CN108590918A - A kind of airborne device and method for surveying dynamic stress - Google Patents
A kind of airborne device and method for surveying dynamic stress Download PDFInfo
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- CN108590918A CN108590918A CN201810386656.XA CN201810386656A CN108590918A CN 108590918 A CN108590918 A CN 108590918A CN 201810386656 A CN201810386656 A CN 201810386656A CN 108590918 A CN108590918 A CN 108590918A
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
- F03B11/00—Parts or details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the preceding groups, e.g. wear-protection couplings, between turbine and generator
- F03B11/008—Measuring or testing arrangements
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
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- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of airborne survey dynamic stress device and method, it is characterised in that：1) intrinsic frequency test is carried out to runner bucket, obtains the intrinsic frequency of runner bucket；2) it determines the airborne survey dynamic stress device for carrying out runner bucket stress test, and attaches it to the predetermined point position on runner bucket；3) the operating condition of test point and point position for carrying out set steady test are determined, displacement sensor, acceleration transducer are installed to the predetermined point position of unit to be detected；4) it is carried out at the same time runner bucket stress and set steady is tested, synchronous acquisition in test process；5) analyzing processing is carried out to obtained the stress test data of rotating vane and set steady test data, obtain the stress test correspondence of set steady and rotating vane, and the stress of runner bucket is analyzed to refer to the intrinsic frequency test result of runner bucket.The present invention can be widely applied in the exploitation and safe and stable operation of the hydraulic turbine.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to on-the-spot test technical fields, especially with regard to a kind of airborne device and method for surveying dynamic stress.
Background technology
With the continuous increase of Hydraulic Power Unit size and capacity, the set steady caused by hydraulic stability of turbine and
Runner crackle problem is also more and more prominent.Runner crackle is the significant problem of Hydropower Unit safe and stable operation, is to be related to water
Motor group whether can normal operation core, caused industry circle common concern and water resources and hydropower construction in urgently solve
Key subject certainly.
Runner crackle problem all once occurred for many of domestic and international Built hydropower station unit, such as external great Gu power (700MW
Unit), Ta Beila, Sa Yang, domestic Yan Tan, two beaches, the last five small stream, every He Yan, Xiao Langdi, make a pilgrimage to a temple on a famous mountain greatly, Li Jiaxia, natural bridge one
Grade, Dong Jiang, Pan members of a family power station etc., some power stations after 72 hours trial operations check found that blade cracks, such as big court
Mountain, Xiao Langdi, cotton beach power station etc., some power station runner bucket duplicating property crackles are required for spending every year such as the power stations Yan Tan
To take a large amount of time and manpower and materials and carries out Welding Repair to it, some power stations generate leaf destruction and fall in the process of running,
Unit is fallen by forced-stopping machine, such as fracture of Lu Shui blades for axial-flow water turbine, completely disconnected in 17 blades of machine of red woods power station 2 to fall 4
A blade, serious break fall 2 blades.
Blade vibration problem can simply be attributed to two aspects：First, inducing the exciting force of blade vibration, another is blade
Dynamic characteristics and its response to vibration, therefore, research blade vibration crack problem also just must solve the two first and ask
Topic.But there are many exciting source of the exciting force due to inducing blade vibration, the exciting source of existing general character, after guide vane and blade
Karman vortex street, when deviateing optimum operating condition after the draft tube vortex rope, the vane inlet separation of flow and the whirlpools Ye Dao, spiral case and the guide vane that generate
Non-uniform flow and the asymmetric power of machinery rotation etc.；Also have individual character exciting source, as runner import flow impact, the blade separation of flow and
Unknown accidentalia etc. in terms of other machinery, electrical and waterpower, leads to the dynamic characteristics and its vibration characteristics of Hydraulic Power Unit
It is each different and extremely complex.
With the rapid development and extensive use of computer technology, various effective numerical computation methods have obtained huge
Big development, especially in recent years, the commercialities such as many large-scale generals and special finite element analysis (FEA) software such as ANSYS
The appearance and development of large scale structure analysis software provide quickly and conveniently calculating analysis hand to calculate engineering science field
Section, but shape due to rotary wheel of water turbine component and load are sufficiently complex, and result of calculation and measured result is caused to have certain difference
Different, especially when the hydraulic turbine deviates such as unloaded optimized operation area and operation at part load operating mode, difference is more obvious.In addition, mesh
Preceding calculating means can not also accurately calculate dynamic stress, all kinds of hydraulic resonances especially occurred in unit running process etc.
Phenomenon.
The reason of causing runner bucket vibration to crack is various, it is both by unit design, manufacture, installation and dimension
The influence of quality is protected, it is also related with unit operation operating mode, the flow condition for passing in and out the hydraulic turbine etc..For a certain hydraulic turbine, leaf
Piece vibrate the reason of, it may be possible to a variety of vibration source comprehensive functions as a result, but which vibration source play a leading role, need by scene survey
Examination analysis, can just make clear.
The stress test for studying rotary wheel of water turbine component is an extremely complex project, studies it and first has to solve water wheels
The measuring technology of machine runner stress is limited at that time although just having begun to carry out early in nineteen sixties both at home and abroad
Soft and hardware technology, progress it is more slow, this be primarily due to Hydraulic Power Unit operation when runner component be in rotation status, examination
When testing foil gauge output signal from rotary part to the electrical feedthrough of the transmission of fixed test equipment mostly use greatly contact brush ring,
Stay-supported collecting ring etc., the initial stage nineties start to use non-contact capacitance or inductive transmitter, electromagnetic wave in some actual measurements
The transmission devices such as transmitter limit the measurement accuracy of entire measuring system due to the noise of these transmission devices, affect examination
Test the reliability of data.
