gas-propelled particulate solid fuel. The particulate solid fuel is more preferably propelled by air, oxygen-enriched air, recycled flue gas or a combination of recycled flue gas and air or oxygen-enriched air.
The method according to the invention is suitable for any type of particulate solid fuel, including for example particulate solid biomass. Preferred solid fuels are coal and petroleum coke.
Advantageously, the first oxidant jet and/or the second oxidant jet and preferably both are jets of oxidant having an oxygen content of between 50% vol and 100% vol, preferably at least 80% vol, more preferably at least 90% vol.
According to a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention more than 50% of the oxygen injected into the combustion zone by means of the fast and slow oxidant jets is injected below the geometric centre of the first profile. In other words, most of the oxygen injected via the fast and slow oxidant jets is injected into the combustion zone below the geometric center of the fuel injection opening.
Such embodiments may be particularly useful for many applications. For example, when the combustion zone contains a charge to be heated located below the flame of the particulate solid fuel, this makes it possible to pull the flame towards the charge for more efficient heating. This embodiment provides for more efficient use of the oxidant injected via the fast and slow oxidant jets when the injector is located below the air port, especially if the jets are oxygen-rich oxidant jets (i.e., jets of oxidant having a higher oxygen content than air).
According to a particular embodiment of the invention, n2At least half of the slow jets of oxidant are injected below the center of the fuel injection opening, preferably n2The majority of the slow oxidant jets. This embodiment is also of particular interest when the ejector is located below the air port.
The method according to the invention can be used in a wide range of industrial combustion installations. For example, the method is particularly suitable for use in the combustion chamber of a reverberatory furnace.
The combustion chamber may be a melting chamber, and in particular a glass melting chamber.
The combustion chamber may be a side firing chamber or an end firing chamber, the method being particularly suitable for use in end firing chambers, as is known in the art of glass melting, for example.
As mentioned above, one particular configuration in which the present invention may be advantageously employed is a combustion chamber equipped with combustion air ports that inject air into the combustion chamber. An example of such a combustion chamber is, for example, a glass melting furnace equipped with a regenerator or heat exchanger for preheating combustion air injected via one or more air ports. In the case of a combustion chamber having air ports, the fluid propelled particulate solid fuel and the jet of fast and slow oxidant are advantageously injected through injection openings located within or adjacent to, preferably below, the combustion air ports.
When the fluid-propelled particulate solid fuel and the fast and slow oxidant jets are injected through an injection opening located adjacent to the air port, it may be advantageous to inject at least one of the fast or slow oxidant jets between the combustion air port and the geometric center of the first profile, i.e., between the combustion air port and the geometric center of the fuel injection opening. In this case, the majority of the oxidant jets injected between the combustion air ports and the geometric centre of the first profile are preferably fast oxidant jets, so as to promote rapid mixing of the air injected via the air ports with the particulate solid fuel jets and/or the flame.
The invention also relates to a device for injecting a pulverized solid fuel and an oxidant into a combustion zone, said device being suitable for use in the method according to the invention, and to the use of such a device for combusting a particulate solid fuel in a combustion zone of an industrial installation.
The invention more specifically proposes a fuel and oxidant injector comprising: a first conduit defining a fuel passageway therein for supplying a fluid-propelled pulverized or particulate solid fuel; and a second conduit surrounding and laterally spaced from the first conduit, thereby defining an oxidant passage between the first conduit and the second conduit. The fuel passage terminates in the fuel injection opening. The outer circumference of the fuel injection opening defines a first two-dimensional geometric profile.
As described above with respect to the method of the present invention, when a flame having a circular cross-section is desired, the first profile is generally circular, and when a "flat flame" is desired, the first profile is elongated.
The oxidant passage terminates in a flange surrounding the fuel injection opening and extending from the first conduit to the second conduit. The flange presents a plurality of perforations positioned along the second two-dimensional contour.
This second profile, corresponding to a closed curve, connects the plurality of perforations in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. The second contour surrounds the first contour while being spaced apart therefrom.
Each of the plurality of perforations defines an oxidant injection opening in the flange in fluid communication with the oxidant supply passage. The corresponding plurality of oxidant injection openings is thus located around the first fuel opening along the second contour.
