CN108695603A - Ear shape crocodile stings formula parallel groove clamp - Google Patents
Ear shape crocodile stings formula parallel groove clamp Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108695603A CN108695603A CN201810685361.2A CN201810685361A CN108695603A CN 108695603 A CN108695603 A CN 108695603A CN 201810685361 A CN201810685361 A CN 201810685361A CN 108695603 A CN108695603 A CN 108695603A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- clamping body
- ear shape
- card line
- jaw clamping
- hub
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
- H01R4/28—Clamped connections, spring connections
- H01R4/38—Clamped connections, spring connections utilising a clamping member acted on by screw or nut
- H01R4/42—Clamping area to one side of screw only
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of ear shape crocodiles to sting formula parallel groove clamp, by ear shape card line body, turnbuckle double threaded screw, clamping body opens and closes impeller-hub, rigid cylindrical pin bank at, there are two the card line grooves of " C " font for setting on its ear shape card line body, upper jaw clamping body and lower jaw clamping body are olecranoid clamping body, upper jaw clamping body and lower jaw clamping body are hingedly fixed in the rear side of ear shape card line body by rigid cylindrical pin, it is respectively provided with clamping body in the rear lower of upper jaw clamping body and the upper back of lower jaw clamping body and opens and closes impeller-hub, it is provided with penetrating promotion shaft mounting hole on clamping body folding impeller-hub, the promotion shaft mounting hole is penetrating threaded hole, the both ends difference spinning of turnbuckle double threaded screw is in the threaded hole that upper and lower two clamping bodies open and close impeller-hub, the middle part of the turnbuckle double threaded screw carries nut.The present invention is that a kind of contact resistance is small, firmly installs convenient disassembly, the wire clamp that production cost is low.
Description
Technical field
It does not stress the present invention relates to a kind of electrical lead and connects the wire clamp of connection, it is a kind of connection resistance better than leading directly to
Line, and convenient, the reliable connection wire clamp of connection is assembled and disassembled, it is each suitable for electric power transmission line, distribution line, low-voltage circuit
Plant the connection of the various connectings that do not stress of electrical lead of do not stress connecting and electric substation, factory's distribution.
Background technology
The connecting currently, power circuit does not stress, it is common to use parallel groove clamp and T-shape cable clamp, connection resistance is big, and runs
Middle connection resistance is increasing, and linkage interface galvanic corrosion wound is fast, when have burn line-outage contingency, be both the weak link of power grid,
Even more accident potential.For substitution parallel groove clamp and T-shape cable clamp, the C-shaped wire clamp, H-shaped wire clamp of invention of close more than ten years both at home and abroad, wedge shape
Wire clamp fusiformis wire clamp, stress wire clamp, wraps up in binding clip etc., or does not solve above-mentioned technical problem or installing and dismounting thoroughly not
Convenient or complicated, expensive, the more than ten years are not all widely used by electric system.
Invention content
It is small, with connected conducting wire that it is an object of the invention to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a kind of contact resistances
Material matching degree is high, firmly installs convenient disassembly, and formula parallel groove clamp is stung using a kind of relatively low ear shape crocodile of price.
