CN108680650B - Transducer structure for detecting electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection in square pipeline - Google Patents
Transducer structure for detecting electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection in square pipeline Download PDFInfo
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- CN108680650B CN108680650B CN201810332300.8A CN201810332300A CN108680650B CN 108680650 B CN108680650 B CN 108680650B CN 201810332300 A CN201810332300 A CN 201810332300A CN 108680650 B CN108680650 B CN 108680650B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/24—Probes
- G01N29/2412—Probes using the magnetostrictive properties of the material to be examined, e.g. electromagnetic acoustic transducers [EMAT]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/023—Solids
- G01N2291/0234—Metals, e.g. steel
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/26—Scanned objects
- G01N2291/263—Surfaces
Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of electromagnetic ultrasonic detection, and relates to an electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection transducer structure for detecting in a square pipeline, which comprises a handle, a magnet, a protective cylinder and a coil, and is characterized in that: the magnet is fixed at one end of the handle, the protection barrel is sleeved outside the magnet and is tightly attached to the magnet, a square coil is arranged in the protection barrel, leads of the coil are arranged in a zigzag shape at equal intervals, and the current directions of adjacent leads are opposite. Alternating current is supplied to the coil, and eddy current is formed inside the near surface of the workpiece; the magnet generates a bias magnetic field, and the alternating eddy current is subjected to alternating Lorentz force under the action of the bias magnetic field; the eddy current mass point forms mechanical vibration under the action of alternating Lorentz force, and ultrasonic waves are generated to further finish the judgment of no damage to the pipeline under different conditions.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of application of electromagnetic ultrasonic nondestructive testing technology, and particularly relates to a square pipeline internal detection electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection transducer structure with flaw detection function.
Background
Metals are one of the earliest materials for human application, and the improvement of smelting, processing and application technologies is accompanied with the forward development of human history. Modern people's life can not leave metal, and metal plays a vital role in modern industry. The application of the metal material relates to various fields of national economy: high-rise buildings, deep underground and marine facilities, large-span heavy-duty bridges, light energy-saving automobiles, high-speed ships, oil exploitation and long-distance oil and gas conveying pipelines, large-scale storage containers, engineering machinery, precision instruments, aerospace, high-speed railways, energy facilities and the like. Therefore, the metal material not only relates to the national economic development, but also plays a role in maintaining the national safety. The metal plate is a main form of industrial production, is an indispensable raw material in numerous industrial fields, and the industries such as aerospace industry, automobile manufacturing, precision instruments and the like have high requirements on the quality of the metal plate, and the quality of the surface quality of the metal plate, such as surface scratch, holes and layering in the manufacturing process, or defects such as cracks and corrosion in the use process can directly influence the operation performance and the service life of equipment, and even bring about potential safety hazards. Therefore, the quality of the metal plate material needs to be checked before use, and the surface condition of the metal plate material needs to be monitored periodically even after the metal plate material is put into use. The nondestructive detection technology is used as a defect detection mode, and the characteristics of sound, light, magnetism, electricity and the like of a substance are utilized to detect whether a detected object has defects or nonuniformity on the premise of not damaging the use performance of the detected object, and give information such as the size, position, property, quantity and the like of the defects, so that the quality of products is improved in industrial production, the production safety is ensured, and the nondestructive detection technology has important significance for improving the manufacturing process and ensuring the reliable operation of equipment.