The plurality of perforations in the flange includes n1 smaller perforations (referred to as "first perforations") and n2 larger perforations (referred to as "second perforations"), wherein n1 and n2 are each greater than or equal to 3. Each first perforation defines a first oxidant injection opening having a first injection cross-sectional area S1, and each second perforation defines a second oxidant injection opening having a second injection cross-sectional area S2. The cross-sectional area of the larger, i.e. second, perforations is larger than the cross-sectional area of the smaller, i.e. first, perforations.
In particular, according to the invention, the cross-sectional area of the smallest of the n2 second oxidant injection openings is 1.12 times, preferably at least 1.5 times and advantageously not more than 58 times the cross-sectional area of the largest of the n1 first injection openings.
According to the invention, the oxidant injection openings are successively along the second contour such that in addition at most three of the (larger) second oxidant injection openings are located between two successive (smaller) first oxidant injection openings, preferably at most two and more preferably at most one (i.e. one or zero) of the second oxidant injection openings are located between two successive first oxidant injection openings along the second contour.
Thus, the injector is a post-mix type injector as discussed above.
As previously mentioned, the first and second oxidant injection openings are preferably positioned relative to each other and to the fuel injection opening such that the oxidant stream injected through the adjacent first and second oxidant injection openings impinges on the fuel stream injected through the fuel injection opening such that the oxidant stream injected through the first oxidant injection opening (i.e. the fast oxidant stream) impinges on the fuel stream at a distance from the fuel injection opening that is the same as or immediately before the distance from the fuel injection opening at which the adjacent oxidant stream from the second oxidant injection opening (i.e. the slow oxidant stream) impinges on the fuel stream.
With the arrangement of oxidant injection openings according to the invention, the amount of oxidant that effectively permeates the fuel stream at the point of impact between the fuel stream and the oxidant stream is increased, thereby increasing the extent of fuel combustion at the early stage of the flame. Without wishing to be bound by such possible explanations, we believe that using a combination of smaller and larger oxidant injection openings as described above results in oxidant flows of different velocities, wherein impingement of the higher velocity oxidant jet (or fast oxidant jet) emerging from the smaller first oxidant injection opening destabilizes the surface of the fuel flow and thus allows a greater portion of the oxidant in the lower velocity oxidant jet (or slow oxidant jet) emerging from the larger second oxidant injection opening to mix with the fuel at the point of impingement between the fuel jet and the lower velocity oxidant jet.
The present invention therefore provides a fuel and oxidant injector for improved combustion of particulate solid fuel which is particularly simple, reliable, robust, suitable for high temperature environments and easy to operate.
According to an embodiment of the injector, the second contour is congruent or substantially congruent with the first contour. Preferably, the second contour corresponds to an enlarged projection on a flange of the outer circumference of the fuel injection opening.
The first and second profiles are preferably concentric or substantially concentric. In this case, the lateral distance between the first profile and the second profile is constant or substantially constant.
The first and second profiles are generally circular or substantially circular. However, as mentioned above, the first and second profiles may have other shapes, in particular depending on the cross section of the flame to be obtained.
Likewise, the oxidant injection openings are also typically circular or substantially circular, but these injection openings may also have another shape.
According to a preferred embodiment which can be used for most applications, all first perforations are identical (in which case all first oxidant injection openings are also identical), and/or all second perforations are identical (in which case all second oxidant injection openings are also identical).
Typically, all perforations in the flange are either (smaller) first or (larger) second oxidant injection openings located on the second contour.
However, exceptionally, some embodiments of the injector may present additional oxidant injection openings in the flange that are neither first nor second oxidant injection openings, e.g., oxidant injection openings that do not lie on the second profile and/or oxidant injection openings having an injection cross-sectional area a that does not meet the criteria of neither the injection cross-sectional area S1 of the first oxidant injection opening nor the cross-sectional area S2 of the second oxidant injection opening.
Typically, the first and second perforations will be evenly distributed around the fuel injection opening.
However other configurations are envisaged. For example, in the case of a horizontal flat flame, most of the first and second perforations may be located below and above the fuel injection opening, as opposed to the left and right of the fuel injection opening.