The purpose of the present invention can be realized by following technical measures:
Ear shape crocodile stings formula parallel groove clamp, by ear shape card line body, turnbuckle double threaded screw, clamping body folding impeller-hub, rigidity
Straight pin forms, it is characterised in that:There are two the card line groove of " C " font, the cards of two " C " fonts for setting on ear shape card line body
Forward, upper jaw clamping body and lower jaw clamping body are hawk to setting up and down and opening direction to line groove on ear shape card line body
The clamping body of mouth shape, after the middle and lower part of upper jaw clamping body is hingedly fixed in ear shape card line body top by rigid cylindrical pin
Side, the middle and upper part of lower jaw clamping body are hingedly fixed in the rear side of ear shape card line body lower part, upper jaw folder by rigid cylindrical pin
Tight body and " C " font crocodile seaming of the setting symmetrical above and below of lower jaw clamping body and the two composition are seizing in ear shape card line from the front to the back
On body, it is respectively provided with penetrating promotion shaft mounting hole in the rear lower of upper jaw clamping body and the upper back of lower jaw clamping body,
A piece rotatable clamping body folding impeller-hub is respectively installed in the promotion shaft mounting hole of upper jaw clamping body and lower jaw clamping body,
Two clamping body folding impeller-hubs are parallel and flat perpendicular to the symmetrical center of upper jaw clamping body and lower jaw clamping body
Face is provided with penetrating threaded hole, center line and the clamping body folding impeller-hub of threaded hole on clamping body folding impeller-hub
Central axis and in the same plane is equipped with a turnbuckle double end spiral shell between upper and lower two clamping bodies open and close impeller-hub
Bar, for the both ends difference spinning of turnbuckle double threaded screw in the threaded hole that upper and lower two clamping bodies open and close impeller-hub, described is anti-
The middle part of right-hand thread double threaded screw carries nut, which is linked together with turnbuckle double threaded screw.
The purpose of the present invention can also be realized by following technical measures:
Jaw clamping body and lower jaw clamping body are two pieces of parallel mandibles and the arc top by the left and right sides in the present invention
It is linked together the cavity body of composition, the arc top is respectively upper top and the lower top of upper jaw clamping body and lower jaw clamping body
Portion, the promotion shaft mounting hole are the through-hole being symmetricly set on two pieces of parallel mandibles, and clamping body opens and closes impeller-hub installation
In through-hole on two pieces of parallel mandibles, the penetrating threaded hole on clamping body folding impeller-hub is arranged in two pieces of parallel jaws
In cavity body between piece.
The present invention be disposed on ear shape card line body one group or 2 groups, 3 groups, 4 groups, 5 groups by upper jaw clamping body and under
" C " font crocodile seaming of jaw clamping body composition, " C " font crocodile seaming are seizing on ear shape card line body outside lower card line groove front end
On the groove body in portion.
Ear shape card line body of the present invention is made of card line body ear shape upper body and card line body ear shape lower body, card line body ear shape upper body and
Card line body ear shape lower body is the forging body or cast body of identical aluminium copper material or card line body ear shape upper body and card
Wire body ear shape lower body is the soldering body of aluminium and copper material.
The present invention has following advantages and advantageous effect compared with prior art:
1, the present invention fastens fastening due to stinging formula using crocodile, while by upper jaw clamping body and lower jaw clamping body anti-
Clamping body is opened and closed into impeller-hub respectively to upper and lower promotion when right-hand thread double threaded screw rotates, goes up jaw clamping body and lower jaw at this time
Clamping body is rotated rotating around its rigid cylindrical pin, after rotation the front of upper jaw clamping body and lower jaw clamping body to internal gearing,
The upper and lower of compressing ear shape card line body closes up package conducting wire and shuts conducting wire and conducting wire is not easy to slip while occlusion, due to using
Turnbuckle double threaded screw and clamping body folding push axis clamping conducting wire, step up that process is laborsaving, the smaller power of use just can easily
By wrapped in wire and stepping up in the card line groove of two " C " fonts of ear shape card line body, conducting wire is very laborsaving and conveniently,
When installing thicker or harder conducting wire, can easily conducting wire be caught in the card line groove of " C " font, clamp effect
It is substantially better than the prior art and clamping is solid and reliable, show the prominent advantage of the present invention.
