CN108647692A - Ocean stratification extractive technique based on LH histograms - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种基于温盐数据的海洋层结提取技术。已有研究发现海洋具有层结(海洋层结指海水的密度、温度、盐度等热力学状态参数随深度分布的层次结构),当前存在的直接体绘制可视化技术对这种海洋层结的提取较为困难,因此我们使用LH直方图和Region Grow等技术在海洋直接体绘制过程中对海洋层结进行有效的提取。LH直方图是二维直方图的一种,其横纵坐标轴分别表示L(lower)、H(higher)值。该技术首先对海洋温盐数据进行处理,计算出每个体素的Lower和Higher值,生成LH二维直方图;然后,在生成的LH直方图上选取海洋层结;最后,根据所选取的结果进行直接体绘制。如果所生成的LH直方图未对层结进行有效的区分,那么可以在生成的直方图上选取一个种子点,利用Region Grow技术对所选体素在给定的判据下进行聚类,处理完毕后进行直接体绘制。The invention relates to an ocean stratification extraction technology based on temperature and salinity data. Studies have found that the ocean has stratification (ocean stratification refers to the hierarchical structure of seawater density, temperature, salinity and other thermodynamic state parameters distributed with depth). Therefore, we use technologies such as LH histogram and Region Grow to effectively extract ocean stratification in the process of ocean direct volume rendering. The LH histogram is a type of two-dimensional histogram, and its horizontal and vertical axes represent L (lower) and H (higher) values respectively. This technology first processes the ocean temperature and salinity data, calculates the Lower and Higher values of each voxel, and generates a two-dimensional LH histogram; then, selects the ocean stratification on the generated LH histogram; finally, according to the selected results Perform direct volume rendering. If the generated LH histogram does not effectively distinguish the stratification, then a seed point can be selected on the generated histogram, and the Region Grow technology is used to cluster the selected voxels under the given criteria, and the processing After the completion of the direct volume rendering.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于海洋信息技术领域,具体涉及基于LH直方图的海洋层结提取技术。The invention belongs to the technical field of ocean information, and in particular relates to an ocean stratification extraction technology based on an LH histogram.
背景技术Background technique
从19世纪海洋层结发现以来,它一直是物理海洋学研究的重要内容。海洋层结可以分为温度跃层、密度跃层、盐度跃层、声速跃层等,其研究成果具有较高的学术和军事应用价值。例如,密度跃层对潜艇活动、反潜作战等军事活动影响很大,当海洋中出现了较大的正密度梯度,即“液体海底”,潜艇能够停留在跃层的界面上,保持无声待机,可以有效地规避声纳的探测搜索。与“液体海底”相反,如果上层海水密度大,下层海水密度小,即为密度逆跃层,就会形成“海中断崖”。当潜艇遇到“海中断崖”时,由于潜艇受到的浮力突然减小,如果不及时采取措施减轻潜艇重量,潜艇就会突然急速下沉,造成严重事故。正因如此,各国海军都十分重视密度跃层的研究。Since the discovery of ocean stratification in the 19th century, it has been an important content of physical oceanography research. Oceanic stratification can be divided into thermocline, denocline, halocline, sonic layer, etc. The research results have high academic and military application value. For example, the pyrocline has a great influence on military activities such as submarine activities and anti-submarine warfare. When there is a large positive density gradient in the ocean, that is, "liquid seabed", the submarine can stay on the interface of the layer and keep silent standby. Can effectively evade sonar detection search. Contrary to the "liquid seabed", if the density of the upper layer of seawater is high and the density of the lower layer of seawater is low, it is a density reverse climatic layer, and a "sea cliff" will be formed. When a submarine encounters a "sea cliff", because the buoyancy force on the submarine suddenly decreases, if measures are not taken in time to reduce the weight of the submarine, the submarine will suddenly sink rapidly, causing serious accidents. Because of this, the navies of various countries attach great importance to the research of pyrocline.