Similarly, more (first and/or second) oxidant injection openings may be located below the fuel injection openings, or the (first and/or second) oxidant injection openings located below the fuel injection openings may be located closer to each other than the other oxidant injection openings on the second profile, in order to prevent early precipitation of unburnt or partially burnt fuel particles from the fuel stream/flame, i.e. in order to delay the precipitation of said particles.
The total number of first and second perforations (n1+ n2) is actually dependent on the process in which the injector is to be used and on the furnace configuration.
According to one embodiment, the number of (smaller) first oxidant injection openings n1 is equal to the number of (larger) second oxidant injection openings n 2. In this case, it may be advantageous to have the first injection openings and the second injection openings alternate along the second contour, i.e. the first openings, followed by the second openings, followed by the first openings, etc., in order to maximize the penetration of the fuel flow by the oxidant at or immediately after the point of impact.
However, alternative continuations of the first and second perforations may be useful. For example, more (larger) second oxidant injection openings may be located below rather than above the fuel injection openings so as to inject more oxidant below the fuel flow and thereby delay the precipitation of unburned or partially burned fuel particles.
As will be explained below, it may be useful for the second perforations to comprise an upstream section adjacent the oxidant passage and a downstream section adjacent the oxidant injection opening, wherein the cross-sectional area of the upstream section (perpendicular to the oxidant flow direction) is smaller than the cross-sectional area of the downstream section of a given second perforation. Alternatively, both the first and second perforations may comprise upstream and downstream sections as described above.
To maximize the fuel level of the pulverized solid fuel, the fuel and oxidant injectors are preferably operated with an oxygen-rich oxidant (i.e., an oxidant having a higher oxygen content than air). In addition, the oxidant passage of the eductor is in fluid communication with a source of oxygen-enriched oxidant having an oxygen content of, for example, between 50% vol and 100% vol, preferably at least 80% vol and more preferably at least 90% vol. The oxidant source may be, inter alia, an Air Separation Unit (ASU), a line for delivering an oxygen-rich oxidant, or a reservoir of liquefied oxygen-rich oxidant.
In operation, the fuel passages of the fuel and oxidant injectors are in fluid communication with a fluid-propelled pulverized fuel source, preferably fluid-propelled pulverized coal or fluid-propelled pulverized petroleum coke. Devices for generating a stream of fluid-propelled pulverized solid fuel are well known in the art. The fluid in which the pulverized solid fuel is entrained may be a liquid or a gas. Preferably, the fluid propelled pulverized solid fuel is a pulverized solid fuel propelled by a gas, preferably air, oxygen-enriched air, recycled flue gas, or a combination of recycled flue gas with air or with an oxygen-enriched oxidant.
The invention also relates to the use of the fuel and oxidant injector to inject pulverized solid fuel and oxidant into a combustion chamber.
The invention therefore also covers a method for injecting pulverized solid fuel into a combustion chamber using any of the above-described embodiments of a fuel and oxidant injector, wherein on the one hand the fluid-propelled pulverized solid fuel is injected into the combustion chamber through a fuel injection opening and on the other hand the oxidant is injected into the combustion chamber through an oxidant injection opening. Inside the combustion chamber and downstream of the fuel injection openings and the first and second oxidant injection openings, the injected fuel and oxidant streams thus impinge causing the fuel to ignite and burn with the oxidant.
As mentioned above, the oxidant is preferably an oxygen-rich oxidant and the fuel is preferably a gas-propelled pulverized solid fuel; the pulverized solid fuel itself is preferably pulverized coal or petroleum coke.
As will be explained below, according to the present invention, it is not necessary that all of the oxygen required to fuel the pulverized solid fuel be injected into the combustion chamber via the oxidant passages of the fuel and oxidant injectors. Indeed, the additional oxygen may be supplied to the combustion chamber by other means, for example via air or oxygen ports of the combustion chamber that inject the additional oxygen into the combustion chamber in the form of air and oxygen streams, respectively.
The latter method is particularly useful in the combustion chamber of a glass melting furnace.