2, the present invention easily can use material identical with connected conducting wire, such as ear shape card line body that can easily make
At with connected aluminum conductor same material aluminum wire clamp or press from both sides with the copper wire of copper conductor same material, can effectively reduce due to
The disadvantage big with connection resistance of corrosion caused by material difference, ear shape card line body can be replaced easily, this need not be being replaced
It can easily just be realized and connected conducting wire material in the case of upper jaw clamping body and lower jaw clamping body, turnbuckle double threaded screw
Matter is identical, standardized production may be implemented, and need the convenient material for changing ear shape card line body according to different operating.Meanwhile this
The i.e. upper jaw clamping body of the clamping device of invention and lower jaw clamping body, turnbuckle double threaded screw may be used completely price it is low,
Rigidity good steel part or casting, can be effectively reduced the manufacturing cost of wire clamp.
3, ear shape card line body of the invention can be made of card line body ear shape upper body and card line body ear shape lower body, card line body ear shape
Upper body and card line body ear shape lower body can be the forging body or cast body or card line body ear shape of identical aluminium copper material
Upper body and the soldering body that card line body ear shape lower body is aluminium and copper material.Card line body ear shape upper body and card line body ear shape lower body pass through weldering
Conjunction is linked together, and two-part material one is aluminium, the soldering body that another is copper material, can be easily according to connecting wire material
The material of the difference of matter, transformation card line groove body realizes that non-corroding is reliably connected.At this time only by card line body ear shape upper body and card
The variation that the connection of unlike material conducting wire needs is completed in the variation of wire body ear shape lower body material, that is, the change for passing through component home
Changing realizes the variation of whole wire clamp, realizes the unapproachable advantageous effect of the prior art.In addition it realizes in card line body ear shape
Body and card line body ear shape lower body are different materials, and welding may be used, and can also use the modes such as compound casting, heat fusion
It is convenient to realize.
4, it is open since ear shape card line body of the present invention uses the card line groove of two " C " fonts, when conducting wire
The card line groove of " C " font so that conducting wire is easy for installation, when the present invention is fastened using upper jaw clamping body and lower jaw clamping body
Conducting wire is fixed, larger working space is left for conducting wire, has the advantages that substantive and progress compared with the prior art.
5, the present invention adopts crocodile and stings formula clamping mode, i.e., this step up mode clamp when as when crocodile stings tight food tightly
Conductor clamping is not only made parallel groove clamp body fastening secured by ground, but also the form of package is used after fastening, full angle clamping (or
Person be say it is fully wrapped around) conducting wire, keep the conducting wire electric conductivity after connection more preferable, this point produces significantly compared with prior art
Advantageous effect.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the front view of schematic structural view of the invention
Fig. 2 is the vertical view of schematic structural view of the invention
Fig. 3 is the right view of schematic structural view of the invention
In figure:1, ear shape card line body, 2, upper jaw clamping body, 3, lower jaw clamping body, 4, turnbuckle double threaded screw, 5, folder
Tight body opens and closes impeller-hub, and 6, rigid cylindrical pin, 101, card line body ear shape upper body, 102, card line body ear shape lower body, upper and lower jaw folder
Tight body is the clamping body that olecranon shape inwardly hooks, and is clamped more reliable.
