CN108575504A - 一种油茶种植方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种油茶种植方法，它包括以下种植步骤：（1）土壤管理；（2）扦插育苗；（3）移栽定植；（4）田间管理。本发明适用于油茶的种植，该方法种植的油茶树成活率高，三年挂果而且挂果率高，大大提高了茶油产量。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种油茶种植技术领域，特别涉及一种油茶种植方法。
背景技术
油茶是山茶科山茶属中种子含油量最高的，并且具有较高生产价值的油用物种，是南方地区重要的木本油料经济作物，又名油茶树或茶籽树。油茶植株高4～6m，经常在2～3m。油茶根系发达，耐贫瘠土壤，适应生长范围广，可充分利用边际土地来生长，是经济效益与生态效益两者兼备的优良蜀中，其制备的油料中，不饱和脂肪酸含量高达90%以上，远远高于优质的橄榄油中不饱和脂肪酸的含量。茶油的主要成分是油酸和亚油酸，同时还含有少量的亚麻酸等高价不饱和脂肪酸、维生素A和维生素E。茶油，还具有较好的保健和医用功能，其中含有的有益成分极易被人体吸收，长期食用对于降低人体血清胆固醇拥有较显著的效果，同时还有预防和治疗心血管疾病的特效，可以缓解人们的动脉硬化的可能性，尤其是亚麻酸具有软化血管、降低血脂和滋补提神的功效。
现有技术中，对于油茶树种植方法不恰当，往往导致油茶树种植成活率较低，而且所挂的油茶果的产油量较低，导致茶油产量依然不能满足市场的需求。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对背景技术中存在的缺点和不足做出改进和创新，提供一种油茶种植方法，该方法种植的油茶树成活率高，三年挂果而且挂果率高，大大提高了茶油产量。
为实现上述目的，本发明采取的技术方案是：一种油茶种植方法，包括以下种植步骤：
（1）土壤管理：选择日照充足，排水良好，且pH值在5.4~6.1的土壤，深耕翻地，按35~40kg/亩施加生石灰消毒，放置4~6天后按48~62kg/亩施加底肥，备用；
（2）扦插育苗：从油茶种苗上选取半木质化的春梢，剪取6~8cm主枝，主枝上保留一芽一叶，将没芽的一端削成45°的斜口，且斜口距芽叶3.5~5cm；然后将油茶树主枝斜口端放入浓度为1~2%的百菌清溶液中浸泡5~7min后用清水冲洗，再将主枝放入浓度为2~2.8%的催根液中浸泡5~7h后捞出，沥干，最后按10cm×3cm的株距扦插在圃地上，浇水后覆盖农膜，每天按2~3kg/m2喷洒营养液，培育4个月后得到扦插种苗；
（3）移栽定植：当种苗长到18~22cm高时，将种苗按行距2m，株距3.5m的距离移栽到田地中；
（4）田间管理：对大田中油茶苗进行正常施肥，除虫，防病和抚育管理；油茶花期时每株油茶树施加花肥12~15kg，在油茶挂果期时每株油茶树施加挂果肥16~22kg。
优选的，所述底肥由以下重量份的原料组成：豆粕10~12份，禽畜粪30~35份，尿素10~12份，秸秆4~6份，磷酸钾5~8份，碳酸氢铵4~7份，塘泥15~20份，EM菌5~7份，生石灰10~20份，尿素20~25份，过磷酸钙5~7份。
优选的，所述催根液由以下重量份的原料组成：浓度2.1%的吲哚乙酸溶液1.5~3份，浓度2.3g/L的维生素B123~5份，胺鲜酯1~3份。
优选的，所述营养液由以下重量份的原料组成：碳酸氢铵10~12份，氯化钾5~7份，硼砂2~3份，硫酸锌1~3份，苦楝0.8~1份，青蒿2~4份，杜仲0.5~0.8份，蛇床子0.8~1份，水20~30份，尿素8~12份，所述苦楝、青蒿、杜仲和蛇床子需研磨后再使用。