Invention content
In view of the above-mentioned problems, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of airborne device and method for surveying dynamic stress, by that will answer
Varying signal Acquisition Instrument is installed on rotary part (in such as spindle shaft top or runner cone), and foil gauge output signal passes through signal
Line is directly connect with strain signal Acquisition Instrument.In data sampling process, foil gauge output signal can pass through digital radio radio station
It is transmitted in computer and carries out signal real-time display and storage, solve former test method and measure that work is complicated, quantities is big, essence
Spend low problem.
To achieve the above object, the present invention takes following technical scheme：A kind of airborne survey dynamic stress device, feature exist
In：It includes several foil gauges, strain acquirement instrument, digital radio radio station, mobile memory card, accumulator and two timers；
Each foil gauge is respectively adhered at the point position on unit runner bucket, to being answered at the runner bucket point position
Varying signal is acquired, and is transferred to the strain acquirement instrument by signal wire；The strain acquirement instrument by conducting wire respectively with
The digital radio radio station, accumulator and two timers are connected；The digital radio radio station is used for the strain acquirement instrument
The strain signal received is wirelessly transmitted to terminal and carries out real-time display；The accumulator is used to be the strain acquirement
Instrument provides power supply；Two timers are respectively used to control the power supply of the strain acquirement instrument and data acquisition；It is described removable
Memory card loading stores inside strain acquirement instrument for the strain signal to each foil gauge acquisition.
The strain acquirement instrument, digital radio radio station, accumulator and two timers are sealingly mounted at the rotation of unit to be detected
On rotation member.
A kind of airborne method for surveying dynamic stress, it is characterised in that include the following steps：1) use pulse-excitation method to runner
Blade carries out intrinsic frequency test, obtains the intrinsic frequency of runner bucket；2) it determines and carries out the airborne of runner bucket stress test
Dynamic stress device is surveyed, and attaches it to the precalculated position on runner bucket；3) experiment for carrying out set steady test is determined
Displacement sensor, acceleration transducer are installed to the predetermined point position of unit to be detected by operating point and point position；4) same
Shi Jinhang runner buckets stress and set steady are tested, synchronous acquisition in test process；5) rotating vane to obtaining
Stress test data and set steady test data carry out analyzing processing, obtain answering for set steady and rotating vane
Power tests correspondence, and is reference with the intrinsic frequency test result of runner bucket, analyzes the stress of runner bucket.
In the step 1), the test method of the runner bucket intrinsic frequency includes the following steps：1.1) runner is determined
The hammering positions of blade, and repeatedly hammering triggering is carried out to each hammering positions of runner bucket；1.2) trigger process is hammered every time
In, the response signal of power pulse signal and runner bucket is acquired using time base variable signal acquisition method；1.3) to acquisition
Power pulse signal and response signal carry out transmission function and Coherence Function Analysis, obtain each rank intrinsic frequency of runner bucket.
The calculation formula of the transmission function is：
The coherent function rxy(f) calculation formula is：
In formula：Sy(f) it is the Fourier transform of output signal, Sx(f) it is the Fourier transform of input signal；Pxy(f) it is
The crosspower spectrum of output and input signal；Pxx(f) it is the auto-power spectrum of input signal；Pyy(f) it is output signal from power
Spectrum.
In the step 2), the preparation of runner bucket stress test includes the following steps：2.1) it determines and carries out runner
The airborne strain signal test device of blade stress strain testing, including strain acquirement instrument, digital radio radio station, removable Storage
Card, large-capacity battery and timer；2.2) according to finite Element Stress Calculation results or history measured result data, really
Determine the pressure detection point position of runner bucket；2.3) distinguish adhering resistance in determining each pressure detection point position upper edge different directions
Foil gauge forms strain rosette；2.4) each foil gauge in strain rosette is directly connected with strain acquirement instrument by signal wire, is strained
After signal sampler is connected with digital radio radio station, timing controller and accumulator, it is seal-installed on unit rotary part.
In the step 5), to the analysis method of runner stress, include the following steps：
5.1) strain value obtained according to measurement, is calculated the mean stress and dynamic stress of runner bucket；
5.2) using the Hydropower Unit throw signal antinoise method based on overall experience mode decomposition and arrangement entropy, to unit
Throw signal in stability test carries out denoising, obtains the stability data under corresponding unit operating mode；
5.3) according to the stability data under the obtained mean stress of blade and dynamic stress and corresponding unit operating mode,
It draws turbine runner blade mean stress, dynamic stress and the hydraulic turbine to deal with relationship curve graph, and with intrinsic frequency test result
For reference, the stress of runner bucket is analyzed.