The invention also relates to a furnace comprising a combustion chamber equipped with at least one fuel and oxidant injector according to any one of the above embodiments.
The furnace according to the invention therefore comprises a combustion chamber having at least one fuel and oxidant injector as described above, which injector is mounted such that the fuel injection opening and the first and second oxidant injection openings face the interior of the combustion chamber.
According to one embodiment the combustion chamber is equipped with an additional oxygen supply for supplying additional oxygen for burning the pulverized solid fuel in said combustion chamber. For example, the combustion chamber may have air ports in one of its walls for supplying oxygen-containing combustion air to the combustion chamber. In this case, the fuel and oxidant injectors are preferably located within the air ports or adjacent to the air ports in the wall of the combustion chamber including the air ports. Thus, the fuel and oxidant injectors may be injectors passing through the ports or injectors below the ports. The ejector may also be located between two adjacent air ports, etc.
It will be appreciated that due to the simple and compact structure of the injector, the injector may be easily integrated within the air port or at different locations within the combustion chamber. The injector may in particular be integrated in a refractory brick, which is itself integrated in the combustion chamber.
The simple structure of the fuel and oxidant injectors of the present invention and their simple method of operation also provide the added benefit of not requiring complex injector control equipment and protocols.
Furthermore, the simple structure of the injector also makes it possible to equip the injector directly with a cooling jacket surrounding the oxidant supply passage, if necessary. In operation, a cooling fluid is circulated within the cooling jacket to protect the first and second conduits and particularly the flange from overheating.
The furnace according to the invention may further comprise at least one heat exchanger or regenerator to preheat the combustion air supplied by the air port with heat from the flue gas exhausted from the combustion chamber.
In particular, the furnace may be an ac furnace. Such furnaces are well known in the art. During operation, one side of the furnace is the firing side, i.e., the side of the furnace where fuel and oxidant are injected into the furnace, and the other side is the exhaust side where combustion gases exit the furnace, the two sides being cyclically reversed during operation of the furnace. Such furnaces are typically equipped with a regenerator to preheat the combustion air with heat from the exhaust flue gas.
As already indicated above, the present invention is suitable for a wide range of industrial combustion installations. For example, the invention is particularly suitable for use in the combustion chamber of a reverberatory furnace. The combustion chamber may be a melting chamber, and in particular a glass melting chamber. The firing chamber may be a side firing chamber or an end firing chamber, and the present invention is particularly suitable for end firing chambers.
The invention will be better understood from the following examples, with reference to fig. 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3B and 3C, in which:
FIG. 1A is a schematic front view of a first embodiment of a fuel and oxidant injector according to the invention, FIGS. 1B and 1C are schematic partial cross-sectional views of said injector according to planes B-B and C-C;
FIG. 2A is a schematic front view of another embodiment of a fuel and oxidant injector according to the invention, FIGS. 2B and 2C are schematic partial cross-sectional views of said injector according to planes B-B and C-C; and
FIGS. 3B and 3C are schematic partial cross-sectional views of respective planes B-B and C-C of an alternative embodiment of a fuel and oxidant injector according to the present invention. The front view of the alternative embodiment may for example correspond to fig. 1A or fig. 2A.
The fuel and oxidant injector shown in the drawings comprises an inner conduit 10, an outer conduit 20, and a flange 30 connecting the inner conduit 10 to the outer conduit 20 at the injection end of the injector.
The inner conduit 10 defines a central fuel passage 11 which terminates in a fuel injection opening having a circular circumference defining a first profile 13.
The central fuel passage 11 is surrounded by an oxidant passage 21 between the inner duct 10 and the outer duct 20, and a flange 30 is located at the injection end of the oxidant passage 21.
The flange 30 includes a plurality of "first perforations" 31 and a plurality of "second perforations" 35. On the injection side of the flange 30, each first perforation 31 terminates in a first oxidant injection opening 32 and each second perforation 35 terminates in a second oxidant injection opening 36, the cross-sectional area of the first injection opening 32 being smaller than the cross-sectional area of the second injection opening. In the illustrated embodiment, the cross-sectional area of the first oxidant injection opening 32 is the same as the cross-sectional area of the second oxidant injection opening 36, and the cross-sectional area of the second oxidant injection opening 36 is four times the cross-sectional area of the first injection opening 32.