优选的，所述花肥由以下重量份的原料组成：油菜饼9~11份，硼酸锌粉1~2份，豆饼7~9份，油茶壳8~10份，磷酸氢二钾粉0.7~1份，蚯蚓粪8~10份，棕榈叶5~7份，鱼粉3~5份，沼液11~13份，草木灰4~7份，尿素13~15份。
优选的，所述挂果肥由以下重量份的原料组成：豆饼7~9份，油茶壳8~10份，鱼粉3~5份，虾壳6~9份，草木灰5~7份，草酸钙粉0.5~0.7份，尿素10~12份，磷酸二氢钾粉0.4~0.8份和沼液10~12份。
本发明的优点及有益效果：
本发明提供的油茶种植方法，通过改进扦插苗的扦插方法、强化消毒和生根处理过程、培养基质改善和扦插环境维护的综合管理，大大增强了扦插苗的存活率和生长速度，有效解决了扦插苗在寒冷和高温干燥气候下成活率低，生长速度慢的缺陷；在扦插苗移入大田时施加配置的基肥，在花期和挂果期分别施加合适用量的追肥，不仅大大增加了油茶的生长速度，而且油茶树三年既能挂果，挂果第一年挂果率比现有优良品种高出7% ~12%，产油量也高于现有油茶产油量。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的，技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。
实施例1
一种油茶种植方法，包括以下种植步骤：
（1）土壤管理：选择日照充足，排水良好，且pH值在5.4的土壤，深耕翻地，按35kg/亩施加生石灰消毒，放置4天后按48kg/亩施加底肥，备用；所述底肥由以下重量份的原料组成：豆粕10份，禽畜粪30份，尿素10份，秸秆4份，磷酸钾5份，碳酸氢铵4份，塘泥15份，EM菌5份，生石灰10份，尿素20份，过磷酸钙5份。
（2）扦插育苗：从油茶种苗上选取半木质化的春梢，剪取6cm主枝，主枝上保留一芽一叶，将没芽的一端削成45°的斜口，且斜口距芽叶3.5cm；然后将油茶树主枝斜口端放入浓度为1%的百菌清溶液中浸泡5min后用清水冲洗，再将主枝放入浓度为2%的催根液中浸泡5h后捞出，沥干，最后按10cm×3cm的株距扦插在圃地上，浇水后覆盖农膜，每天按2kg/m2喷洒营养液，培育4个月后得到扦插种苗；所述催根液由以下重量份的原料组成：浓度2.1%的吲哚乙酸溶液1.5份，浓度2.3g/L的维生素B123份，胺鲜酯1份；所述营养液由以下重量份的原料组成：碳酸氢铵10份，氯化钾5份，硼砂2份，硫酸锌1份，苦楝0.8份，青蒿2份，杜仲0.5份，蛇床子0.8份，水20份，尿素8份，所述苦楝、青蒿、杜仲和蛇床子需研磨后再使用。
（3）移栽定植：当种苗长到18cm高时，将种苗按行距2m，株距3.5m的距离移栽到田地中；
（4）田间管理：对大田中油茶苗进行正常施肥，除虫，防病和抚育管理；油茶花期时每株油茶树施加花肥12kg，在油茶挂果期时每株油茶树施加挂果肥16kg。所述花肥由以下重量份的原料组成：油菜饼9份，硼酸锌粉1份，豆饼7份，油茶壳8份，磷酸氢二钾粉0.7份，蚯蚓粪8份，棕榈叶5份，鱼粉3份，沼液11份，草木灰4份，尿素13份；所述挂果肥由以下重量份的原料组成：豆饼7份，油茶壳8份，鱼粉3份，虾壳6份，草木灰5份，草酸钙粉0.5份，尿素10份，磷酸二氢钾粉0.4份和沼液10份。
实施例2
一种油茶种植方法，包括以下种植步骤：
（1）土壤管理：选择日照充足，排水良好，且pH值在5.8的土壤，深耕翻地，按38kg/亩施加生石灰消毒，放置5天后按56kg/亩施加底肥，备用；所述底肥由以下重量份的原料组成：豆粕11份，禽畜粪33份，尿素11份，秸秆5份，磷酸钾7份，碳酸氢铵5份，塘泥18份，EM菌6份，生石灰15份，尿素23份，过磷酸钙6份。