The mean stress of the runner bucket and the calculation formula of dynamic stress are：
σ=E ε,
In formula：σ is the stress value being calculated, unit Mpa；ε is the strain value that measures of experiment, and unit is μm/m； E
For the elasticity modulus of material, and E=2.1 × 105MPa。
The invention adopts the above technical scheme, which has the following advantages：1, in the airborne survey dynamic stress device of the present invention
Strain acquirement instrument is installed on unit rotary part, and each foil gauge is directly connect with strain acquirement instrument by signal wire, is tested
The data of Cheng Zhong, acquisition are directly stored in mobile memory card, are avoided the signal noise that electrical feedthrough is brought, are improved test
Precision.2, for the present invention in data sampling process, the strain signal of foil gauge acquisition is transmitted to meter by digital radio radio station
Signal real-time display is carried out in calculation machine terminal, avoids the blindness in test process.3, the present invention is due to runner bucket stress
It is carried out at the same time with set steady test, and synchronous acquisition so that research runner bucket stress and hydraulic turbine internal flow rule
Between inner link when be more in line with actual conditions, improve precision of analysis.Operating condition of test point should include stablizing
Load condition and transient process operating mode.4, the present invention is in the test of hydraulic turbine intrinsic frequency, using time base variable signal acquisition side
Method is acquired power pulse signal and response signal, solves frequency resolution and time domain form precision this conflict,
While improving the time domain form precision of power pulse, the frequency resolution of response signal ensure that.5, the present invention is using based on total
The Hydropower Unit throw signal antinoise method of body empirical mode decomposition and arrangement entropy is to the throw signal in set steady experiment
Denoising is carried out, effectively increases denoising performance, while there is good adaptivity.Therefore, the present invention can be widely applied to
The exploitation of the hydraulic turbine and safe and stable operation field.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the airborne survey dynamic stress apparatus structure schematic diagram of the present invention；
Fig. 2 (a) and Fig. 2 (b) is foil gauge arrangement schematic diagram in the embodiment of the present invention one；
Fig. 3 is rotary wheel of water turbine dynamic stress and set steady operating condition of test point in the embodiment of the present invention one；
Fig. 4 is power pulse signal and response signal oscillogram in the embodiment of the present invention one；
Fig. 5 is transmission function and Coherence Function Analysis figure in the embodiment of the present invention one；
Fig. 6 is No. 1 machine start process blade plastic strain amplitude time domain waveform of some hydropower station；
Fig. 7 is turbine runner blade static stress (mean stress) and output of hydraulic turbine relation curve；
Fig. 8 is turbine runner blade dynamic stress and output of hydraulic turbine relation curve；
Fig. 9 is turbine runner blade dynamic stress pulsation dominant frequency/turn frequency and output of hydraulic turbine relation curve；
Figure 10 is turbine runner blade dynamic strain time domain, frequency domain Waterfall plot (SG1)；
Figure 11 is turbine runner blade dynamic strain time domain, frequency domain Waterfall plot (SG4)；
Figure 12 is sensor arrangement and hammering positions schematic diagram；
Figure 13 is 2F stress test of runner operating points；
Figure 14 (a) and Figure 14 (b) is transmission function and Coherence Function Analysis figure (displacement sensor result) respectively；
Figure 15 (a) and Figure 15 (b) is transmission function and Coherence Function Analysis figure (acceleration transducer measurement result) respectively；
Figure 16 is SG1~SG8 mean strains value and unit active power relation curve；
Figure 17 is SG1~SG8 measuring point dynamic stress mixing amplitude and unit active power relation curve；
Figure 18 is SG1~SG8 measuring point dynamic stress dominant frequency/turn frequency and unit active power relationship.
Specific implementation mode
The present invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
As shown in Figure 1, the airborne survey dynamic stress device of one kind provided by the invention comprising several foil gauges, strain acquirement
Instrument, digital radio radio station, mobile memory card, accumulator and two timers.Wherein, each foil gauge is respectively adhered on runner blade
At the point position of on piece, the strain signal at runner bucket point position is acquired, and be transferred to and answered by signal wire
Become Acquisition Instrument；Strain acquirement instrument is connected by conducting wire with digital radio radio station, accumulator and two timers respectively, digital radio
Radio station is used to the strain signal that strain acquirement instrument receives carrying out real-time display, electric power storage by being wirelessly transmitted to terminal
Pond is used to provide power supply for strain acquirement instrument and two timers, and two timers are respectively used to the power supply sum number of controlled strain Acquisition Instrument
According to acquisition, mobile memory card is loaded in inside strain acquirement instrument, is deposited for the strain signal to strain Acquisition Instrument acquisition
Storage.Wherein, strain acquirement instrument, digital radio radio station, accumulator and two timers are sealingly mounted on unit rotary part.
A kind of airborne method for surveying dynamic stress provided by the invention, includes the following steps：
1) it uses pulse-excitation method to carry out intrinsic frequency test to runner bucket, obtains the intrinsic frequency of runner bucket.
Intrinsic frequency test is carried out to runner bucket, the method for obtaining its intrinsic frequency includes the following steps：
1.1) hammering positions of runner bucket are determined, and repeatedly hammering triggering is carried out to each hammering positions of runner bucket.
1.2) every time in hammering trigger process, using time base variable signal acquisition method to power pulse signal and runner bucket
Response signal is acquired.
Since the time of power pulse signal effect is shorter, in carrying out runner bucket intrinsic frequency test, power pulse letter
Number action time selects 2~3ms to be more suitble to, therefore requires enough sampling rates in data sampling to improve its waveform essence
Degree generally at least requires the sampling rate of 2000~3000Hz, ensures that power pulse signal waveform can collect 4 points.Another party
Face, in order to ensure frequency resolution, it is desirable that cannot be too high to the sampling rate of response signal.Therefore, these two aspects there is frequency
Rate resolution ratio and time domain form precision this conflict.