The commonly used flaw detection methods can be divided into: radiographic inspection, magnetic flux leakage inspection, penetrant inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and the like. The X-ray flaw detection utilizes the penetrability of X-rays, has low requirement on a detected workpiece, can be used for thickness detection of complex composite materials and the like, but a radioactive source can bring harm to a human body, and has high requirement on protection during detection, so that when the method is applied, the detection environment and the protection cost on the site are very high, and the method is not beneficial to popularization and use under common conditions. The magnetic leakage flaw detection is to detect magnetic leakage caused by the increase of magnetic resistance at the surface or near-surface defect when the workpiece is magnetized, is suitable for the detection of cracks on the surface of a thin-wall part or a welding seam, and can also reveal the incomplete penetration defect with certain depth and size but hardly discover air holes, slag inclusion and the defect hidden in the deep part of the welding seam. The penetration detection utilizes capillary phenomenon to enable penetrating fluid to penetrate into defects, and the penetrating fluid on the surface is removed through cleaning and then residual penetrating fluid in the defects is adsorbed, so that the purpose of detecting the defects is achieved, but the method is not suitable for powder metallurgy parts with loose structures and other porous materials. The ultrasonic method is sought by people in the aspects of metal nondestructive testing and thickness measurement. Ultrasonic waves are increasingly studied in the directions of industry, medical treatment, ocean exploration and the like, and are widely applied to related fields.
The traditional piezoelectric ultrasonic detection method is a mature nondestructive detection method and works by utilizing the piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric ceramics. The transducer has the characteristics of simple structure, high energy conversion efficiency, convenient use and the like, and is widely applied to various fields. However, the couplant is required to be used in the using process, and the couplant has the characteristics of instability and volatility at high temperature, so that the couplant cannot be applied to high-temperature detection. And the surface of the object to be detected is higher in requirement during detection, and once the surface smoothness is not enough, the object needs to be polished, so that the application of the piezoelectric ultrasonic in the aspect of online detection is greatly limited.
Electromagnetic ultrasound (EMAT for short) is a new technology appearing in the field of nondestructive testing, and the technology excites and receives ultrasonic waves by using an electromagnetic coupling method. Compared with the conventional ultrasonic detection, the electromagnetic ultrasonic detection has the following advantages: 1. and (3) non-contact detection without a coupling agent. 2. The generated waveform has various forms and is suitable for surface defect detection. When the EMAT meets certain excitation conditions in the detection process, surface waves, SH waves, Lamb waves and the like can be generated, and the selection of a waveform mode can be realized. 3. Is suitable for high-temperature detection. 4. The requirement on the surface quality of the detected workpiece is not high. 5. The detection speed is high. 6. The acoustic wave travels far. 7. The number of channels and probes used is small. 8. The capability of finding natural defects is strong, and the EMAT can accurately find the defects which exist on the surface of the steel pipe and are difficult to detect such as folds, heavy skins, holes and the like. Therefore, in industrial application, electromagnetic ultrasound is receiving more and more attention and attention, and the application of ultrasonic flaw detection has been expanded to the fields of high temperature, high speed and on-line detection, and is one of the development leading technologies of nondestructive testing.
The first application research of electromagnetic ultrasonic transducers in China is Zhang Guangshun professor, etc. of Beijing Steel research institute, who use a high-frequency pulse transmitter to obtain large excitation current in 1977, and excite ultrasonic waves in a steel plate and an aluminum plate, so that echoes of artificial and natural defects can be clearly obtained. The electromagnetic ultrasonic crack detection system based on the magnetostrictive principle is designed by the professor of Huangsonling of the university of Qinghua, the Zhongzhen dry professor of the university of aerospace of Beijing and the like provides a new method for combined detection of electromagnetic ultrasonic and eddy current, eddy current detection of surface and near-surface defects is realized by using eddy current induced on the surface of a metal to be detected by an electromagnetic ultrasonic excitation signal, ultrasonic detection can also be carried out on a test piece, and an electromagnetic ultrasonic signal processing method based on a superheterodyne receiving quadrature phase-sensitive detection technology is also provided, so that the effects of denoising and improving the signal-to-noise ratio can be realized in the electromagnetic ultrasonic detection.
