CN108623040A - A kind of high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process - Google Patents
A kind of high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process Download PDFInfo
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- CN108623040A CN108623040A CN201810433707.XA CN201810433707A CN108623040A CN 108623040 A CN108623040 A CN 108623040A CN 201810433707 A CN201810433707 A CN 201810433707A CN 108623040 A CN108623040 A CN 108623040A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/66—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by neutralisation; pH adjustment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/70—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by reduction
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/101—Sulfur compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/105—Phosphorus compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/16—Nitrogen compounds, e.g. ammonia
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2301/00—General aspects of water treatment
- C02F2301/08—Multistage treatments, e.g. repetition of the same process step under different conditions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F5/00—Softening water; Preventing scale; Adding scale preventatives or scale removers to water, e.g. adding sequestering agents
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Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process, includes the following steps:Pretreated waste water is concentrated to give first time concentrated water and level-one production water by the anti-RO devices of seeing through of level-one, first time concentrated water is concentrated to give second of concentrated water and production water again by the anti-RO devices of seeing through of concentrated water, second of concentrated water will be concentrated to give third time concentrated water and production water by purifying anti-RO devices of seeing through again, level-one is produced water and is utilized for remanufacture by the production water obtained after two level RO devices further concentration, and the concentrated water that production water, production water and two level RO devices are handled is back to level-one counter see through and is purified concentration in RO devices again.For containing NH4 +、PO4 3‑、SO4 2‑The high-concentration industrial-water of equal inorganic salts carries out multistep treatment to waste water by using multistage anti-RO devices of seeing through, can recycle water resource to the maximum extent, improve the concentration of waste water, reduce the water content in waste water, reduce the load of subsequent processing device.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the recovery processing technology of industrial wastewater, a kind of especially high-recovery waste water treatment process.
Background technology
In recent years, it with the rapid development of industry, is derived from the industrial processes such as metallurgy, chemical industry, chemical fertilizer and generates greatly
Amount contains NH4+、PO43-、SO42-Deng the high-concentration industrial-water of other inorganic salts, intractability is very big, after being discharged into environment,
It cannot be voluntarily decomposed into innocuous substance, the transformation of some forms can only occur, to cause the tight of river, lake even underground water
Heavily contaminated, hence it is evident that constrain the development of enterprise.
In order to solve the problems, such as high-concentration wastewater emission, technical staff's design sees through RO and concentrated water is counter sees through using raw water is counter
The two-stage process of CRO concentrates the salinity in waste water, or the multistage concentrated water made of being merged by the two is counter sees through MCRO works
Skill is limited to detach the pollutant in waste water by itself anti-membrane component structure etc. of seeing through, and anti-film plus-pressure of seeing through makes
There are multiplicities and ambiguity for the inverse mechanism seen through of hydrone, and the raising degree of the industrial wastewater rate of recovery is little, exists mostly
85% or so.
Therefore, the processing capacity for improving dirty water pollutant inorganic to high concentration, enables moisture therein by reuse, is this
The problem of field urgent need to resolve.
Invention content
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process, can improve high concentration mineral waste
The water rate of recovery, water resource is saved, the concentration of inorganic wastewater is improved, waste water water is reduced, reduces the load of subsequent processing device.
The present invention solves its technical problem using technical solution below to realize.