The present invention is acquired power pulse signal and response signal using time base variable signal acquisition method, namely uses two
Kind different sampling rates carries out Data acquisition and issuance to power pulse signal x (t) and response signal y (t), with relatively high
Sampling rate f1Data acquisition is carried out to power pulse signal x (t), while with relatively low sampling rate f2To response signal y
(t) data acquisition is carried out, to improve the time domain form precision of power pulse while ensure that the frequency resolution of response signal.I.e.：
In formula, f1=mf2, m is multiple when becoming, and is integer, such as 2,3,4；△t1With △ t2Power pulse is indicated respectively
The sampling time interval of sampling time interval and response signal.△t1Smaller, power pulse signal can collect more numbers
Strong point ensure that the accuracy that power pulse signal is improved under the premise of not lowering the frequency resolution of response signal.
1.3) transmission function and Coherence Function Analysis are carried out to the power pulse signal and response signal of acquisition, obtains runner blade
Each rank intrinsic frequency of piece.
The data analysis of intrinsic frequency test includes mainly two parts：When transfer function analysis, for determining vibration system
The intrinsic frequency of system；Second is that Coherence Function Analysis, the degree of reliability for judging intrinsic frequency that transfer function analysis obtains.
Transfer function analysis is to pass through its input signal (excitation signal) and output signal (response to a vibrational system
Signal) carry out system frequency response analysis, reflect transmission characteristic (amplitude versus frequency characte and phase-frequency characteristic) of the system to signal.If
The input signal and output signal of system are respectively x (t) and y (t), then transfer function Hxy(f) it is defined as the Fourier of output signal
Leaf transformation Sy(f) with the Fourier transform S of input signalxThe ratio between (f).The crosspower spectrum of output and input signal can also be utilized
Pxy(f) with the auto-power spectrum P of input signalxxThe ratio between (f) transmission function is obtained, i.e.,：
Coherent function rxy(f) calculation formula is：
In formula：Pxy(f) it is the crosspower spectrum exported with input signal；Pxx(f) it is the auto-power spectrum of input signal；Pyy(f)
For the auto-power spectrum of output signal.Coherent function always be less than 1, illustrate in vibrational system there is always external noise or it is other not
Relevant input.
2) runner bucket strain testing preparation is carried out：Determine the airborne strain for carrying out runner bucket stress-strain test
Signal-testing apparatus, and attach it on runner bucket.
Determining airborne strain signal test device is installed to the method on runner bucket, is included the following steps：
2.1) the airborne strain signal test device for carrying out runner bucket stress-strain test is determined.
The main hardware equipment of airborne strain signal test device employed in the present invention includes：
1. strain acquirement instrument
U.S. C-DAQ strain acquirement instrument comprising CF Storage controllings module, energy supply control module, multi-functional strain acquirement
Device and Signal-regulated kinase, highest sampling rate 30kS/s, built-in programmable filter, bridge, low-voltage gain etc. can carry out
The strain measurement of 1/4 bridge, half-bridge and full-bridge.Test system can be detached from PC machine independent operating, and have compact-sized volume
It is small, performance is stable, sealing and dustproof, is connected firmly, the features such as antivibration is anti-interference, be mountable on rotary part (such as spindle shaft top
Or in runner cone), foil gauge output signal is directly connect with strain signal Acquisition Instrument by signal wire.In test process,
The data of acquisition can be directly stored in the removable CF storage cards of 8G capacity, avoided the signal noise that electrical feedthrough is brought, carried
The high precision of test.
2. digital radio radio station
The present invention uses Miniature digital radio station, can be transmitted strain signal by digital radio radio station in test process
Real-time display is carried out to PC machine, avoids the blindness in test process.
3. mobile memory card
Large capacity (8G) moves the record storage that CF storage cards are used to acquire signal, facilitates detecting large volume data
It quickly reads, under conditions of can meeting every channel sample rate 2kS/s and all channels while recording, the continuous record time reaches
32 hours, fully meet engineering test requirement.
4. large-capacity battery
For the large-capacity battery that the present invention uses for 16Ah accumulators, primary charging can meet strain acquirement instrument continuously just
Often work was up to 12 hours.
5. timer
The present invention is adopted using the power supply and data of Japan's two timer controlled strain Acquisition Instruments of OMRON H3A and H5CX
Collection.
2.2) according to finite Element Stress Calculation results or history measured result data, determine that the stress of runner bucket is surveyed
Point position.
The position or crackle generating unit that maximum stress is likely to occur are selected generally according to finite Element Stress Calculation results
Position arrangement pressure detection point, such as theory analysis difficulty, can also according to the position that is generally likely to occur of actual measurement experience intermediate principal stress come
Layout, from the point of view of measured result in recent years, the position that maximum stress is likely to occur mostly in blade outlet at crown,
It is also the quick cracked position of runner bucket.
2.3) distinguish adhering resistance strain sheets in determining each pressure detection point position upper edge different directions, form strain
Flower.
2.4) each foil gauge in strain rosette is directly connected with strain acquirement instrument by signal wire, strain acquirement instrument passes through
After conducting wire is connected with digital radio radio station, two timers and accumulator, be seal-installed on rotary part (such as spindle shaft top or
In runner cone).
3) determine that the preparation for carrying out set steady test, including point layout, displacement sensor and acceleration pass
Selection and installation of sensor etc. concurrently set the experimental project and operating condition of test point of set steady test.Wherein, operating condition of test
Point should include steady load operating mode and transient process operating mode.Set steady test belongs to the prior art, and the present invention does not exist herein
It repeats.
4) after the completion of waiting for the stress test of runner bucket and the preparation of set steady test, beginning is airborne to survey dynamic answer
Power is tested, i.e. runner bucket stress and set steady test is carried out at the same time, and synchronous acquisition.