However, in the past research, the electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection transducer which can be applied to the practical situations such as industrial production, real-time monitoring and the like is not designed and researched. In practical application, the electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection transducer designed by the requirement can always keep high reliability and high accuracy of detection in variable practical production detection environments in the face of various environmental changes such as large humidity change, large temperature difference, dustiness, accidental mechanical collision and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
Object of the Invention
In order to realize the nondestructive measurement of the square pipeline, the precision of the square pipeline in the flaw detection process is improved, the reliability of the measurement result is improved, and the service life of the coil in the engineering application process is prolonged. The structure of the transducer for detecting the electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw in the square pipeline is provided, and high reliability and high accuracy in actual industrial production are guaranteed.
Technical scheme
The utility model provides a detect electromagnetism ultrasonic inspection transducer structure in square pipeline, includes handle, magnet, a protection section of thick bamboo and coil, its characterized in that: the magnet is fixed at one end of the handle, the protection barrel is sleeved outside the magnet and is tightly attached to the magnet, a square coil is arranged in the protection barrel, and leads of the coil are arranged in a zigzag shape at equal intervals.
The protection cylinder comprises an inner protection cylinder and an outer protection cylinder, the inner protection cylinder is located on the inner side of the coil, and the outer protection cylinder is located on the outer side of the coil.
The handle is of a circular tubular structure, and an extension handle is connected with the inner thread of the handle.
The extension handle is of a cylindrical structure, one end of the extension handle is provided with an extension handle threaded connection end, the diameter of the extension handle threaded connection end is larger than other parts of the extension handle, and the extension handle threaded connection end is connected with the inner thread of the handle in a matched mode.
The handle has the diameter to be less than the regulation end integrative with the handle of handle external diameter in the tip of magnet side is stretched out, it is equipped with the external screw thread to adjust the end, it has solid fixed ring to adjust end threaded connection, the tip of adjusting the end is outstanding to have a fixed part link, the fixed part link is connected with a fixed part, fixed part diameter equals the handle external diameter, the fixed part also is equipped with the external screw thread, the fixed part link is equipped with an open-ended cylinder type and connects the chamber, the fixed part is equipped with a cylinder type link, cylinder type link joint is in the cylinder type and connects the intracavity, the fixed part tip has stretched out the.
The wire cladding that the coil was drawn forth has a mounting, and mounting one end is equipped with the wire passageway and the other end is equipped with the connector fixed slot, and the wire passageway communicates with the connector fixed slot, and the connector is installed to the connector fixed slot, and the wire that the coil was drawn forth passes the mounting and is connected fixedly together with the connector.
The coil is a square coil formed by a single wire, and the coil is arranged in a zigzag shape with a single staggered and corresponding equal interval.
The coil is a square coil consisting of two or more wires, and the coil is formed by a plurality of staggered corresponding equidistant zigzag arrangements.
A single lead of the coil is a flat lead formed by arranging and fixing a plurality of thin leads.
The magnet is a front magnet and a rear magnet which are tightly attached.
Advantages and effects
The invention discloses a transducer structure for detecting electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection in a square pipeline, which has the following advantages:
the fixed cylinder of the transducer is designed and made of insulating resin materials, has certain flexibility and viscosity, can ensure that the coil, the fixed cylinder, the magnet and the fixed cylinder are mutually attached without gaps, improves the measurement precision and the system reliability, can buffer the thermal shock and the mechanical impact, protects the coil, prolongs the service life of the coil and realizes the engineering detection application;
the design and use of the coils with different wiring modes can meet the requirements of actual engineering detection, and the design of a receiving and transmitting integrated type or a receiving and transmitting separated type coil can be selected to flexibly meet the requirements of damage judgment under different conditions;
the flexible handle structure design can lead the structure of the electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection transducer for detecting in the square pipeline to detect in the pipeline with angle and depth.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a general assembly drawing of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the structure of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a view showing a state where the fixing ring is fixed to the fixing portion;
FIG. 4 is a view showing the state where the fixing ring is separated from the fixing portion after being rotated;
FIG. 5 is a view showing the state where the fixing part is rotated when the fixing ring is separated from the fixing part after the rotation;
FIG. 6 is a view showing a connection structure of the fixing ring and the fixing portion;
FIG. 7 is a view of a transmitting and receiving integral flaw detection coil;
FIG. 8 is a view showing a structure of a fixing member for incorporating a transmitting/receiving integrated flaw detection coil;
FIG. 9 is a view of the connector structure;
FIG. 10 is a view of a transmitting and receiving separation inspection coil;
fig. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a single wire.