The present invention provides a kind of high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process, reaches the anti-nothing for seeing through service requirement to pretreatment
Machine waste water carries out the multistage continuous anti-process for seeing through processing, which includes the following steps:
S1:By a concentration of 50% sulfuric acid, a concentration of 20% reducing agent and dense in pretreated waste water, is added
Degree is 20% antisludging agent, and adjusts waste water PH=5.0 ± 0.2, and oxidation-reduction potential is joined after being ORP≤250V into level-one is counter
Saturating RO devices processing, the anti-influent pressure Li≤2.0MPa for seeing through RO of the first order isolate first time concentrated water, the first time concentrated water
A concentration of TDS≤40000mg/L of total dissolved solidss;
S2:In the first time concentrated water isolated, a concentration of 50% sulfuric acid, a concentration of 20% reducing agent, dense is added
Degree is 20% antisludging agent, and adjusts waste water PH=5.0 ± 0.2, and oxidation-reduction potential is joined after being ORP≤250V into concentrated water is counter
Saturating RO devices processing, the anti-influent pressure Li≤5.0MPa for seeing through RO devices of the concentrated water isolate second of concentrated water, should be dense for the second time
A concentration of TDS≤90000mg/L of total dissolved solidss of water;
S3:A concentration of 50% sulfuric acid, a concentration of 20% antisludging agent is added in second of the concentrated water isolated, and adjusts
Waste water PH=5.0 ± 0.2, oxidation-reduction potential enter the anti-RO devices of seeing through of purification and handle after being ORP≤250V, the purification is counter to be joined
Influent pressure Li≤12.0MPa of saturating RO devices, isolates third time concentrated water and enters concentrated water collecting pit, total dissolving of third time concentrated water
Solid concentration is TDS≤150000mg/L.
Further include in step sl:Counter see through after RO devices handle waste water of level-one obtains level-one production water, and level-one produces the total of water
A concentration of TDS≤100mg/L of dissolved solid, the level-one produce water and carry out processing raising water quality, two level RO by two level RO devices
The concentrated water obtained after device processing returns to the anti-RO devices of seeing through of level-one and is handled, the production water obtained after the processing of two level RO devices
It recycles.
Further, level-one production water is promoted through booster pump, adds the ammonium hydroxide of concentration 22% in the duct, mixed in pipeline
PH=6.5 ± 0.2 is adjusted after being mixed in device, by cartridge filter and two level RO high-pressure pumps, controls the water inlet of two level RO devices
Ya Li≤1.2MPa improve water quality into two level RO devices, and two level RO devices use the membrane component of high desalination low energy consumption, after processing
Production water conductivity≤1.2 μ s/cm, the concentrate recirculation of generation sees through RO devices to level-one is counter.
In step s 2, concentrated water is counter sees through the production water that RO devices handle and returns to that level-one is counter to see through at RO devices
Reason.
Further, in step s3, purify it is counter see through the production water that RO devices handle and return to the anti-RO that sees through of level-one fill
It sets and is handled.
In step sl, it is mixed by pipe-line mixer by pretreated waste water after adjusting PH, passes through cartridge filter
With level-one RO high-pressure pumps, the concentration of RO devices, the anti-sea seen through RO devices and use low energy consumption high desalination of level-one are seen through into level-one is counter
Moisture film.
In step s 2, first time concentrated water is promoted through booster pump, and passes through security personnel after adjusting pH value in pipe-line mixer
Filter, a part of first time concentrated water pass through concentrated water RO high-pressure pumps, and a part passes through energy recycle device, anti-subsequently into concentrated water
See through the concentration of RO devices, the anti-seawater film seen through RO devices and use high yield water low energy consumption of concentrated water.
In step s3, second of concentrated water is promoted through booster pump and after strolling into mixer adjusting pH value, passes through security personnel
After filter and the 3rd RO high-pressure pumps, concentrated into anti-RO devices of seeing through are purified.
Further, the 3rd RO high-pressure pumps use meter Dun Luo plunger pumps, the anti-RO devices of seeing through of purification to use Tao Shi superelevation
Press mold.
The present invention, which is directed to, contains NH4 +、PO4 3-、SO4 2-Deng the treatment process of the high-concentration industrial-water of other inorganic salts, pass through
Multistep treatment is carried out to waste water using multistage anti-RO devices of seeing through, the initial reclamation rate of waste water is 87.5%, is continued to for the first time
Concentrated water, second of concentrated water are for further processing, and can recycle water purification therein again, can recycle water resource to the maximum extent.
Energy recycle device is used, operating cost is reduced, reuse industrial water improves the concentration of waste water, reduces aqueous in waste water
Amount, reduces the load of subsequent processing device.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the flow diagram of the high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the flow diagram of step S1 in Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is that level-one produces the processing schematic diagram of water in step S1 in Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 is the flow diagram of step S2 in Fig. 1.
Fig. 5 is the flow diagram of step S3 in Fig. 1.