The first and second oxidant injection openings 32, 36 are located on a second contour 40 that surrounds the first contour 13, is spaced apart from the first contour 13, and is conformal with the first contour 13.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 1A to 1C, the first and second oxidant injection openings 32, 36 alternate along a second contour 40, the first oxidant injection openings 32 being located along said second contour 40 at every two consecutive second oxidant injection openings 36, and the second oxidant injection openings 36 being located between every two consecutive first oxidant injection openings 32.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 2A to 2C, two second injection openings 36 are located to the left and right of the fuel injection opening, and three first injection openings 32 are located above and below the fuel injection opening.
The order of the first and second oxidant injection openings 32, 36 along the second contour 40 is such that there is no second oxidant injection opening 36 between two consecutive first oxidant injection openings 32 (above and below the fuel injection opening), or there are two second oxidant injection openings 36 between two consecutive first oxidant injection openings 32 (to the left and right of the fuel injection opening).
As shown in fig. 1B and 1C, in the first embodiment, the first and second perforations 31 and 32 are cylindrical and thus have a constant cross-sectional area throughout. In view of the ease with which such first and second perforations 31, 35 are created, they may result in preferential oxidant flow paths through the larger second perforations 35 as compared to through the smaller first perforations 31, because of the greater flow resistance of the first perforations. However, this may not be a problem for some injector configurations or combustion processes, and the presence of a preferential flow path through the second oxidant perforations 35 may prove problematic for other fuel and oxidant injector/combustion processes.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 2A-2C, the presence of the preferential oxidant flow path is at least partially overcome. As shown in fig. 2C, according to the embodiment, the smaller first perforations 31 are identical to those shown in fig. 1C, i.e. they are cylindrical and have a constant cross-sectional area throughout. However, the second perforations 35 have an upstream section 37 adjacent to the upstream face of the flange 30 (i.e., the face on the side of the oxidant passage) and a downstream section 38 adjacent to the outlet face of the flange 30 (i.e., the face of the flange away from the oxidant passage and toward the combustion zone). The upstream section 37 of the second oxidant perforations is cylindrical and has the same cross-sectional area as the first oxidant perforations 31. The downstream section 38 of the second bore 35 widens towards the oxidant injection opening 36. In this way, the difference in flow resistance between the first perforations 31 and the second perforations 35 is substantially reduced while maintaining the effect of having smaller first oxidant injection openings 32 and larger second oxidant injection openings 36.
This embodiment is also simple to manufacture, since it is possible to first make the same perforations at the location of the small 31 and large 35 perforations in the flange 30, and then widen the outlet section of said perforations at the location of the larger second perforations 35, as shown in fig. 2B.
An alternative embodiment is shown in fig. 3B and 3C, which is also easy to produce. According to this embodiment, both the first 31 and the second 35 perforations present an inlet section 33, 37 adjacent to the inlet face of the flange 30 and an outlet section adjacent to the outlet face of the flange 30. The first 31 and second 35 perforations have identical cylindrical upstream sections 33, 37 having a cross-sectional area that is smaller than the area of both the larger second oxidant injection opening 36 and the smaller first oxidant injection opening 32. The downstream sections 33, 37 of the first 31 and second 35 perforations are also cylindrical, the cross-sectional area of the downstream section 33 of the first perforation corresponding to the cross-section of the smaller first oxidant injection opening 31, and the cross-sectional area of the outlet section 37 of the second oxidant perforation 35 corresponding to the larger cross-section of the second oxidant injection opening 35.
It will be appreciated that the use of a second perforation and optionally also a first perforation having a narrower upstream section and a wider downstream section not only has the benefits of the injector configuration as shown in fig. 1A and 2A, but may also be effectively applied to other embodiments of the fuel and oxidant injector of the present invention.
It has been found that the method and/or injector according to the present invention achieves a significantly higher degree of combustion of solid particulate fuel, all other factors being equal, than when using a fuel and oxidant injector having a cylindrical oxidant injection opening surrounding the fuel injection opening or when using a fuel and oxidant injector having a series of identical oxidant injection openings positioned around a central fuel injection opening. Thus, a more efficient use of fuel is achieved, the length of the flame can be reduced, and corrosion of the internal furnace structure is found to be reduced.