Specific implementation mode
Shown in Fig. 1-3:Ear shape crocodile stings formula parallel groove clamp, is opened and closed by ear shape card line body 1, turnbuckle double threaded screw 4, clamping body
Impeller-hub 5, rigid cylindrical pin 6 form, it is characterised in that:Card line groove there are two " C " font is set on ear shape card line body 1,
The card line groove of two " C " fonts on ear shape card line body 1 setting up and down and opening direction forward, upper 2 He of jaw clamping body
Lower jaw clamping body 3 is olecranoid clamping body, and the middle and lower part of upper jaw clamping body 2 is hingedly fixed by rigid cylindrical pin 6
The middle and upper part of rear side on 1 top of ear shape card line body, lower jaw clamping body 3 is hingedly fixed in ear shape card by rigid cylindrical pin 6
The rear side of 1 lower part of wire body, upper jaw clamping body 2 and " C " font crocodile of the setting symmetrical above and below of lower jaw clamping body 3 and the two composition
Seaming is seizing on ear shape card line body 1 from the front to the back, on the rear lower of upper jaw clamping body 2 and the rear of lower jaw clamping body 3
Portion is respectively provided with penetrating promotion shaft mounting hole, in the promotion shaft mounting hole Nei Gean of upper jaw clamping body 2 and lower jaw clamping body 3
A rotatable clamping body folding impeller-hub 5 is filled, two clamping body folding impeller-hubs 5 are parallel and clamped perpendicular to upper jaw
The symmetrical central plane of body 2 and lower jaw clamping body 3 is provided with penetrating threaded hole on clamping body folding impeller-hub 5,
The central axis of the center line of threaded hole and clamping body folding impeller-hub 5 and in the same plane, in upper and lower two clamping bodies
A piece turnbuckle double threaded screw 4 is installed, spinning is distinguished upper and lower in the both ends of turnbuckle double threaded screw 4 between folding impeller-hub 5
In the threaded hole of two clamping body folding impeller-hubs 5, the middle part of the turnbuckle double threaded screw 4 carries nut, the included spiral shell
Mother is linked together with turnbuckle double threaded screw 4.Jaw clamping body 2 and lower jaw clamping body 3 are by the left and right sides in the present invention
Two pieces of parallel mandibles and arc top be linked together the cavity body of composition, the arc top be respectively upper jaw clamping body 2 and under
The upper top of jaw clamping body 3 and next top, the promotion shaft mounting hole are to be symmetricly set on two pieces of parallel mandibles
Through-hole, clamping body open and close in the through-hole that impeller-hub 5 is mounted on two pieces of parallel mandibles, and clamping body opens and closes logical on impeller-hub 5
Saturating threaded hole is arranged in the cavity body between two pieces of parallel mandibles.The present invention is disposed on ear shape card line body 1
One group or 2 groups, 3 groups, 4 groups, 5 groups of " C " font crocodile seamings being made of upper jaw clamping body 2 and lower jaw clamping body 3, " C " word
On the seizing groove body on ear shape card line body 1 outside lower card line groove front end of shape crocodile seaming.Ear shape card line body 1 of the present invention is by card line
Body ear shape upper body 101 and card line body ear shape lower body 102 form, and card line body ear shape upper body 101 and card line body ear shape lower body 102 are phase
The forging body or cast body of same aluminium copper material or card line body ear shape upper body 101 and card line body ear shape lower body 102
For the soldering body of aluminium and copper material.
Claims (4)
1. ear shape crocodile stings formula parallel groove clamp, impeller-hub is opened and closed by ear shape card line body (1), turnbuckle double threaded screw (4), clamping body
(5), rigid cylindrical pin (6) forms, it is characterised in that:Card line groove there are two " C " font is set on ear shape card line body (1),
The card line groove of two " C " fonts on ear shape card line body (1) setting up and down and opening direction forward, upper jaw clamping body
(2) and lower jaw clamping body (3) is olecranoid clamping body, and the middle and lower part of upper jaw clamping body (2) passes through rigid cylindrical pin
(6) it is hingedly fixed in the rear side on ear shape card line body (1) top, the middle and upper part of lower jaw clamping body (3) passes through rigid cylindrical pin (6)
It is hingedly fixed in the rear side of ear shape card line body (1) lower part, upper jaw clamping body (2) and lower jaw clamping body (3) is symmetrical above and below sets
It sets and " C " font crocodile seaming of the two composition is seizing on ear shape card line body (1) from the front to the back, in upper jaw clamping body (2)
The upper back of rear lower and lower jaw clamping body (3) is respectively provided with penetrating promotion shaft mounting hole, upper jaw clamping body (2) and under
A piece rotatable clamping body folding impeller-hub (5), two clamping bodies are respectively installed in the promotion shaft mounting hole of jaw clamping body (3)
It is parallel and flat perpendicular to the symmetrical center of upper jaw clamping body (2) and lower jaw clamping body (3) to open and close impeller-hub (5)
Face, is provided with penetrating threaded hole on clamping body folding impeller-hub (5), and center line and the clamping body of threaded hole open and close impeller-hub
(5) central axis and in the same plane, one is equipped with anyway between upper and lower two clamping bodies folding impeller-hub (5)
Double threaded screw (4) is detained, the both ends difference spinning of turnbuckle double threaded screw (4) is in upper and lower two clamping bodies folding impeller-hub (5)
In threaded hole, the middle part of the turnbuckle double threaded screw (4) carries nut, the included nut and turnbuckle double threaded screw (4)
It is linked together.