Specific implementation mode
It is of the invention to reach the technical approach and effect that predetermined goal of the invention is taken further to illustrate, below in conjunction with
Specific implementation mode, structure, feature and its effect of the present invention is described in detail as after in accompanying drawings and embodiments.
Fig. 1 is the flow diagram of the high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process of the present invention.It please join Fig. 1, a kind of high-recovery
Inorganic wastewater treatment process reaches the anti-inorganic wastewater for seeing through service requirement for pretreatment and carries out multistage continuously counter seeing through processing
Process, which includes the following steps:
S1:In the waste water of a concentration of TDS≤5000mg/L of total dissolved solidss after pretreatment, it is added a concentration of 50%
Sulfuric acid, a concentration of 20% reducing agent and a concentration of 20% antisludging agent, and adjust waste water PH=5.0 ± 0.2, oxidation is also
Former current potential enters the anti-RO devices of seeing through of level-one and handles after being ORP≤250V, control the anti-intake pressure for seeing through RO devices of the level-one
≤ 2.0MPa isolates first time concentrated water, a concentration of TDS≤40000mg/L of total dissolved solidss of the first time concentrated water.
S2:A concentration of 50% sulfuric acid, a concentration of 20% reducing agent, concentration are added in the first time concentrated water isolated
For 20% antisludging agent, and waste water PH=5.0 ± 0.2 is adjusted, oxidation-reduction potential enters that concentrated water is counter to see through after being ORP≤250V
The processing of RO devices, controls the anti-influent pressure Li≤5.0MPa for seeing through RO devices of the concentrated water, isolates second of concentrated water, should be second
A concentration of TDS≤90000mg/L of total dissolved solidss of concentrated water.
S3:A concentration of 50% sulfuric acid, a concentration of 20% antisludging agent is added in second of the concentrated water isolated, and adjusts
PH=5.0 ± 0.2 of second of concentrated water, oxidation-reduction potential enter the anti-RO devices of seeing through of purification and handle after being ORP≤250V, control
The anti-influent pressure Li≤12.0MPa for seeing through RO devices of the purification is made, third time concentrated water is isolated and enters concentrated water collecting pit, third time
A concentration of TDS≤150000mg/L of total dissolved solidss of concentrated water.
As shown in Fig. 2, specifically in step sl:Pretreated waste water (TDS≤5000mg/L) is carried by booster pump
It rises, adds a concentration of 50% sulfuric acid, a concentration of 20% reducing agent and a concentration of 20% antisludging agent in the duct, pass through
PH=5.0 ± 0.2 of waste water is adjusted after pipe-line mixer mixing passes through filtering accuracy after oxidation-reduction potential is ORP≤250V
For 5 μm of big flow cartridge filter, using level-one RO high-pressure pumps, the anti-influent pressure Li for seeing through RO devices of control level-one≤
2.0MPa introduces the anti-RO devices of seeing through of level-one and is concentrated, wherein the anti-sea seen through RO devices and use low energy consumption high desalination of level-one
Moisture film, TDS≤40000mg/L of the first time concentrated water obtained after concentration.Wherein, total dissolving of the level-one production water obtained after concentration
Solid concentration is TDS≤100mg/L, and the rate of recovery is about 87.5% or so.
As shown in figure 3, level-one produces water carries out processing raising water quality by two level RO devices, after the processing of two level RO devices
To concentrated water return to the anti-RO devices of seeing through of level-one and handled, obtained production water recycles after the processing of two level RO devices.
Specifically, level-one production water is promoted through booster pump, the ammonium hydroxide of concentration 22% is added in the duct, in pipe-line mixer
After middle mixing adjust PH=6.5 ± 0.2, by equipped with filtering accuracy be 5 μm big flow foldable filter element cartridge filter and
Two level RO high-pressure pumps control influent pressure Li≤1.2MPa of two level RO devices, and water quality, wherein two level are improved into two level RO devices
RO devices use the membrane component of high desalination low energy consumption, and the μ s/cm of production water conductivity that treated≤1.2, production water is collected into recycle-water
Pond is for producing, and the rate of recovery for producing water is about 90% or so, and the concentrate recirculation of generation sees through RO devices to level-one is counter.