5) it is surveyed according to the intrinsic frequency test data of obtained rotating vane and stress test data and set steady
It tries data and carries out analyzing processing, obtain the stress test correspondence of set steady and rotating vane, and survey with intrinsic frequency
Test result is reference, analyzes the stress of runner bucket, suggestion is provided for unit classifying rationally safe and stable operation region.
5.1) strain value obtained according to measurement, is calculated the mean stress and dynamic stress of blade.
Electric resistance strain measure is used for runner bucket stress test, by measuring blade strain value, is calculated
The mean stress and dynamic stress of blade, calculation formula are：
σ=E ε
In formula：σ is the stress value being calculated, unit Mpa；ε is the strain value that measures of experiment, and unit is μm/m； E
For the elasticity modulus of material, and E=2.1 × 105MPa。
5.2) using the Hydropower Unit throw signal antinoise method based on overall experience mode decomposition and arrangement entropy, to unit
Throw signal in stability test carries out denoising.
Throw signal in being tested for set steady, the present invention, which uses, is based on overall experience mode decomposition
(complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition, CEEMD) and the Hydropower Unit throw for arranging entropy
Signal is carried out CEEMD decomposition, obtains several empirical modal components (intrinsic mode by signal antinoise method
Function, IMF), the arrangement entropy of each component is sought, empirical modal component is reconstructed according to preset arrangement entropy threshold, to realize
The denoising of Hydropower Unit throw signal.
5.3) according to the stability data under the obtained mean stress of blade and dynamic stress and corresponding unit operating mode,
It draws turbine runner blade mean stress, dynamic stress and the hydraulic turbine to deal with relationship curve graph, and with intrinsic frequency test result
For reference, the stress of runner bucket is analyzed, for providing suggestion for unit classifying rationally safe and stable operation region.
The method of the present invention is further elaborated below by specific embodiment.
Embodiment 1：
Some hydropower station rotary wheel of water turbine is " X " blade profile, stainless steel (0Cr13Ni4) material, the hair manufacture of the Hangzhoupro Ke Wana, blade
For casting, welded with crown group.The power station finds hat side outlet edge blade on rotary wheel of water turbine during No. 1 unit maintenance
Totally three blades are cracked for weld seam, remaining two Turbines blade finds to split at crown in outlet edge on inspection
Line.In order to fully understand the Hydropower Plant stability and runner bucket stress level at different operating conditions, analyze
The reason of turbine runner blade cracks, at the same for later unit divide reasonable benefit/risk stable operation zone provide science according to
According to having carried out set steady and runner bucket stress on-the-spot test to its No. 1 machine.Upstream water level is about 1305M when experiment, under
Swimming position is about 1247.1M, and experiment average water head (works from zero load to the hydraulic turbine of all steady load test points of peak load
The arithmetic mean of instantaneous value of head) it is 58.63m.
1, content of the test and test method
Content of the test：The test of runner bucket intrinsic frequency, set steady test and runner bucket stress test.
1.1 runner bucket intrinsic frequencies are tested
The test of runner bucket intrinsic frequency carries out in air, and the frequency values that test result provides are the intrinsic frequency in air
Rate shows that main frequency of vibration of the blade in water body is about 60~70% in air according to related documents and materials result of calculation, and
The vibration shape is almost the same.
1.2 runner bucket stress tests
Runner bucket stress test method uses Electric resistance strain measure, by measuring blade strain value, calculates
The mean stress and dynamic stress of blade.
1.2.1 blade stress point layout
As shown in Fig. 2 (a) and Fig. 2 (b), the point layout that blade stress is tested at the outlet edge of adjacent 2 blades,
In each face of blade outlet edge resistance strain gage SG1~SG3 is installed at crown, back side outlet edge is installed at crown
Resistance strain gage SG4~SG6, blade outlet install resistance strain gage SG7, SG8 respectively close to the lower front and backs Huan Chu.
1.2.2 blade stress is tested
The stress on-the-spot test of runner bucket has been successfully completed in the power station using the test device, has filled test in test
It sets and is installed on set main shaft axis top, pass through wireless remote control when experiment and start and stop strain signal Acquisition Instrument and acquire rotary part electricity
Resistance foil gauge output signal simultaneously records, and the signal of acquisition is transmitted to computer by digital radio radio station simultaneously, and to carry out signal real-time
Display.After off-test is shut down, test data is by being installed on the computer parallel port on set main shaft axis top or directly taking out removable
Data are reached computer and carry out signal processing and analyzing by dynamic Compact Flash.
1.3 set steadies are tested
Set steady experiment is carried out at the same time with runner bucket stress test.
2, operating condition of test and point layout
Runner bucket stress test is carried out at the same time with set steady experiment in experiment, and synchronous acquisition, and operating condition of test is such as
Under：
1., unit is just normally opened, engine cut off test.
2., as shown in figure 3, for carry out unit load change test when operating condition of test point, load be followed successively by zero load, 1MW,
2MW、3MW、4MW、5MW、6MW、7MW、8MW、9MW、10MW、11MW、12MW、13MW、14MW、 15MW、16MW、17MW、
18MW、20MW、22MW、24MW、26MW、27MW、28MW、28.6MW、 28.6MW、27MW、26MW、24MW、22MW、20MW、
18MW、17MW、16MW、15MW、14MW、 13MW、12MW、11MW、10MW、9MW、8MW、7MW、6MW、5MW、4MW、3MW、
2MW, 1MW, zero load, Power Factor are maintained at rated power factor.