Description of reference numerals:
1. the novel multifunctional electric connector comprises a handle, 2 parts of a fixing part, 3 parts of a magnet, 4 parts of a protection cylinder, 4-1 parts of an inner protection cylinder, 4-2 parts of an outer protection cylinder, 5 parts of a coil, 6 parts of a fixing end, 7 parts of a fixing piece, 8 parts of an extension handle, 9 parts of a fixing ring, 10 parts of a threaded connecting end of the extension handle, 11 parts of an adjusting end, 12 parts of a connecting end of the fixing part, 13 parts of a cylindrical connecting cavity, 14 parts of a cylindrical connecting end, 15 parts of a lead channel, 16 parts of a connector fixing groove and 17.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings:
as shown in fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, the structure of the electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection transducer for detecting the inside of the square pipeline comprises a handle 1, a magnet 3, a protection cylinder 4 and a coil 5, wherein the protection cylinder 4 comprises an inner protection cylinder 4-1 and an outer protection cylinder 4-2, the inner protection cylinder 4-1 is positioned on the inner side of the coil 5, and the outer protection cylinder 4-2 is positioned on the outer side of the coil 5. The magnet 3 is a front magnet and a rear magnet which are closely attached. Magnet 3 is fixed in the one end of handle 1, and handle 1 is the pipe column structure, and handle 1 internal thread connection has extension handle 8. Extension handle 8 is the cylinder type structure, and one end is equipped with extension handle threaded connection end 10, and extension handle threaded connection end 10 diameter is greater than other parts of extension handle 8, and extension handle threaded connection end 10 is connected with 1 interior screw-thread fit of handle, and the screw thread structural design of extension handle 8 part, only one end have the screw thread to make it screw in and screw out more easily. Handle 1 has the diameter to be less than the regulation end 11 of 1 external diameter with handle 1 an organic whole of handle in the tip of magnet 3 side to stretch out, regulation end 11 is equipped with the external screw thread, regulation end 11 threaded connection has solid fixed ring 9, the tip of regulation end 11 is outstanding to have a fixed part link 12, fixed part link 12 is connected with a fixed part 2, 2 diameters of fixed part equal to 1 external diameter of handle, fixed part 2 also is equipped with the external screw thread, fixed part link 12 is equipped with an open-ended cylinder type and connects chamber 13, fixed part 2 is equipped with a cylinder type link 14, 14 joints of cylinder type link are in cylinder type connection chamber 13, fixed part 2 can realize rotatory and convenient installation combination through this structure, 2 tip of fixed part stretch out have 2 integrative stiff ends 6 of fixed part, stiff end 6 passes magnet. The protection cylinder 4 is sleeved outside the magnet 3 and is tightly attached to the magnet 3, a square coil 5 is arranged in the protection cylinder 4, the leads of the coil 5 are arranged in a zigzag shape at equal intervals, and the current directions of adjacent leads are opposite. The lead wire led out from the coil 5 is coated with a fixing piece 7, one end of the fixing piece 7 is provided with a lead wire channel 15, the other end of the fixing piece 7 is provided with a connector fixing groove 16, the lead wire channel 15 is communicated with the connector fixing groove 16, a connector 17 is arranged on the connector fixing groove 16, and the lead wire led out from the coil 5 penetrates through the fixing piece 7 to be connected and fixed with a connector 19. The coil 5 is a square coil composed of a single wire, two wires or a plurality of wires, and the coil 5 is arranged in a zigzag shape corresponding to each other in a staggered and equidistant manner. As shown in fig. 11, the single wire of the coil 5 is a flat wire formed by arranging and fixing a plurality of thin wires. The protective cylinder 4 and the fixing member 7 are made of an insulating resin material. The insulating resin material has the characteristics of good flexibility and high viscosity, can be tightly attached to the magnet, does not generate gaps, does not influence the precision of the electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer, has good electrical performance and low heat release performance, ensures that the use of the fixed cylinder does not influence the stability of a system, and only replaces coils when the coils are damaged, thereby reducing the cost.