（2）扦插育苗：从油茶种苗上选取半木质化的春梢，剪取7cm主枝，主枝上保留一芽一叶，将没芽的一端削成45°的斜口，且斜口距芽叶4.5cm；然后将油茶树主枝斜口端放入浓度为1.5%的百菌清溶液中浸泡6min后用清水冲洗，再将主枝放入浓度为2.5%的催根液中浸泡6h后捞出，沥干，最后按10cm×3cm的株距扦插在圃地上，浇水后覆盖农膜，每天按2.5kg/m2喷洒营养液，培育4个月后得到扦插种苗；所述催根液由以下重量份的原料组成：浓度2.1%的吲哚乙酸溶液2份，浓度2.3g/L的维生素B124份，胺鲜酯2份；所述营养液由以下重量份的原料组成：碳酸氢铵11份，氯化钾6份，硼砂2.5份，硫酸锌2份，苦楝0.9份，青蒿3份，杜仲0.6份，蛇床子0.9份，水25份，尿素10份，所述苦楝、青蒿、杜仲和蛇床子需研磨后再使用。
（3）移栽定植：当种苗长到20cm高时，将种苗按行距2m，株距3.5m的距离移栽到田地中；
（4）田间管理：对大田中油茶苗进行正常施肥，除虫，防病和抚育管理；油茶花期时每株油茶树施加花肥13kg，在油茶挂果期时每株油茶树施加挂果肥20kg。所述花肥由以下重量份的原料组成：油菜饼10份，硼酸锌粉1.5份，豆饼8份，油茶壳9份，磷酸氢二钾粉0.8份，蚯蚓粪9份，棕榈叶6份，鱼粉4份，沼液12份，草木灰5份，尿素14份；所述挂果肥由以下重量份的原料组成：豆饼8份，油茶壳9份，鱼粉4份，虾壳8份，草木灰6份，草酸钙粉0.6份，尿素11份，磷酸二氢钾粉0.6份和沼液11份。
实施例3
一种油茶种植方法，包括以下种植步骤：
（1）土壤管理：选择日照充足，排水良好，且pH值在6.1的土壤，深耕翻地，按40kg/亩施加生石灰消毒，放置6天后按62kg/亩施加底肥，备用；所述底肥由以下重量份的原料组成：豆粕2份，禽畜粪35份，尿素12份，秸秆6份，磷酸钾8份，碳酸氢铵7份，塘泥20份，EM菌7份，生石灰20份，尿素25份，过磷酸钙7份。
（2）扦插育苗：从油茶种苗上选取半木质化的春梢，剪取8cm主枝，主枝上保留一芽一叶，将没芽的一端削成45°的斜口，且斜口距芽叶5cm；然后将油茶树主枝斜口端放入浓度为2%的百菌清溶液中浸泡7min后用清水冲洗，再将主枝放入浓度为2.8%的催根液中浸泡7h后捞出，沥干，最后按10cm×3cm的株距扦插在圃地上，浇水后覆盖农膜，每天按3kg/m2喷洒营养液，培育4个月后得到扦插种苗；所述催根液由以下重量份的原料组成：浓度2.1%的吲哚乙酸溶液3份，浓度2.3g/L的维生素B125份，胺鲜酯3份；所述营养液由以下重量份的原料组成：碳酸氢铵12份，氯化钾7份，硼砂3份，硫酸锌3份，苦楝1份，青蒿4份，杜仲0.8份，蛇床子1份，水30份，尿素12份，所述苦楝、青蒿、杜仲和蛇床子需研磨后再使用。
（3）移栽定植：当种苗长到22cm高时，将种苗按行距2m，株距3.5m的距离移栽到田地中；
（4）田间管理：对大田中油茶苗进行正常施肥，除虫，防病和抚育管理；油茶花期时每株油茶树施加花肥15kg，在油茶挂果期时每株油茶树施加挂果肥22kg。所述花肥由以下重量份的原料组成：油菜饼11份，硼酸锌粉2份，豆饼9份，油茶壳10份，磷酸氢二钾粉1份，蚯蚓粪10份，棕榈叶7份，鱼粉5份，沼液13份，草木灰7份，尿素15份；所述挂果肥由以下重量份的原料组成：豆饼9份，油茶壳10份，鱼粉5份，虾壳9份，草木灰7份，草酸钙粉0.7份，尿素12份，磷酸二氢钾粉0.8份和沼液12份。