3, test result
3.1, intrinsic frequency test result
As shown in Figure 4, Figure 5, respectively power pulse signal and response signal oscillogram and transmission function and coherent function
Analysis chart.Runner bucket intrinsic frequency (in air) test is hammered (power pulse) and is once touched using repeatedly triggering sampling configuration
The acquisition for distributing into a signal, each hammering positions is altogether hammered triggering and completes signal three times three times in experiment adopts
Collection, the oscillogram of the power pulse signal and response signal that collect, by carrying out transmission function and Coherence Function Analysis to it
Obtained runner bucket intrinsic frequency test result is shown in Table 1.
The machine runner bucket intrinsic frequency test result of certain power station of table 11 (in air)
| Serial number | Frequency (Hz) | Pass letter amplitude (m/s2/N) | Coherence factor |
| 1 | 43.21 | 0.0178 | 0.88 |
| 2 | 65.67 | 0.0179 | 0.85 |
| 3 | 103.27 | 0.0211 | 0.87 |
| 4 | 158.94 | 0.0345 | 0.97 |
| 5 | 192.14 | 0.0239 | 0.97 |
| 6 | 199.95 | 0.0494 | 1.00 |
| 7 | 215.33 | 0.0493 | 0.97 |
| 8 | 227.54 | 0.0178 | 0.99 |
| 9 | 234.38 | 0.1342 | 0.99 |
| 10 | 243.16 | 0.0413 | 0.96 |
| 11 | 256.35 | 0.0659 | 0.91 |
| 12 | 267.09 | 0.1382 | 0.99 |
| 13 | 287.84 | 0.0271 | 0.91 |
| 14 | 295.90 | 0.0295 | 0.98 |
| 15 | 302.98 | 0.1757 | 0.99 |
| 16 | 325.68 | 0.0286 | 0.97 |
| 17 | 335.94 | 0.0412 | 0.99 |
| 18 | 345.21 | 0.0325 | 0.94 |
| 19 | 351.32 | 0.2422 | 0.99 |
| 20 | 374.51 | 0.0861 | 0.99 |
3.2) runner bucket stress test result
3.2.1) open antiskid abrasiveness layer result
As shown in fig. 6, being start process runner bucket plastic strain amplitude time domain waveform.From start process time domain waveform
As can be seen that the variation of start process blade stress can be divided into two periods, first period be after booting within the scope of 0~10s,
Blade static stress (mean stress) very little at this time, about near 0MPa, but blade dynamic stress is larger, and vacuum side of blade is surveyed close to crown
Its dynamic stress peak-to-peak value of point (SG4) is about 90Mpa.Second period is after being switched within the scope of 10~30s, at this time with unit
The raising blade static stress (mean stress) of rotating speed starts to increase, and until stabilization of speed, the first period of blade dynamic stress ratio slightly has
Reduce.
3.2.2) steady working condition load change test result
As shown in fig. 7, for the graph of relation of each experiment measuring point static stress (mean stress) and output of hydraulic turbine.From Fig. 7
In can be seen that, the static stress of face of blade measuring point (SG1, SG2, SG3) at crown is about for compression in zero load-
45Mpa, and decline with the increase of load, it is 0 near 12MW, load tensile stress occurs after being more than 12MW, and with load
Increase and increase, is to be about+50Mpa when at full capacity.Vacuum side of blade at crown measuring point (SG4, SG5, SG6) it is quiet
Stress is about+65Mpa for tensile stress in zero load, and is reduced with the increase of load, is 0 near 15MW, load is more than
Occur compression after 15MW, and increased with the increase of load, compression is maximum when at full capacity, and value is about -45Mpa.Leaf
Piece measuring point (SG7, SG8) positive (SG7) in zero load at lower ring is tensile stress, is increased with the increase of load, the back side
(SG8) it is compression, is declined with the increase of load.
As shown in Figure 8 to Figure 11, respectively each measuring point dynamic stress mixing peak peak amplitude (97% confidence level) schematic diagram, pulsation
Graph of relation, SG1 and SG4 strain the pulsation time domain and frequency domain Waterfall plot of dominant frequency and water wheels acc power.Each measuring point of blade is dynamic to answer
Power general trend is reduced with the raising of load, dynamic in Smaller load area (zero load~12MW) and sub-load area (12~20MW)
Stress mixing peak peak amplitude is relatively high, and vacuum side of blade is close close to crown measuring point (SG4) dynamic stress maximum mixing peak peak amplitude
45Mpa is substantially reduced after load is more than 20MW with the raising blade dynamic stress of load.In Smaller load area (zero load~12MW)
Dynamic stress pulses dominant frequency to turn based on frequency, in sub-load area (12~20MW) dynamic stress pulsation dominant frequency (f1=2.2~2.6Hz,
Turn frequency and subtract vortex rope frequency) about turn the 2/3 of frequency, after load is more than 20MW, dynamic stress pulses dominant frequency to turn based on frequency.
Embodiment 2：
Certain foreign countries power station total installation of generating capacity 630MW, single-machine capacity 105MW, select ZZ440A-LH-750 water by totally 6
Turbine, SF105-66/12800 generators.Hydraulic turbine major parameter is as follows：
The power station has been confessed one's crime since the power generation of platform set grid-connection, in debugging or operational process, once occurs repeatedly to lift machine thing
Therefore degree of raising is 25mm~29mm on unit rotating part, causes that hydraulic turbine working seal is jumped out, connector is torn, current collection ring carbon
The destruction etc. that brush and brush holder, excitation lead insulate.It is found afterwards in maintenance, 6 Turbines runner buckets all occur not
With the crackle of degree, some is very serious, directly jeopardizes the safe operation of unit.Wherein No. 2 units are the most serious, 6 leaves
There is different degrees of crackle in piece.