因此,数据可视化作为一种直观、有效的数据研究手段和方法,它对海洋学家研究海洋现象具有重要的意义。早期人们利用海洋数据绘制温深线图、密深线图等方式研究海洋的层结。后来随着可视化技术的快速发展,体绘制技术被运用于海洋学领域。Therefore, as an intuitive and effective means and method of data research, data visualization is of great significance to oceanographers studying ocean phenomena. In the early days, people used ocean data to draw temperature-depth line maps and dense-depth line maps to study ocean stratification. Later, with the rapid development of visualization technology, volume rendering technology was applied in the field of oceanography.
体绘制技术分为很多种,目前常见的数据体绘制方法有光线投射法、抛雪球法、基于硬件的3D纹理映射法等。There are many kinds of volume rendering techniques. Currently, common data volume rendering methods include ray casting, snowball throwing, and hardware-based 3D texture mapping.
(1)光线投射法:光线投射法是一种以图象空间为序的体绘制方法,它从图象空间的每一象素出发,按视线方向发射一条射线,这条射线穿过三维数据场,沿着这条射线选择K个等距的采样点,并由距离某一采样点最近的8个数据点的颜色值和不透明度值作三次线性插值,求出该采样点的不透明度值和颜色值。再将每条射线上各采样点的颜色值和不透明度值由前向后或由后向前加以合成,即可得到发出该射线的象素点处的颜色值,从而可以在屏幕上得到最终的图象。(1) Ray-casting method: Ray-casting method is a volume rendering method that takes the image space as the sequence. It starts from each pixel in the image space and emits a ray in the direction of the line of sight. This ray passes through the three-dimensional data. field, select K equidistant sampling points along this ray, and perform cubic linear interpolation from the color values and opacity values of the 8 data points closest to a certain sampling point to find the opacity value of the sampling point and color values. Then, the color value and opacity value of each sampling point on each ray are synthesized from front to back or from back to front to obtain the color value at the pixel point where the ray is emitted, so that the final image can be obtained on the screen. image of .
(2)抛雪球法:与光线投射法不同,抛雪球算法是反复对体素进行运算。它用一个称为足迹(Footprint )的函数计算每一体素投影的影响范围,用高斯函数定义强度分布(中心强度大,周边强度小),从而计算出其对图象的总体贡献,并加以合成,形成最后的图象。(2) Snowball throwing method: Different from the ray-casting method, the snowball throwing algorithm repeatedly performs operations on voxels. It uses a function called Footprint to calculate the influence range of each voxel projection, and uses a Gaussian function to define the intensity distribution (high intensity in the center and small intensity around the periphery), so as to calculate its overall contribution to the image and synthesize it , forming the final image.
(3)基于硬件的3D纹理映射法:绘制的速度一直以来都是体绘制的主要问题,因为对生成的图象来说,物体的每个区域的处理都会影响到它的质量,因此需要计算每个体素,而且体素化以后,重新定位体素又需要相当大的计算量。为了解决体绘制速度的问题,人们提出了许多改进的算法,这些算法的共同点就是在软件的基础上来提高绘制的效率,如上面介绍的算法。而三维纹理映射方法是基于硬件来提高体绘制的速度。(3) Hardware-based 3D texture mapping method: The speed of rendering has always been the main problem of volume rendering, because for the generated image, the processing of each area of the object will affect its quality, so it is necessary to calculate Each voxel, and after voxelization, repositioning the voxel requires a considerable amount of calculation. In order to solve the problem of volume rendering speed, many improved algorithms have been proposed. The common point of these algorithms is to improve the rendering efficiency on the basis of software, such as the algorithm introduced above. The 3D texture mapping method is based on hardware to improve the speed of volume rendering.
目前利用体绘制技术对海洋层结进行可视化的研究比较少,而且大多是利用由属性值和属性梯度值构成的联合直方图进行数据特征的展示,然而在二维联合直方图中不同物质的边界之间会产生重叠,不能对边界进行有效的分割和提取。At present, there are few studies on the visualization of ocean stratification using volume rendering technology, and most of them use the joint histogram composed of attribute values and attribute gradient values to display the data characteristics. However, in the two-dimensional joint histogram, the boundaries of different substances There will be overlap between them, and the boundary cannot be effectively segmented and extracted.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的技术效果能够克服上述缺陷,提供一种基于LH直方图的海洋层结提取技术。LH直方图是二维直方图的一种,其横纵坐标轴分别对应L(lower)、H(higher)值;L、H值表示构成物质边界的较低和较高属的性值。在利用二维联合直方图对海洋进行直接体绘制过程中,海洋的层结信息在联合直方图中展示的不够明显并且不同物质之间的边界存在着重叠。我们将采用LH直方图对海洋层结进行有效的分割,避免不同物质边界产生重叠的情况。并且可以在LH直方图效果不理想的情况下使用Region Gorw技术对海洋层结进行聚类绘制。The technical effects of the present invention can overcome the above-mentioned defects, and provide a technique for extracting ocean stratification based on LH histogram. The LH histogram is a type of two-dimensional histogram, and its horizontal and vertical axes correspond to the L (lower) and H (higher) values respectively; the L and H values represent the lower and higher attribute values that constitute the material boundary. In the process of direct volume rendering of the ocean by using the two-dimensional joint histogram, the stratification information of the ocean is not obvious enough in the joint histogram and the boundaries between different substances overlap. We will use the LH histogram to effectively segment the ocean stratification to avoid overlapping of different material boundaries. And the Region Gorw technology can be used to cluster and draw the ocean stratification when the effect of the LH histogram is not ideal.
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案,具体步骤为(以Argo的剖面数据为例):In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions, and the concrete steps are (taking the profile data of Argo as an example):
(1)给定一个epsilon(epsilon为大于0的数)阈值;(1) Given an epsilon (epsilon is a number greater than 0) threshold;
(2)以第一个剖面的第一个数据点开始沿着深度方向计算相邻两点的温度梯度幅值grad;(2) Calculate the temperature gradient amplitude grad of two adjacent points along the depth direction starting from the first data point of the first profile;
(3)判断计算的第i(i从1开始)个数据点的grad与给定阈值的大小关系,并根据比较的结果设置该数据点的FL,FH值;(3) Determine the relationship between the grad of the calculated i-th (i starts from 1) data point and the given threshold, and set the FL and FH values of the data point according to the comparison results;
(4)继续计算第i+1个点的温度梯度并执行第3步的比较和赋值操作,直到满足一定的条件则停止,一个剖面处理完毕;(4) Continue to calculate the temperature gradient of the i+1th point and perform the comparison and assignment operations in step 3 until a certain condition is met, then stop, and a profile is processed;
(5)重复执行第(4)步,直到处理完毕所有剖面则停止;(5) Repeat step (4) until all profiles are processed, then stop;
(6)将所有数据点的FH,FL进行统计并绘制LH直方图;(6) Count the FH and FL of all data points and draw the LH histogram;
(7)在所绘制的LH直方图的基础上利用Region Grow技术,对所有体素进行聚类;(7) Based on the drawn LH histogram, use Region Grow technology to cluster all voxels;
(8)在渲染过程中,利用每个数据点的梯度大小设置体素的不透明度,使最靠近边界的体素(梯度最大)得到加强。(8) During the rendering process, the opacity of the voxels is set using the gradient size of each data point, so that the voxels closest to the boundary (with the largest gradient) are strengthened.
本发明的有益效果在于:利用LH直方图的能够避免不同物质边界相互重叠的优势对海洋层结进行有效的分割和提取,对海洋混合层、跃层等层次结构单独地进行可视化,提供了更为丰富、直观的视觉感受。另外结合Region Grow技术,在LH直方图的效果不是很理想的情况下能够对不同物质进行聚类,从而进行物质边界的有效划分。The beneficial effect of the present invention is that: the LH histogram can avoid the advantages of overlapping different material boundaries to effectively segment and extract the oceanic stratification, and separately visualize the hierarchical structures such as the mixed layer and the cline layer of the ocean, providing more For a rich and intuitive visual experience. In addition, combined with Region Grow technology, different substances can be clustered when the effect of the LH histogram is not ideal, so as to effectively divide the boundaries of substances.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1基于LH直方图的海洋层结提取技术流程图。Fig. 1 Flowchart of marine stratification extraction technology based on LH histogram.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
本发明的基于LH直方图的海洋层结提取技术(如图1所示),包括以下步骤(以Argo的剖面数据为例):The marine stratification extraction technology (as shown in Figure 1) based on the LH histogram of the present invention comprises the following steps (taking the profile data of Argo as an example):
(1)给定一个epsilon(epsilon为大于0的数)阈值;(1) Given an epsilon (epsilon is a number greater than 0) threshold;
(2)以第一个剖面的第一个数据点开始沿着深度方向计算相邻两点的温度梯度幅值grad,并将该梯度幅值作为与此两个温度相对应的两个深度的平均深度的梯度值;(2) Calculate the temperature gradient amplitude grad of two adjacent points along the depth direction from the first data point of the first profile, and use the gradient amplitude as the temperature gradient of the two depths corresponding to the two temperatures the gradient value of the mean depth;
(3)判断计算的第i(i从1开始)个数据点的grad与给定阈值的大小关系:(3) Determine the relationship between the grad of the calculated i-th (i starts from 1) data point and the given threshold:
①当grad <= epsilon时,则表示该点位于匀质物质中,令FL(i)(Lower值) = FH(i)(higher值) = 该数据点的强度值,并记录该点的FH;①When grad <= epsilon, it means that the point is located in a homogeneous substance, let FL(i) (Lower value) = FH(i) (Higher value) = the intensity value of this data point, and record the FH of this point ;
②当grad > epsilon时,则表示该点位于边界上,令该点的FH(i)等于第i-1个点所记录的FH值;②When grad > epsilon, it means that the point is on the boundary, so that the FH(i) of the point is equal to the FH value recorded at the i-1th point;
(4)继续计算第i+1个点的温度梯度并执行第3步的比较和赋值操作,直到再次出现当第j个点的grad <= epsilon,令该点的FH(j)=FL(j) = 强度值,并且令上面计算的所有FL未赋值的点的FL = FL(j);(4) Continue to calculate the temperature gradient of the i+1th point and perform the comparison and assignment operations in step 3 until it occurs again when the grad of the jth point <= epsilon, let FH(j)=FL( j) = intensity value, and let FL = FL(j) of all points where FL is not assigned a value calculated above;
(5)重复执行第(4)步,直到处理完毕所有剖面则停止;(5) Repeat step (4) until all profiles are processed, then stop;
(6)根据所有数据点的FH,FL值将具有相同FH,FL值的点进行累加统计;(6) According to the FH and FL values of all data points, the points with the same FH and FL values are accumulated and counted;
(7)根据(6)的统计结果绘制二维LH直方图;(7) Draw a two-dimensional LH histogram according to the statistical results of (6);
(8)在所绘制的LH直方图的物质边界上选择一点作为Region Grow的种子点,在LH直方图中框选一定的范围,然后根据给定的规则计算从种子点增长至被选中的点所需的cost值;(8) Select a point on the material boundary of the drawn LH histogram as the seed point of Region Grow, select a certain range in the LH histogram, and then calculate the growth from the seed point to the selected point according to the given rules The required cost value;
(9)根据(8)中计算的cost值判断所选的点是否位于种子点所在的边界上;(9) According to the cost value calculated in (8), it is judged whether the selected point is located on the boundary where the seed point is located;
(10)在渲染过程中,利用每个数据点的梯度大小设置体素的不透明度,使最靠近边界的体素(梯度最大)得到加强。(10) During the rendering process, the opacity of the voxels is set using the gradient size of each data point, so that the voxels closest to the boundary (with the largest gradient) are strengthened.
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