Claims (25)
1. A method of injecting a fluid-propelled particulate solid fuel and an oxidant into a combustion chamber, the method comprising:
at fuel injection velocity vfInjecting a jet of fluid-propelled particulate solid fuel into the combustion chamber via a fuel injection opening having a circumference corresponding to a first contour (13) of a two-dimensional geometry having a geometric center,
at a first oxidant injection velocity V referred to as high oxidant velocityO1Via n1The first injection openings (31) will be referred to as n of the fast oxidant jet1Injecting a first stream of oxidant into the combustion chamber, wherein n1≥3，
At a second oxidant injection velocity V referred to as the low oxidant velocityO2Via n2The second injection opening (35) will be referred to as n of the slow oxidant jet2Injecting a second stream of oxidant into the combustion chamber, wherein n2≥3，
Wherein said n1A first oxidant injection opening (31) and n2Each of the second oxidant injection openings (35) intersecting a second contour (40) surrounding the first contour (13), the second contour (40) being spaced apart from the first contour (13),
wherein along the second contour (40) at said n1Injecting said n between two successive jets of fast oxidant in the jet of fast oxidant2At most three consecutive slow oxidant jets of the slow oxidant jets, and
wherein the high oxidant velocity VO1Is greater than or equal to the low oxidant velocity VO21.25 times the highest velocity in (1).
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the high oxidant velocity VO1Is greater than or equal to the low oxidant velocity VO2Of highest speed1.30 times of。
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the high oxidant velocity VO1Is greater than or equal to the low oxidant velocity VO2Of highest speed1.50 times of。
4. Method according to claim 1, wherein said n is along said second contour (40)2At most two consecutive jets of slow oxidant in said stream n1Two of the jets of fast oxidant are ejected between two successive jets of fast oxidant.
5. The method of claim 4, the n2At most one of the slow jets of oxidant is located at said n1Between two consecutive jets of fast oxidant in the jet of fast oxidant.
6. The method according to any of claims 1-5, wherein said fuel injection velocity vfLess than n1Fast strand oxidationHigh oxidant velocity V of the agent jetO1。
7. Method according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the first profile (13) and the second profile (40) are concentric or substantially concentric and/or congruent or substantially congruent.
8. The method of any of claims 1-5, wherein the fluid-propelled particulate solid fuel is a gas-propelled particulate solid fuel.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the gas-propelled particulate solid fuel is propelled by air, oxygen-enriched air, recycled flue gas, or a combination of recycled flue gas and air or with an oxygen-enriched oxidant.
10. The method of any of claims 1-5, wherein the oxidant of the first oxidant jet and the second oxidant jet has an oxygen content of between 50% vol and 100% vol.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the oxidant of the first oxidant jet and the second oxidant jet has an oxygen content of at least 80% vol.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the oxidant of the first oxidant jet and the second oxidant jet has an oxygen content of at least 90% vol.
13. The method according to any of claims 1-5, wherein more than 50% of the oxygen injected into the combustion zone by means of the fast and slow oxidant jets is injected below the geometric center of the first profile (13).
14. The method of any of claims 1-5, wherein the combustion chamber is equipped with combustion air ports that inject air into the combustion chamber, and wherein the fluid-propelled particulate solid fuel and the oxidant are injected through injection openings located within, beside, or below the combustion air ports.