The purpose of experiment be by turbine runner blade stress test, grasp unit under different operating loads (including
The transient process such as open, shut down) runner bucket dynamic stress and static stress it is horizontal and its with load changing rule, to analyze runner
The reason of blade cracks provides technical basis, and the reason of being cracked to runner bucket is analyzed, advising property
Treatment measures.In addition, by experiment suggestion can be provided for unit classifying rationally safe and stable operation region.
1 content of the test and test method
1.1 runner bucket intrinsic frequencies are tested
As shown in figure 12, it selects 2 blades (No. 2 and No. 6) to carry out Natural Frequency of Blade test in the present embodiment, hammers
The arrangement of position and response measuring point (three acceleration transducers and two displacement sensors).
1.2 runner bucket stress tests
1.2.1 blade stress point layout
Resistance strain gage is arranged on two blades (No. 2 and No. 6), per 8 points of blade arrangement, totally 16 points.According to Di Shilin
Runner bucket cracked situation in power station considers that resistance strain gage is arranged in the blade outlet side sectors R450 of crackle generation
On the front and back at place.Foil gauge selects Japan's KYOWA KFW-5-350 water proof type foil gauges.
1.2.2 blade stress is tested
Be installed in runner cone after entire test device sealing, foil gauge output signal by signal wire directly with answer
Varying signal Acquisition Instrument connects.In test process, the data of acquisition are directly stored in removable Compact Flash, are taken after the test
Go out Compact Flash, reads experiment gathered data.
1.3 set steadies are tested
Set steady attribute testing is carried out at the same time with stress test of runner.
2 pilot projects and operating condition of test
As shown in figure 13, operating condition of test figure when unit load change test is carried out.Specific pilot project and operating condition of test number
According to as shown in table 2 below.
2 pilot project of table and operating condition of test
Under on-cam operating condition unit load change test operating mode be followed successively by 20MW, 25MW, 30MW, 35MW, 40MW, 42.5MW,
45MW、47.5MW、50MW、52.5MW、55MW、57.5MW、60MW、65MW、70MW、75MW、80MW、85MW、 90MW、90MW、
85MW, 80MW, 75MW, 70MW, 65MW, 60MW, 55MW, 50MW, 45MW, 40MW, 35MW, 30MW, 25MW, 20MW totally 34
Operating point.
3 test results
3.1 runner bucket intrinsic frequency test results
As shown in Figure 14 (a) and Figure 14 (b), respectively the transmission function of displacement sensor result and coherent function are divided
Analyse schematic diagram.As shown in Figure 15 (a) and Figure 15 (b), the respectively transmission function of acceleration transducer measurement result and relevant letter
Number analysis schematic diagram.It can be seen from the figure that No. 2 unit runner bucket intrinsic frequencies test 2 and No. 6 two blades altogether, survey
Test result (18 rank intrinsic frequency before runner bucket) is as shown in the following table 3~4, wherein preceding 5 rank is given by displacement sensor measurement result
Go out, rear 13 rank is provided by acceleration transducer measurement result.
3 No. 2 machine runner bucket intrinsic frequency test results of table
| Serial number | Frequency (Hz) | Biography letter amplitude (μm/N) | Coherence factor |
| 1 | 45.4 | 4.17 | 0.9639 |
| 2 | 53.83 | 1.88 | 0.9982 |
| 3 | 60.79 | 2.00 | 0.9979 |
| 4 | 90.09 | 3.13 | 0.9921 |
| 5 | 120.85 | 3.41 | 0.9984 |
4 No. 2 machine runner bucket intrinsic frequency test results of table
3.2 blade stress test results
3.2.1 blade static stress
As shown in figure 16, it is the graph of relation of static strain value (the mean strain value) and load of No. 2 each measuring points of blade, it is real
Survey blade maximum mean strain value is 87 μ S, is happened at unit operating mode (86.83MW) at full capacity, vacuum side of blade is away from outlet edge
450mm, the SG8 measuring points away from blade outer circle 100mm, be converted to mean stress value (static stress) be tensile stress 18.2MPa (material
Elastic modulus E is calculated by 210GPa).
It is seen that the static stress of SG1, SG7, SG8 are tensile stress, the static stress of wherein SG1 and SG8 in zero load
Increase with the increase tensile stress of load, unit at full capacity when dropped with the increase tensile stress of load for maximum, the static stress of SG7
It is low.The static stress of SG2, SG3, SG4, SG5, SG6 are compression in zero load, and wherein the static stress of SG2, SG5, SG6 are with load
Increase compression increase, unit at full capacity when reduced with the increase compression of load for maximum, the static stress of SG3 and SG4,
It is tensile stress when at full capacity.Numerically, the strain value of each measuring point actual measurement is all little, illustrates at the position of point layout
The static deformation amount of (sectors R450) blade is little.
3.2.2 blade dynamic stress
It is that each measuring point blade dynamic stress of No. 2 blades is mixed amplitude (97% confidence level), pulsation dominant frequency as shown in Figure 17~18
With the graph of relation of unit active power.Each measuring point dynamic stress mixing amplitude of blade is bored with the rule of load variations with draft tube
Pipe pressure pulsatile change trend is essentially identical, relatively large in 25MW~55MW load ranges, and actual measurement vacuum side of blade is away from water outlet
Side 450mm, amplitude is mixed as 39.4MPa away from the SG8 measuring point dynamic stress maximums at blade outer circle 100mm, ripple frequency mainly collects
In in two regions 226Hz~230Hz and 292Hz~230Hz, about the 6 of guide vane overcurrent frequency times and 8 times.Other load works
Condition, blade dynamic stress amplitude are relatively small.