As shown in figure 4, in step s 2, by the first time concentrated water isolated in upper level after booster pump is promoted,
A concentration of 50% sulfuric acid, a concentration of 20% reducing agent, a concentration of 20% antisludging agent are added in pipeline, are mixed by pipeline
PH=5.0 ± 0.2 of first time concentrated water is adjusted after device mixing, after oxidation-reduction potential is ORP≤250V, by being equipped with filtering essence
The cartridge filter for the big flow foldable filter element that degree is 5 μm, a part of first time concentrated water are directly entered the anti-RO that sees through of concentrated water and fill
It sets, another part, which enters after the energy recycle device of work(exchanging form, enters back into that concentrated water is counter to see through RO devices, and concentrated water is counter joins for control
Influent pressure Li≤5.0MPa of saturating RO devices, is then concentrated.Wherein, the anti-RO devices of seeing through of concentrated water use high yield water low energy consumption
Seawater film, second of the concentrated water obtained after concentration enter in energy recycle device, and energy recycle device is by second concentrated water
Kinetic energy is converted to the kinetic energy of first time concentrated water water inlet, can greatly save equipment operating cost.Specifically, concentrated water is counter sees through RO dresses
It sets and is divided into three sections and carries out concentration purification, wherein the intake pressure that inter-section booster ensures three sections is set between two sections and three sections,
Second of concentrated water after concentration enters second of concentrated water collecting pit, at the same the production water generated be back to level-one it is counter see through RO devices into
Row processing, the rate of recovery is about 50% or so.
As shown in figure 5, in step s3, by second of the concentrated water isolated in upper level after booster pump is promoted, in pipe
A concentration of 50% sulfuric acid, a concentration of 20% antisludging agent are added in road, are adjusted after being mixed by pipe-line mixer dense for the second time
PH=5.0 ± 0.2 of water after oxidation-reduction potential is ORP≤250V, passes through cartridge filter and purification RO high-pressure pumps, control
The anti-influent pressure Li≤12.0MPa for seeing through RO devices of the purification introduces the anti-RO devices of seeing through of purification and carries out concentration, isolates
Third time concentrated water enters concentrated water collecting pit, and a concentration of TDS≤150000mg/L of total dissolved solidss of third time concentrated water is dense for the third time
Water enters next evaporization process or given qualification unit after collecting is handled.The production water being concentrated to give simultaneously returns to one
Grade it is counter see through RO devices progress again concentration and recovery rate be about 40% or so.Wherein, the 3rd RO high-pressure pumps use meter Dun Luo plungers
Pump, the anti-RO devices of seeing through of purification use Tao Shi superelevation press molds.
The present invention, which is directed to, contains NH4 +、PO4 3-、SO4 2-Deng the treatment process of the high-concentration industrial-water of other inorganic salts, pass through
Multistep treatment is carried out to waste water using multistage anti-RO devices of seeing through, the initial reclamation rate of waste water is 87.5%, is continued to for the first time
Concentrated water, second of concentrated water are for further processing, and can recycle water purification therein again, can recycle water resource to the maximum extent.
Energy recycle device is used, operating cost is reduced, reuse industrial water improves the concentration of waste water, reduces aqueous in waste water
Amount, reduces the load of subsequent processing device.
Herein, the terms "include", "comprise" or any other variant thereof is intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, are removed
Comprising those of listed element, but also it may include other elements that are not explicitly listed.
Herein, the nouns of locality such as involved front, rear, top, and bottom are to be located in figure with parts in attached drawing and zero
Part mutual position defines, only for the purpose of expressing the technical solution clearly and conveniently.It should be appreciated that the noun of locality
Use should not limit the claimed range of the application.
In the absence of conflict, the feature in embodiment and embodiment herein-above set forth can be combined with each other.