2. ear shape crocodile according to claim 1 stings formula parallel groove clamp, it is characterised in that:Upper jaw clamping body (2) and lower jaw
Formula clamping body (3) is to be linked together the cavity body formed, the arc with arc top by two pieces of parallel mandibles of the left and right sides
Top is respectively upper top and the next top of upper jaw clamping body (2) and lower jaw clamping body (3), and the promotion shaft mounting hole is
The through-hole being symmetricly set on two pieces of parallel mandibles, clamping body open and close impeller-hub (5) and are mounted on two pieces of parallel mandibles
In through-hole, the penetrating threaded hole on clamping body folding impeller-hub (5) is arranged in the cavity body between two pieces of parallel mandibles.
3. ear shape crocodile according to claim 1 stings formula parallel groove clamp, it is characterised in that:On ear shape card line body (1) successively
It is provided with one group of either 2 groups, 3 groups, 4 groups, 5 groups of " C " words being made of upper jaw clamping body (2) and lower jaw clamping body (3)
Shape crocodile seaming, on the seizing groove body on ear shape card line body (1) outside lower card line groove front end of " C " font crocodile seaming.
4. the ear shape crocodile according to claims 1 or 2,3 stings formula parallel groove clamp, it is characterised in that:Ear shape card line body (1) is by card
Wire body ear shape upper body (101) and card line body ear shape lower body (102) form, under card line body ear shape upper body (101) and card line body ear shape
Body (102) is the forging body or cast body or card line body ear shape upper body (101) and card line body ear of identical aluminium or copper material
Shape lower body (102) is the soldering body of aluminium and copper material.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810685361.2A CN108695603A (en) | 2018-06-18 | 2018-06-18 | Ear shape crocodile stings formula parallel groove clamp |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810685361.2A CN108695603A (en) | 2018-06-18 | 2018-06-18 | Ear shape crocodile stings formula parallel groove clamp |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108695603A true CN108695603A (en) | 2018-10-23 |
Family
ID=63851193
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810685361.2A Pending CN108695603A (en) | 2018-06-18 | 2018-06-18 | Ear shape crocodile stings formula parallel groove clamp |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN108695603A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111224714A (en) * | 2018-11-23 | 2020-06-02 | 无锡科晟光子科技有限公司 | Online centralized detection and management equipment by using OTDR (optical time domain reflectometer) |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN201393035Y (en) * | 2009-04-15 | 2010-01-27 | 上海电力线路器材有限公司 | Tree-shaped damping wire |
| CN202189910U (en) * | 2011-08-18 | 2012-04-11 | 辽宁省电力有限公司铁岭供电公司 | Clamping type ground wire clip |
| CN203644517U (en) * | 2013-12-30 | 2014-06-11 | 上元电力科技有限公司 | Cable clamp special for transformer |
| CN204516910U (en) * | 2015-04-02 | 2015-07-29 | 郭金泉 | A kind of electrical lead brute force connected that do not stress is wrapped up in and is connect formula wire clamp |
| CN105305114A (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2016-02-03 | 国网浙江省电力公司绍兴供电公司 | Ground wire clamp |
| CN106786281A (en) * | 2017-01-13 | 2017-05-31 | 国网福建省电力有限公司 | Strain insulator pressure connecting pipe for lead wire means of defence |
| CN208637615U (en) * | 2018-06-18 | 2019-03-22 | 郭金泉 | Ear shape crocodile stings formula parallel groove clamp |