以上结合具体实施例描述了本发明的技术原理。这些描述只是为了解释本发明的原理，而不能以任何方式解释为对本发明保护范围的限制。基于此处的解释，本领域的技术人员不需要付出创造性的劳动即可联想到本发明的其它具体实施方式，这些方式都将落入本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (6)
1.一种油茶种植方法，其特征在于以下种植步骤：
（1）土壤管理：选择日照充足，排水良好，且pH值在5.4~6.1的土壤，深耕翻地，按35~40kg/亩施加生石灰消毒，放置4~6天后按48~62kg/亩施加底肥，备用；
（2）扦插育苗：从油茶种苗上选取半木质化的春梢，剪取6~8cm主枝，主枝上保留一芽一叶，将没芽的一端削成45°的斜口，且斜口距芽叶3.5~5cm；然后将油茶树主枝斜口端放入浓度为1~2%的百菌清溶液中浸泡5~7min后用清水冲洗，再将主枝放入浓度为2~2.8%的催根液中浸泡5~7h后捞出，沥干，最后按10cm×3cm的株距扦插在圃地上，浇水后覆盖农膜，每天按2~3kg/m2喷洒营养液，培育4个月后得到扦插种苗；
（3）移栽定植：当种苗长到18~22cm高时，将种苗按行距2m，株距3.5m的距离移栽到田地中；
（4）田间管理：对大田中油茶苗进行正常施肥，除虫，防病和抚育管理；油茶花期时每株油茶树施加花肥12~15kg，在油茶挂果期时每株油茶树施加挂果肥16~22kg。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种油茶种植方法，其特征在于所述底肥由以下重量份的原料组成：豆粕10~12份，禽畜粪30~35份，尿素10~12份，秸秆4~6份，磷酸钾5~8份，碳酸氢铵4~7份，塘泥15~20份，EM菌5~7份，生石灰10~20份，尿素20~25份，过磷酸钙5~7份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种油茶种植方法，其特征在于所述催根液由以下重量份的原料组成：浓度2.1%的吲哚乙酸溶液1.5~3份，浓度2.3g/L的维生素B123~5份，胺鲜酯1~3份。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种油茶种植方法，其特征在于所述营养液由以下重量份的原料组成：碳酸氢铵10~12份，氯化钾5~7份，硼砂2~3份，硫酸锌1~3份，苦楝0.8~1份，青蒿2~4份，杜仲0.5~0.8份，蛇床子0.8~1份，水20~30份，尿素8~12份，所述苦楝、青蒿、杜仲和蛇床子需研磨后再使用。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种油茶种植方法，其特征在于所述花肥由以下重量份的原料组成：油菜饼9~11份，硼酸锌粉1~2份，豆饼7~9份，油茶壳8~10份，磷酸氢二钾粉0.7~1份，蚯蚓粪8~10份，棕榈叶5~7份，鱼粉3~5份，沼液11~13份，草木灰4~7份，尿素13~15份。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种油茶种植方法，其特征在于所述挂果肥由以下重量份的原料组成：豆饼7~9份，油茶壳8~10份，鱼粉3~5份，虾壳6~9份，草木灰5~7份，草酸钙粉0.5~0.7份，尿素10~12份，磷酸二氢钾粉0.4~0.8份和沼液10~12份。
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