The foregoing is merely presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, is not intended to limit the invention, it is all the present invention spirit and
Within principle, any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and so on should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. it is more to reach the anti-inorganic wastewater progress for seeing through service requirement to pretreatment for a kind of high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process
The continuous anti-process for seeing through processing of grade, which is characterized in that the technique includes the following steps:
S1:By a concentration of 50% sulfuric acid, a concentration of 20% reducing agent and a concentration of in pretreated waste water, is added
20% antisludging agent, and waste water PH=5.0 ± 0.2 is adjusted, to enter after ORP≤250V, level-one is counter to see through RO to oxidation-reduction potential
Device processing, the anti-influent pressure Li≤2.0MPa for seeing through RO of the first order isolates first time concentrated water, the first time concentrated water it is total
A concentration of TDS≤40000mg/L of dissolved solid;
S2:In the first time concentrated water isolated, a concentration of 50% sulfuric acid, a concentration of 20% reducing agent, a concentration of is added
20% antisludging agent, and waste water PH=5.0 ± 0.2 is adjusted, to enter after ORP≤250V, concentrated water is counter to see through RO to oxidation-reduction potential
Device processing, the anti-influent pressure Li≤5.0MPa for seeing through RO devices of the concentrated water isolate second of concentrated water, second of concentrated water
A concentration of TDS≤90000mg/L of total dissolved solidss;
S3:A concentration of 50% sulfuric acid, a concentration of 20% antisludging agent is added in second of the concentrated water isolated, and adjusts waste water
PH=5.0 ± 0.2, oxidation-reduction potential enter the anti-RO devices of seeing through of purification and handle after being ORP≤250V, the purification is counter to see through RO
Influent pressure Li≤12.0MPa of device isolates third time concentrated water and enters concentrated water collecting pit, the total dissolved solidss of third time concentrated water
A concentration of TDS≤150000mg/L.
2. high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that further include in step sl:
Level-one is counter to see through and obtains level-one production water after RO devices processing waste water, level-one produce a concentration of TDS of total dissolved solidss of water≤
100mg/L, the level-one produce water and carry out processing raising water quality, the concentrated water obtained after the processing of two level RO devices by two level RO devices
It returns to the anti-RO devices of seeing through of level-one to be handled, the production water obtained after the processing of two level RO devices recycles.
3. high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process as claimed in claim 2, which is characterized in that level-one is produced water through booster pump
It is promoted, adds the ammonium hydroxide of concentration 22% in the duct, adjusted PH=6.5 ± 0.2 after being mixed in pipe-line mixer, pass through security personnel
Filter and two level RO high-pressure pumps control influent pressure Li≤1.2MPa of two level RO devices, and water quality is improved into two level RO devices,
Two level RO devices use the membrane component of high desalination low energy consumption, and the μ s/cm of production water conductivity that treated≤1.2, the concentrated water of generation is returned
It flow to that level-one is counter to see through RO devices.
4. high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that in step s 2, concentrated water is anti-
The production water return anti-RO devices of seeing through of level-one that RO devices are handled are seen through to be handled.
5. high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that in step s3, purification is anti-
The production water return anti-RO devices of seeing through of level-one that RO devices are handled are seen through to be handled.
6. high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that in step sl, by pre-
It is anti-into level-one by cartridge filter and level-one RO high-pressure pumps after the waste water of processing mixes adjusting PH by pipe-line mixer
See through the concentration of RO devices, the anti-seawater film seen through RO devices and use low energy consumption high desalination of level-one.
7. high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that in step s 2, for the first time
Concentrated water is promoted through booster pump, and in pipe-line mixer after adjusting pH value, by cartridge filter, a part of first time concentrated water warp
Concentrated water RO high-pressure pumps are crossed, a part passes through energy recycle device, sees through the concentration of RO devices subsequently into concentrated water is counter, concentrated water is counter to see through
RO devices use the seawater film of high yield water low energy consumption.
8. high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that in step s3, second
After concentrated water is promoted through booster pump and adjusts pH value in pipe-line mixer, after cartridge filter and purification RO high-pressure pumps, into
Enter the anti-RO devices of seeing through of purification to concentrate.
9. high-recovery inorganic wastewater treatment process as claimed in claim 7, which is characterized in that purification RO high-pressure pumps use
Meter Dun Luo plunger pumps, the anti-RO devices of seeing through of purification use Tao Shi superelevation press molds.
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CN114314980A (en) * | 2021-12-14 | 2022-04-12 | 罗先华 | Zero-discharge treatment system and method for surface wastewater containing various heavy metals |
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