The protective cylinder 4 may be a separate protective cylinder or a protective cylinder in which the coil is integrally covered by casting. The pouring type protective cylinder is made of soft and semi-soft insulating resin materials and poured into an unfilled system, a coil which is tightly wound is poured into the pouring type fixed cylinder, the stress of the soft and semi-soft insulating resin systems on parts is minimum, the thermal shock and mechanical impact which are received can be buffered, the pouring type fixed cylinder is simple to install, no gap exists between the fixed cylinder and the coil, higher precision and stability can be guaranteed, and dislocation can not be generated along with the increase of the number of times of impact.
The single magnet has N, S two magnetic poles, and when detecting, the single magnet can only detect excitation on two surfaces. To realize the detection of the other two surfaces, one same magnet needs to be placed, and two parallel magnets are placed at an angle of 90 degrees in an orthogonal manner, so that the four surfaces can be detected.
The protection cylinder is provided with a plurality of air holes, and the air holes are vibrated by the device to ensure the balance of air pressure in the inner cavity of the transducer and the air pressure outside the transducer, so that the shape stability of the coil is kept, and the detection accuracy is ensured.
The working principle of the invention is as follows:
coils of the electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection transducer for detecting in the square pipeline are arranged in a zigzag shape at equal intervals, the current directions of adjacent wires are opposite, and alternating current is supplied to the coils during detection to form eddy currents in the near surface of a workpiece; the magnet generates a bias magnetic field, the direction of the magnetic induction line points to the outside, and the alternating eddy current is subjected to alternating mechanical force under the action of the bias magnetic field; the eddy current mass point forms mechanical waves under the action of alternating mechanical force, ultrasonic waves are generated, and the damage to the pipeline can be judged. The inner and outer fixed cylinders enable no gap to exist between the coil and the magnet, the measuring precision and the reliability of a system are improved, the fixed shell is made of an insulating resin material represented by an epoxy resin material, the density is low, the specific strength and the specific modulus are high, the weight of a component is reduced, early damage caused by resonance is avoided, mechanical impact with a certain equivalent weight is buffered in the actual detection process, the coil is protected, and the service life of the coil is prolonged. The electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection transducer is placed inside a pipeline during actual detection of the square pipeline consisting of the handle, the fixed cylinder, the coil and the magnet, and the technical problems of flaw detection under the normal running state of the square pipeline in service and flaw detection under the condition that the port of the square pipeline can be opened are solved.
Example 1
Receive and dispatch integral type coil of detecting a flaw adopts the design of sub-thread circumference dogleg wiring, thickness 0.05mm, wide 1 mm's wire (use a high 65mm datum line as the axle), twine into a hollow cube structure, the wire stretches into the end and is located the cube side, length equals with the cube length of side, the wire is the dogleg to buckle apart from stretching into 0.8mm department during the wiring, twine into hollow cube structure length of side 65mm, adjacent wire interval 2 mm.
The transducer structure adopting the coil extends into the inner side of the pipeline, and the pipeline defect can be detected.
Example 2
Receiving and dispatching disconnect-type coil of detecting a flaw adopts the design of bifilar dogleg shape wiring, two strands of thickness 0.05mm, 1mm wide wire is parallel nested, (use a high 65mm datum line as the axle), it is a hollow cube structure to wind into, two strands of wires stretch into end and be parallel to each other and apart from 1.5mm, all be located the cube side, length equals with the cube height, the wire is being several types of bending apart from stretching into end 0.8mm department during the wiring, the adjacent wire interval of sub-strand 2mm, adjacent wire interval 0.5mm (adjacent wire interval 0.5 mm) between the bifilar, the hollow cube structure length of side of twining 65 mm.