15. A fuel and oxidant injector comprising:
a first duct (10) defining a fuel passage (11) therein for supplying fluid-propelled pulverized solid fuel,
a second duct (20) surrounding and laterally spaced from the first duct (10) so as to define an oxidant passage (21) between the first duct (10) and the second duct (20),
wherein:
-the fuel passage (11) terminates in a fuel injection opening having an outer circumference defining a first contour (13) of a two-dimensional geometry, characterized in that:
-the oxidant passage (21) terminates in a flange (30) surrounding the fuel injection opening and extending from the first duct (10) to the second duct (20),
-the flange (30) presents a plurality of perforations (31, 35) positioned along a two-dimensional second contour (40), the second contour (40) surrounding the first contour (13) and being spaced apart from the first contour (13), each perforation (31, 35) defining in the flange (30) an oxidant injection opening (32, 36) in fluid communication with the oxidant passage (21),
-said plurality of perforations (31, 35) comprises:
n1 first perforations (31), each first perforation defining a first oxidant injection opening (32) having a first injection cross-sectional area S1, wherein n1 ≧ 3 and
n2 second perforations (35), each second perforation defining a second injection opening (36) having a second injection cross-sectional area S2, wherein n2 ≧ 3,
wherein a minimum area of the second spray cross-sectional area S2 is at least 1.12 times a maximum area of the first spray cross-sectional area S1,
along the second contour (40), at most three second oxidant injection openings (36) are located between two consecutive first oxidant injection openings (32).
16. The fuel and oxidant injector of claim 15, wherein a minimum area of the second injection cross-sectional area S2 is between 1.5 and 58 times a maximum area of the first injection cross-sectional area S1.
17. The fuel and oxidant injector as claimed in claim 15, wherein no more than two second oxidant injection openings (36) are located between two consecutive first oxidant injection openings (32).
18. The fuel and oxidant injector according to claim 17, wherein at most one second oxidant injection opening (36) is located between two consecutive first oxidant injection openings (32).
19. A fuel and oxidant injector according to any one of claims 15-18, wherein the second profile (40) is congruent or substantially congruent and/or concentric or substantially concentric with the first profile (13).
20. The fuel and oxidant injector according to any one of claims 15-18, wherein the second perforations (35) include an upstream section (37) adjacent the oxidant passage (11) and a downstream section (38) adjacent a second oxidant injection opening (36) of a given second perforation (35), and wherein the upstream section (37) has a smaller cross-sectional area than a cross-sectional area of the downstream section (38) of the given second perforation (35).
21. The fuel and oxidant injector of any one of claims 15-18,
wherein the oxidant passage (21) is in fluid communication with a source of oxidant having an oxygen content of between 50% vol and 100% vol, and
wherein the fuel passage (11) is in fluid communication with a source of fluid-propelled pulverized fuel.
22. The fuel and oxidant injector of claim 21,
the oxidant has an oxygen content of at least 80% vol.
23. The fuel and oxidant injector of claim 22,
the oxidant has an oxygen content of at least 90% vol.
24. A method of injecting pulverized solid fuel into a combustion chamber using a fuel and oxidant injector according to any one of claims 15-23, wherein:
injecting a fluid-propelled solid pulverized fuel into the combustion chamber through the fuel injection opening and
-injecting oxidant into the combustion chamber through the oxidant injection openings (32, 36).
25. A furnace comprising a combustion chamber having a fuel and oxidant injector according to any one of claims 15-23 mounted such that the fuel and oxidant injection openings (32, 36) face the interior of the combustion chamber.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CN2015/099810 WO2017113162A1 (en) | 2015-12-30 | 2015-12-30 | Method for injecting fluid-propelled particulate solid fuel and oxidant and injector for same |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108700287A CN108700287A (en) | 2018-10-23 |
| CN108700287B true CN108700287B (en) | 2020-01-14 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN201580085789.8A Active CN108700287B (en) | 2015-12-30 | 2015-12-30 | Method for injecting particulate solid fuel and oxidant and injector therefor |
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| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN108700287B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2017113162A1 (en) |
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| CN109780541B (en) * | 2018-12-21 | 2019-12-03 | 西安航天动力研究所 | The pneumatic nebulization liquid liquid jet method and ejector filler of a wide range of variable working condition can be achieved |
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| US20150226421A1 (en) * | 2014-02-12 | 2015-08-13 | Breen Energy Solutions | Method of Co-Firing Coal or Oil with a Gaseous Fuel in a Furnace |
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| US5370369A (en) * | 1992-06-01 | 1994-12-06 | Outokumpu Research Oy | Multipurpose burner designed for adjusting the supply of a reaction gas to be fed into a smelting furnace |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2017113162A1 (en) | 2017-07-06 |
| CN108700287A (en) | 2018-10-23 |
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