-
2018
- 2018-06-18 CN CN201810685361.2A patent/CN108695603A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN201393035Y (en) * | 2009-04-15 | 2010-01-27 | 上海电力线路器材有限公司 | Tree-shaped damping wire |
| CN202189910U (en) * | 2011-08-18 | 2012-04-11 | 辽宁省电力有限公司铁岭供电公司 | Clamping type ground wire clip |
| CN203644517U (en) * | 2013-12-30 | 2014-06-11 | 上元电力科技有限公司 | Cable clamp special for transformer |
| CN204516910U (en) * | 2015-04-02 | 2015-07-29 | 郭金泉 | A kind of electrical lead brute force connected that do not stress is wrapped up in and is connect formula wire clamp |
| CN105305114A (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2016-02-03 | 国网浙江省电力公司绍兴供电公司 | Ground wire clamp |
| CN106786281A (en) * | 2017-01-13 | 2017-05-31 | 国网福建省电力有限公司 | Strain insulator pressure connecting pipe for lead wire means of defence |
| CN208637615U (en) * | 2018-06-18 | 2019-03-22 | 郭金泉 | Ear shape crocodile stings formula parallel groove clamp |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111224714A (en) * | 2018-11-23 | 2020-06-02 | 无锡科晟光子科技有限公司 | Online centralized detection and management equipment by using OTDR (optical time domain reflectometer) |
| CN111224714B (en) * | 2018-11-23 | 2021-03-05 | 无锡科晟光子科技有限公司 | Online centralized detection and management equipment by using OTDR (optical time domain reflectometer) |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN208637615U (en) | Ear shape crocodile stings formula parallel groove clamp | |
| CN108695603A (en) | Ear shape crocodile stings formula parallel groove clamp | |
| CN207977472U (en) | The multifunctional grounded hanging device of power construction | |
| CN208299396U (en) | A kind of bolt type strain clamp of interior edge aluminium flake | |
| CN106099445B (en) | The across footpath device clamp that electrical lead is connect with power equipment | |
| CN207474722U (en) | A kind of B shape wire clamps of hinge bolt fastening | |
| CN107069258A (en) | A kind of adjustable quick joining type device clamp | |
| CN2935571Y (en) | Copper-aluminum composite solid bus-slot | |
| CN201302917Y (en) | Straight-through current transformer used for voltage obtaining conveniently | |
| CN205303727U (en) | Wrap up in general formula parallel groove clamp | |
| CN205211974U (en) | Power line wire not atress connect wrap up in general formula parallel groove clamp | |
| CN108598725A (en) | The multifunctional grounded hanging device of power construction | |
| CN206574879U (en) | A kind of diplopore threading tubular type parallel groove clamp | |
| CN206574878U (en) | A kind of fast disassembly type and branch can the parallel groove clamps that connect of T | |
| CN201457120U (en) | Bolt-type contact wire electrical connection clamp | |
| CN106848647B (en) | A kind of fast disassembly type and branch can the parallel groove clamps that connect of T | |
| CN104810636B (en) | A kind of convenient universal bus bar connecting device | |
| CN105490044A (en) | Wrapped parallel groove clamp for unstrained wire connection of electric power circuit | |
| CN207518241U (en) | A kind of aluminum or aluminum alloy conducting wire strain clamp | |
| CN206908244U (en) | Strain clamp | |
| CN205621891U (en) | General formula parallel groove clamp is wrapped up in to bilayer | |
| CN107611642A (en) | A kind of B shape wire clamps of hinge bolt fastening | |
| CN207896287U (en) | A kind of new distribution transformer wire clamp | |
| CN206574877U (en) | A kind of adjustable quick joining type device clamp | |
| CN208062745U (en) | Rotary extrusion type spinning shunting wire clamp |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination |