CN108645920A - A kind of direct wave suppressing method of the rail flaw ultrasonic detection based on denoising and alignment - Google Patents
A kind of direct wave suppressing method of the rail flaw ultrasonic detection based on denoising and alignment Download PDFInfo
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- CN108645920A CN108645920A CN201810314454.4A CN201810314454A CN108645920A CN 108645920 A CN108645920 A CN 108645920A CN 201810314454 A CN201810314454 A CN 201810314454A CN 108645920 A CN108645920 A CN 108645920A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
- G01N29/48—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor by amplitude comparison
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
- G01N29/4454—Signal recognition, e.g. specific values or portions, signal events, signatures
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
- G01N29/4472—Mathematical theories or simulation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/023—Solids
- G01N2291/0234—Metals, e.g. steel
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/028—Material parameters
- G01N2291/0289—Internal structure, e.g. defects, grain size, texture
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/26—Scanned objects
- G01N2291/262—Linear objects
- G01N2291/2623—Rails; Railroads
Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of direct wave suppressing method of the rail flaw ultrasonic detection based on denoising and alignment.This method directly utilizes the reception waveform of single measurement point, is first blocked to receiving waveform progress waveform, part of the interception comprising complete direct wave receives waveform.Based on this maximum reality of the wave energy that goes directly in waveform is received, the direct wave part in interception waveform is extracted using singular value decomposition denoising；It is aligned interception waveform and direct wave again, generates extension direct wave, finally subtracts extension direct wave waveform from reception waveform, obtains the reception signal of removal direct wave.Calculation amount of the present invention is small and can handle in real time, and the direct wave that can be effectively realized in ultrasonic inspection inhibits, and improves the signal-to-noise ratio of back wave.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to ultrasonic inspection field, more particularly to a kind of rail flaw ultrasonic detection based on denoising and alignment goes directly
Wave suppressing method.
Background technology
In recent years, railway transportation occupies very important status in China's transportation system.Either growing object
Stream demand or increasing personnel circulation, the importance of railway transportation more enhance.Carrying of the rail as railway transportation
Component directly influences the safety of railway transportation.But rail can be caused to rub and lose for a long time by being open to traffic, in addition nature calamity
Evil and atrocious weather are easy that rail is made to generate deformation or defect fracture etc..Therefore regularly rail examination is to ensure railway fortune
Defeated safe important link.Currently, main steel rail flaw detection technology has Ultrasonic Flaw Defect and electromagnetic induction.Rail ultrasound is visited
Wound is to emit ultrasonic wave in rail side, and ultrasonic wave reflects when encountering medium, using the amplitude size of back wave, phase,
The information such as time delay can determine that the information such as the presence or absence of defect in rail, position.
Rail flaw ultrasonic detection in the application there is also some critical problems have it is to be solved, in connecing for rail ultrasonic inspection
The direct-coupling part for including transmitted waveform in waveform, i.e. direct wave are received, compared with the reflection configuration that detection target generates, is gone directly
Wave arrival time is earliest, and energy is maximum and its energy may much be better than back wave so that back wave is very faint, usually floods
Not in direct wave and noise, direct wave will be to waveform formation severe jamming.Therefore, the reliable of rail flaw ultrasonic detection is improved
Property, inhibit direct wave to be of great importance rail flaw ultrasonic detection.
The direct wave minimizing technology of major part scholar research is the progress " supple-settlement " handled by digital waveform at present, such as
Wavelet transformation, artificial neural network, adaptive-filtering etc..Wavelet transformation and artificial neural network need multiple DATA REASONING, ginseng
Number requires height, and due to being influenced by systematic jitters and environmental complexity etc., cannot handle in real time.Adaptive-filtering calculates essence
Degree is difficult to ensure that noiseproof feature is poor, can offset part back wave simultaneously in the case that direct wave and back wave degree of overlapping are higher,
Reduce signal-to-noise ratio.
It is to receive waveform to whole section to carry out waveform processing mostly in the above method.But the whole section of waveform that ultrasonic inspection receives
It can be divided into：Pure noise section；Direct wave, back wave and noise aliased portion, abbreviation aliased portion；Noise-containing back wave
Part.It can be seen that only part back wave, by direct-wave jamming, if receiving, Wave data amount is big, and handling whole segment data can cause to calculate
Amount rises.Therefore in processing waveform advance row waveform interception, part of the interception comprising complete direct wave receives waveform and reprocesses number
According to calculation amount can be effectively reduced.
Compared with direct wave waveform, the energy for the back wave that waveform obtains after being reflected through target becomes very faint, directly
Much it is better than back wave up to wave energy.It is far longer than the original of back wave and noise energy based on the wave energy that goes directly in reception waveform
Back wave is also regarded noise by reason, and receiving the noise in waveform by removal extracts direct wave.It can be considered to use denoising
Mode obtains direct wave, proposes that a kind of direct wave of rail flaw ultrasonic detection based on denoising and alignment inhibits based on this this patent
Method first uses the extraction of singular value decomposition (SVD) denoising method to receive the direct wave waveform in waveform, then do after time adjustment with original
Waveform subtract each other to get to eliminate direct wave reception waveform.
For extracting direct wave with singular value decomposition denoising, there is researcher to propose the strong phase using each measurement point direct wave
Guan Xing, acquire multiple measurement points reception waveform be organized into matrix after, carry out singular value decomposition and obtain direct wave, then by direct wave
Inhibition direct wave is offseted by sef-adapting filter with the reception waveform of each measurement point respectively.If in this each measurement point of method
Direct wave arrival time has mistake, the direct wave that singular value decomposition obtains that will have very big error.Singular value decomposition is obtained straight
It is offseted respectively by sef-adapting filter inhibition with the reception waveform of each measuring point amount up to wave, essence, which is dynamic estimation, makes the two most
The time delay of the direct wave waveform of small mean square error minimum, and filter calculating method is complicated and computationally intensive.Based on this, carry herein
A kind of waveform received using single measurement point is gone out, the direct wave of the rail flaw ultrasonic detection based on waveform denoising and alignment inhibits
Method.
Invention content
Caused reflection wave extraction difficulty increase is covered by direct wave waveform to solve back wave in ultrasonic inspection
The problem of, the present invention provides a kind of direct wave suppressing method of the rail flaw ultrasonic detection based on denoising and alignment, and this method calculates
It measures small and can handle in real time, the direct wave that can be effectively realized in ultrasonic inspection inhibits, and improves the signal-to-noise ratio of back wave.
The present invention is realized using following technical scheme.
A kind of direct wave suppressing method of the rail flaw ultrasonic detection based on denoising and alignment, directly connecing using single measurement point
Waveform is received, is first blocked to receiving waveform progress waveform, part of the interception comprising complete direct wave receives waveform.Based on receiving wave
This maximum reality of the wave energy that goes directly in shape, the direct wave part in interception waveform is extracted using singular value decomposition denoising.Again
Alignment interception waveform and direct wave generate extension direct wave, finally subtract extension direct wave waveform from reception waveform, are removed
The reception signal of direct wave.
Based on the above technical solution, the reception waveform includes direct wave, back wave and noise, wherein direct wave
Energy is most the decades of times of back wave and noise.Receiving waveform can be divided into：Pure noise section；Direct wave, back wave and noise are mixed
Folded part, abbreviation aliased portion；Noise-containing back wave part.
Based on the above technical solution, it is to intercept the part received wave for including complete direct wave that the waveform, which blocks,
Shape.To ensure that the waveform of interception includes complete direct wave, intercept method is as follows：Starting point is intercepted to shift to an earlier date in the direct wave point of arrival,
The one section waveform longer than transmitted waveform length is intercepted backward since intercepting starting point as interception waveform；Assuming that transmitted waveform length
For N, interception waveform length is M, and interception starting point is t, and direct wave reaches estimation time point as T, can use interception starting point t=0.8T,
Intercept waveform length M=1.5N.
Based on the above technical solution, the singular value decomposition denoising is that pending waveform is reorganized into a square
Battle array carries out SVD to the matrix and converts to obtain singular value matrix, and larger singular value corresponds to direct wave waveform, smaller singular value pair
Answer back wave and noise.Therefore by smaller singular value zero setting, going directly in waveform is received finally by SVD inverse transformations are extractable
Wave waveform removes noise and back wave.
Based on the above technical solution, the direct wave suppression of a kind of rail flaw ultrasonic detection based on denoising and alignment
Method specific implementation step processed is as follows：
(1) it to the reception waveform of single measurement point, being pre-processed, part of the interception comprising complete direct wave receives waveform,
The length of M.
Intercept method is as follows：Starting point is intercepted in advance in the direct wave point of arrival, is intercepted backward since intercepting starting point than transmitting
One section of waveform of waveform length length is as interception waveform.Assuming that it is L to receive waveform length, transmitted waveform length is N, intercepts waveform
Length：M(M<L), interception starting point is t, and direct wave reaches estimation time point as T, can use interception starting point t=0.8T, can take M=
1.5N。
(2) noise and back wave are removed by singular value decomposition denoising to interception waveform, extracts direct wave waveform, length
For M.
Assuming that interception waveform is r (n), wherein n=0,1 ..., M-1 in (1), it is Hankel squares that r (n), which is reorganized,
Battle array,
Wherein q+1 is the line number of above-mentioned matrix, and q is bigger, and direct wave waveform extracting precision is higher, but calculation amount increases.
Then above-mentioned matrix is converted into SVD, obtains its singular value matrix, then will be less than the singular value zero setting of all singular value mean values.
The direct wave waveform in interception waveform is obtained finally by SVD inverse transformations.
(3) the time unifying processing for intercepting waveform and direct wave, generates the extension direct wave just as sample length with received wave
Waveform.
Assuming that it is L to receive waveform length, the direct wave length that denoising obtains is M, and the direct wave point of arrival is x after alignment.Expand
It opens up in direct wave waveform, it is 0 that the data on time point [1, x-1] and [x+M+1, L], which are mended, and [x, x+M] data are direct wave waveform
Data (length M), extension direct wave length are L.
(4) it receives waveform and subtracts extension direct wave waveform, obtain the reception signal of removal direct wave.
Compared with prior art, it is an advantage of the invention that:
(1) the direct wave suppressing method of a kind of rail flaw ultrasonic detection based on denoising and alignment of the invention, is not change
Become on the basis of target echo, extracts direct wave with the mode of denoising, inhibit the interference of direct wave in echo, can handle in real time
And improve the accuracy of rail flaw ultrasonic detection.
(2) direct wave directly is extracted using SVD denoisings using after the data configuration matrix of single measurement point, comparison is surveyed more using
The data for measuring point, computation amount and avoid error caused by time of occurrence mistake in multipoint data.
(3) part of the interception comprising complete direct wave receives waveform and carries out processing data, can effectively reduce calculation amount.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is that direct wave generates schematic diagram in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is that ultrasonic inspection receives waveform diagram in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a kind of direct wave suppressing method implementation steps of the rail flaw ultrasonic detection based on denoising and alignment of the present invention
Figure.
Fig. 4 a are the reception waveform diagram of single measurement point.
Fig. 4 b are to receive waveform to single measurement point to carry out the interception waveform diagram after waveform blocks.
Fig. 4 c are the direct wave waveform extracted using singular value decomposition denoising in interception waveform.
Fig. 4 d are the extension direct wave waveform after time unifying.
Fig. 4 e are the result figure for receiving waveform and subtracting extension direct wave waveform.
Specific implementation mode
The present embodiment combination attached drawing is described further the specific implementation mode of the present invention, but the implementation of the present invention is unlimited
In this.
As shown in Figure 1, being that direct wave of the present invention generates schematic diagram.In rail detection, transmitted wave passes through the ground of rail
Or defect reflection back wave is received probe and receives, but receiving transducer is in addition to receiving back wave, also direct wave and noise,
Wherein direct wave is the signal that transmitting probe is directly coupled to receiving transducer.Direct wave arrival time is earliest, energy it is maximum and
Its energy may much be better than back wave so that back wave is very faint, is usually submerged in direct wave and noise, and direct wave is just
It can be to waveform formation severe jamming.
As shown in Fig. 2, being that ultrasonic inspection of the present invention receives waveform diagram.Receiving waveform can be divided into：Pure noise section；Directly
Up to wave, back wave and noise aliased portion, abbreviation aliased portion；Noise-containing back wave part.It is interception wave in dotted line frame
Shape schematic diagram.
As shown in figure 3, being implementation steps figure of the present invention, it is as follows：
Step 1：Waveform blocks.The energy feature that direct wave reaches front and back received wave has extremely big difference, therefore can
To judge the direct wave point of arrival using this characteristic.Direct wave reach before received wave amplitude very little, therefore its energy and
Smaller, after direct wave reaches, amplitude increases, and energy and also becomes larger therewith.Therefore, (straight in window when two near direct wave
Up to wave arrival time it is latter when window with it is previous when window) energy ratio can be very big, as long as finding the ceiling capacity received on waveform
Ratio point, that is, direct wave the point of arrival.Energy ratio calculation formula is as follows：
Wherein t0Window starting point, t when being previous1When being previous window terminal and when the latter window starting point, t2Window when being latter
Terminal, when window width τ=t1-t0=t2-t1, when window width can be arranged according to sampling precision, window moving step length be 0.5 τ.For
It guarantees data integrity, it is that direct wave reaches estimation time point that the present invention, which takes ceiling capacity ratio point, and interception starting point is in advance in straight
Estimation time point is reached up to wave, intercepts the one section waveform longer than transmitted waveform length backward since intercepting starting point as interception wave
Shape.Assuming that it is L to receive waveform length, transmitted waveform length is N, and interception starting point is t, and direct wave arrival estimation time point is T, is cut
Take waveform length：M(M<L), M=1.5N, t=T-2 τ can be taken.
Step 2：SVD denoisings.Based on the maximum characteristic of wave energy of going directly in waveform is received, back wave is also considered as noise,
The method denoising for ignoring component of degree n n using singular value decomposition extraction principal component, extracts direct wave.To step 1 intercept waveform again
Hankel matrix R are configured to, it is maximum due to receiving the wave energy that goes directly in waveform, it is far longer than reflection and involves noise etc., therefore
Direct wave information accounts for major part in matrix R.Assuming that the waveform that step 1 intercepts is r (n), wherein n=0,1 ..., M-1, by r (n)
It is matrix R to reorganize：
Wherein q+1 is the line number of above-mentioned matrix, and q is bigger, and direct wave waveform extracting precision is higher, but calculation amount increases.
Then SVD transformation is carried out to matrix R, obtains the singular value of matrix R.The singular value of matrix R, which can represent, receives direct wave in waveform
Situation is concentrated with the energy of indirect wave, and singular value meets δ1≥δ2≥…≥δr>=0, larger singular value (is more than singular value
Mean value) the prodigious direct wave of energy in corresponding waveform, in smaller singular value (being less than singular value mean value) corresponding waveform energy compared with
Small back wave and noise.By less than the singular value zero setting of all singular value mean values, then SVD inverse transformations are carried out, then reconstructs and cut
Take the direct wave waveform that energy is larger in waveform, length M.
Step 3：Time unifying is extended with waveform.The direct wave and practical direct wave that step 2 is rebuild may have in time delay
Little difference, starting point is not quite identical, to ensure that precision need to adjust starting point.Therefore by a small range by the direct wave wave of reconstruction
Shape lag or in advance a fixed step size, accurate starting point is found by searching algorithm：The reconstruction direct wave that will be late by or shift to an earlier date every time
Waveform and the reception waveform of interception carry out absolute difference operation point by point, and obtain the mean value of absolute difference sequence.In range
After the completion of interior search, by the lag of gained absolute difference serial mean minimum or transfer point is considered as starting point time alignment in advance.
Assuming that ranging from [- k, the k] of delay, interception waveform is r (n), and the direct wave waveform that step 2 is rebuild is d (n), long
Degree is M, and calculation expression is as follows：
Wherein m ∈ [- k, k], d (n) is front and back in calculating process mends k zero.It is starting point to acquire the corresponding m of above formula minimum value
Time alignment, will direct wave waveform to be delayed after m be alignment as a result, i.e. direct wave accurate starting point.
Assuming that direct wave arrival time point is x, x=t+m in receiving waveform after alignment (t is the interception starting point of step 1).
It extends in direct wave waveform, it is 0 that the data on time point [1, x-1] and [x+M+1, L], which are mended, and [x, x+M] data are direct wave wave
Graphic data (length M), extension direct wave length are L.
Step 4：It receives waveform and subtracts extension direct wave waveform, obtain the reception signal of removal direct wave.
It is that each step of the present invention corresponds to oscillogram as shown in Fig. 4 a~Fig. 4 e.Fig. 4 a are the reception waveform of single measurement point
Schematic diagram.Fig. 4 b are to receive waveform to single measurement point to carry out the interception waveform diagram after waveform blocks.Fig. 4 c are using strange
Different value decomposes denoising and extracts the direct wave waveform intercepted in waveform.Fig. 4 d are the extension direct wave waveform after time unifying.
Fig. 4 e are the result for receiving waveform and subtracting extension direct wave waveform.
The above embodiment is a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but embodiments of the present invention are not by above-described embodiment
Limitation, it is other it is any without departing from the spirit and principles of the present invention made by changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, simplifications,
Equivalent substitute mode is should be, protection scope of the present invention is included in.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of direct wave suppressing method of the rail flaw ultrasonic detection based on denoising and alignment, it is characterised in that directly surveyed using single
The reception waveform of point is measured, is first blocked to receiving waveform progress waveform, part of the interception comprising complete direct wave receives waveform；It receives
To waveform in the wave energy that goes directly it is maximum, extract the direct wave part in interception waveform using singular value decomposition denoising；It is right again
It is neat to take waveform and direct wave, extension direct wave is generated, finally extension direct wave waveform is subtracted from reception waveform, it is straight to obtain removal
Up to the reception signal of wave.
2. the direct wave suppressing method of the rail flaw ultrasonic detection according to claim 1 based on denoising and alignment, feature exist
It is that part reception waveform of the interception comprising complete direct wave carries out data processing again to be blocked in the waveform；To ensure the wave of interception
Shape includes complete direct wave, and intercept method is as follows：Intercept starting point in advance in the direct wave point of arrival, since intercepting starting point backward
The interception one section waveform longer than transmitted waveform length is as interception waveform；Assuming that transmitted waveform length is N, interception waveform length is
M, interception starting point are t, and direct wave reaches estimation time point as T, can use interception starting point t=0.8T, interception waveform length M=
1.5N。
3. the direct wave suppressing method of the rail flaw ultrasonic detection according to claim 1 based on denoising and alignment, feature exist
It is that single measurement point is directly received to waveform to carry out after waveform blocks, being reorganized into a matrix in the singular value decomposition denoising,
Singular value decomposition is carried out to the matrix to convert to obtain singular value matrix, can extract received wave finally by singular value decomposition inverse transformation
Direct wave waveform in shape removes noise and back wave.
4. the direct wave suppressing method of the rail flaw ultrasonic detection according to claim 1 based on denoising and alignment, feature exist
Specific implementation step is as follows：
(1) it to the reception waveform of single measurement point, is pre-processed, part of the interception comprising complete direct wave receives waveform, length
Degree is M；
(2) noise and back wave are removed by singular value decomposition denoising to interception waveform, extracts direct wave waveform, the length of M；
Assuming that interception waveform is r (n), wherein n=0,1 ..., M-1 in (1), interception waveform length is M, and r (n) is reorganized
For Hankel matrixes,
Wherein q+1 is the line number of above-mentioned matrix, and q is bigger, and direct wave waveform extracting precision is higher, but calculation amount increases；Then
Singular value decomposition is carried out to above-mentioned matrix, obtains its singular value matrix, then will be less than the singular value zero setting of all singular value mean values；
The direct wave waveform in interception waveform is obtained finally by SVD inverse transformations；
(3) the time unifying processing for intercepting waveform and direct wave, generates the extension direct wave waveform just as sample length with received wave；
Assuming that it is L to receive waveform length, the direct wave length that denoising obtains is M, and the direct wave point of arrival is x after alignment；Extension is straight
Up in wave waveform, it is 0 that the data on time point [1, x-1] and [x+M+1, L], which are mended, and [x, x+M] data are through waveform data,
Extension direct wave length is L；
(4) it receives waveform and subtracts extension direct wave waveform, obtain the reception signal of removal direct wave.
5. the direct wave suppressing method of the rail flaw ultrasonic detection according to claim 4 based on denoising and alignment, feature exist
Intercept method is as follows：Step (1) interception specifically includes：Starting point is intercepted in advance in the direct wave point of arrival, is opened from interception starting point
Begin to intercept the one section waveform longer than transmitted waveform length backward as interception waveform；Assuming that it is L, transmitted waveform to receive waveform length
Length is N, and interception waveform length is M；M<L, interception starting point are t, and direct wave reaches estimation time point as T, can use interception starting point t
=0.8T can take M=1.5N.
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| CN112491999A (en) * | 2020-11-18 | 2021-03-12 | 成都佳华物链云科技有限公司 | Data reporting method and device |
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