The transducer structure adopting the coil extends into the inner side of the pipeline, and the pipeline defect can be detected.
The above description is made in detail for the purpose of describing the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and it is not intended to limit the present invention to the particular embodiments, and simple deductions and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the present invention should be considered as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. The utility model provides a detect electromagnetism ultrasonic inspection transducer structure in square pipeline, includes handle, magnet, a protection section of thick bamboo and coil, its characterized in that: magnet is fixed in the one end of handle, and the protection barrel casing is hugged closely in magnet outside and with magnet, is equipped with square coil in the protection barrel, and the wire of coil is equidistant zigzag-shaped range, the handle has the diameter to be less than the handle external diameter in the tip of magnet side to lean out the regulation end integrative with the handle, and the regulation end is equipped with the external screw thread, and regulation end threaded connection has solid fixed ring, and the tip of regulation end is outstanding to have a fixed part link, and the fixed part link is connected with a fixed part, and fixed part diameter equals the handle external diameter, and the fixed part also is equipped with the external screw thread, and the fixed part link is equipped with an open-ended cylinder type and connects the chamber, and the fixed part is equipped with a cylinder type link, and the cylinder type link.
2. The structure of the transducer for detecting electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection in the square pipe according to claim 1, wherein: the protection cylinder comprises an inner protection cylinder and an outer protection cylinder, the inner protection cylinder is located on the inner side of the coil, and the outer protection cylinder is located on the outer side of the coil.
3. The structure of the transducer for detecting electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection in the square pipe according to claim 1, wherein: the handle is of a circular tubular structure, and an extension handle is connected with the inner thread of the handle.
4. The structure of the transducer for detecting electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection in the square pipe according to claim 3, wherein: the extension handle is of a cylindrical structure, one end of the extension handle is provided with an extension handle threaded connection end, the diameter of the extension handle threaded connection end is larger than other parts of the extension handle, and the extension handle threaded connection end is connected with the inner thread of the handle in a matched mode.
5. The structure of the transducer for detecting electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection in the square pipe according to claim 1, wherein: the wire cladding that the coil was drawn forth has a mounting, and mounting one end is equipped with the wire passageway and the other end is equipped with the connector fixed slot, and the wire passageway communicates with the connector fixed slot, and the connector is installed to the connector fixed slot, and the wire that the coil was drawn forth passes the mounting and is connected fixedly together with the connector.
6. The structure of the transducer for detecting electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection in the square pipe according to claim 1, wherein: a single lead of the coil is a flat lead formed by arranging and fixing a plurality of thin leads.
7. The structure of the transducer for detecting electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection in the square pipe according to claim 1, wherein: the magnet is a front magnet and a rear magnet which are tightly attached.
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| CN201810332300.8A CN108680650B (en) | 2018-04-13 | 2018-04-13 | Transducer structure for detecting electromagnetic ultrasonic flaw detection in square pipeline |
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| CN104122330B (en) * | 2014-07-22 | 2016-08-17 | 华中科技大学 | Defect inspection method and apparatus based on electromagnetic acoustic longitudinal wave guide |
| CN204731207U (en) * | 2015-05-07 | 2015-10-28 | 中国神华能源股份有限公司 | A kind of ultrasonic guided wave transducer and mould thereof being applicable to power station line construction monitoring |
| CN205844277U (en) * | 2016-07-15 | 2016-12-28 | 武汉大学 | A kind of Novel ultrasonic wave guide energy converter |
| CN206696244U (en) * | 2017-05-05 | 2017-12-01 | 湖州市特种设备检测研究院 | A kind of electromagnetic ultrasonic probe for detecting defect of pipeline |
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