The various embodiments described above are merely to illustrate the present invention, wherein the structure of each component, connection type and method and step etc. are all
It can be varied from, every equivalents carried out based on the technical solution of the present invention and improvement should not exclude
Except protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of airborne survey dynamic stress device, it is characterised in that：It includes several foil gauges, strain acquirement instrument, digital radio
Platform, mobile memory card, accumulator and two timers；
Each foil gauge is respectively adhered at the point position on unit runner bucket, at the runner bucket point position
Strain signal be acquired, and the strain acquirement instrument is transferred to by signal wire；
The strain acquirement instrument is connected with the digital radio radio station, accumulator and two timers respectively by conducting wire；
The digital radio radio station is used to the strain signal that the strain acquirement instrument receives being wirelessly transmitted to terminal
Carry out real-time display；
The accumulator is used to provide power supply for the strain acquirement instrument；
Two timers are respectively used to control the power supply of the strain acquirement instrument and data acquisition；
The mobile memory card is loaded in inside strain acquirement instrument, is carried out for the strain signal to each foil gauge acquisition
Storage.
2. a kind of airborne survey dynamic stress device as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The strain acquirement instrument, digital nothing
Line radio station, accumulator and two timers are sealingly mounted on the rotary part of unit to be detected.
3. a kind of method using the airborne survey dynamic stress such as any one of claim 1~2 described device, it is characterised in that including
Following steps：
1) it uses pulse-excitation method to carry out intrinsic frequency test to runner bucket, obtains the intrinsic frequency of runner bucket；
2) runner bucket stress test preparation is carried out, including determines the airborne survey dynamic stress for carrying out runner bucket stress test
Device, and attach it to the predetermined point position on runner bucket；
3) the operating condition of test point and point position for carrying out set steady test are determined, by displacement sensor, acceleration transducer
It is installed to the predetermined point position of unit to be detected；
4) it is carried out at the same time runner bucket stress and set steady is tested, synchronous acquisition in test process；
5) analyzing processing is carried out to obtained the stress test data of rotating vane and set steady test data, obtains machine
The stress test correspondence of group stability and rotating vane, and be reference with the intrinsic frequency test result of runner bucket, it is right
The stress of runner bucket is analyzed.
4. a kind of airborne method for surveying dynamic stress as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that：In the step 1), runner blade
The test method of piece intrinsic frequency, includes the following steps：
1.1) hammering positions of runner bucket are determined, and repeatedly hammering triggering is carried out to each hammering positions of runner bucket；
1.2) every time in hammering trigger process, the response using time base variable signal acquisition method to power pulse signal and runner bucket
Signal is acquired；
1.3) transmission function and Coherence Function Analysis are carried out to the power pulse signal and response signal of acquisition, obtains runner bucket
Each rank intrinsic frequency.
5. a kind of airborne method for surveying dynamic stress as claimed in claim 4, it is characterised in that：The calculating of the transmission function is public
Formula is：
The coherent function rxy(f) calculation formula is：
In formula：Sy(f) it is the Fourier transform of output signal, Sx(f) it is the Fourier transform of input signal；Pxy(f) be output with
The crosspower spectrum of input signal；Pxx(f) it is the auto-power spectrum of input signal；Pyy(f) it is the auto-power spectrum of output signal.
6. a kind of airborne method for surveying dynamic stress as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that：In the step 2), runner blade
Piece stress test preparation includes the following steps：
2.1) the airborne strain signal test device for carrying out runner bucket stress-strain test, including strain acquirement instrument, number are determined
Word radio station, mobile memory card, large-capacity battery and timer；
2.2) according to finite Element Stress Calculation results or history measured result data, the pressure detection point position of runner bucket is determined
It sets；
2.3) distinguish adhering resistance strain sheets in determining each pressure detection point position upper edge different directions, form strain rosette；
2.4) each foil gauge in strain rosette is directly connected with strain acquirement instrument by signal wire, strain signal Acquisition Instrument and number
After word radio station, timing controller and accumulator are connected, it is seal-installed on unit rotary part.
7. a kind of airborne method for surveying dynamic stress as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that：In the step 5), to runner
The analysis method of stress, includes the following steps：
5.1) strain value obtained according to measurement, is calculated the mean stress and dynamic stress of runner bucket；
5.2) using the Hydropower Unit throw signal antinoise method based on overall experience mode decomposition and arrangement entropy, to set steady
Property experiment in throw signal carry out denoising, obtain the stability data under corresponding unit operating mode；
5.3) it according to the stability data under the mean stress of obtained blade and dynamic stress and corresponding unit operating mode, draws
Turbine runner blade mean stress, dynamic stress and the hydraulic turbine are dealt with relationship curve graph, and are ginseng with intrinsic frequency test result
It examines, the stress of runner bucket is analyzed.
8. a kind of airborne method for surveying dynamic stress as claimed in claim 7, it is characterised in that：The average of the runner bucket answers
Power and the calculation formula of dynamic stress are：
σ=E ε,
In formula：σ is the stress value being calculated, unit Mpa；ε is the strain value that measures of experiment, and unit is μm/m；E is material
Elasticity modulus, and E=2.1 × 105MPa。
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