CN108538626B - Preparation of ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet supercapacitor electrode material - Google Patents

Preparation of ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet supercapacitor electrode material Download PDF

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CN108538626B
CN108538626B CN201810320353.8A CN201810320353A CN108538626B CN 108538626 B CN108538626 B CN 108538626B CN 201810320353 A CN201810320353 A CN 201810320353A CN 108538626 B CN108538626 B CN 108538626B
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conductive polymer
polymer nanosheet
ultrathin conductive
electrode material
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CN108538626A (en
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彭辉
赵睿
梁晶
王飞
周洁孜
马国富
雷自强
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Pingdingshan Deyuan Fine Chemicals Co ltd
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Northwest Normal University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/22—Electrodes
    • H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
    • H01G11/32—Carbon-based
    • H01G11/36—Nanostructures, e.g. nanofibres, nanotubes or fullerenes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/22—Electrodes
    • H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
    • H01G11/48—Conductive polymers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
    • H01G11/86—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors

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Abstract

The invention discloses a preparation method of an ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet, and belongs to the field of functional polymers. According to the invention, cheap and easily-obtained aromatic amine is used as a monomer, a cationic surfactant is used as a guiding agent of a soft template structure, an inorganic acid is used as a doping agent, and an in-situ self-assembly oxidation polymerization method is adopted to prepare the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet with a large specific surface area and a uniform morphology. The invention has low cost, simple operation and easy batch production, and has good application prospect as an electrochemical energy storage electrode material.

Description

Preparation of ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet supercapacitor electrode material
Technical Field
The invention relates to an ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet, belonging to the field of functional polymers; the invention also discloses application of the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet as an electrochemical energy storage electrode material in the field of supercapacitors.
Background
The super capacitor is a novel energy storage device and is mainly characterized by high charging and discharging speed, long cycle life, cleanness and environmental protection. At present, the super capacitor is applied to hybrid new energy power automobiles, high-power output equipment and the like, and forms a very considerable market scale. However, the existing super capacitor has the defects of low energy density, high cost and the like, so that the further large-scale use of the super capacitor is limited. One of the main reasons for the low energy density is the low specific capacitance of the electrode material used (the capacitance of commercial carbon-based supercapacitors is less than 200F/g). Therefore, designing and synthesizing electrode materials with higher specific capacitance values is an important way for improving the energy density of the super capacitor.
In recent years, the conductive polymer has the advantages of unique conjugated chain structure, excellent conductivity, capability of generating rapid oxidation-reduction reaction and high theoretical specific capacitance and the like, and becomes a substitute of a good supercapacitor electrode material. Among them, chemical means for improving the conductivity of polymers by protonic acid doping becomes an important and easily realized method for improving the electrical properties of conductive polymers. The problems faced by the application of conductive polymers as electrode materials in supercapacitors mainly include: (1) most of conductive polymers prepared by the traditional oxidative polymerization method are in a compact stacked structure, so that the permeation of electrolyte ions is prevented, and the improvement of the electrochemical performance of the conductive polymers is hindered; (2) conductive polymer backbone structures are subject to expansion and contraction during charge and discharge cycles resulting in poor cycling stability of the conductive polymer. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the electrical and optical properties of conductive polymers are closely related to their nanostructures. Therefore, the preparation of the conductive polymer with a special nano structure is an effective way for improving the electrochemical performance of the conductive polymer. At present, the capacitance value and stability of common conductive polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole and the like are still low, and the requirements of commercial supercapacitors cannot be met.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a method for preparing ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheets;
the invention also aims to research the performance of the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet as an electrode material in the aspect of electrochemical energy storage.
Preparation of ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet
According to the preparation method of the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet, aromatic amine is used as a monomer, a cationic surfactant is used as a soft template structure guiding agent, inorganic acid is used as a doping agent, and oxidative polymerization is initiated by an ammonium persulfate oxidant under an ice bath condition (0-3 ℃) to obtain the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet. The specific preparation process comprises the following steps: dissolving aromatic amine and a cationic surfactant in a solution containing a dopant, and stirring and dispersing uniformly under an ice bath condition to obtain a mixed solution; ultrasonically dissolving ammonium persulfate in a solution containing a doping agent, cooling to 0-3 ℃, slowly adding the mixture into the mixed solution, and stirring for 1-12 hours; centrifuging, washing the product with distilled water and absolute ethyl alcohol, and drying in a baking oven at 50-60 ℃ in vacuum to obtain the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet.
The aromatic amine is at least one of diphenylamine, p-phenylenediamine, p-aminodiphenylamine and p-diaminobiphenyl; the cationic surfactant is at least one of tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide; and the molar ratio of the soft template cationic surfactant to the monomer aromatic amine is 1: 1-1: 5.
The dopant inorganic acid is at least one of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and perchloric acid; the concentration of the dopant-containing solution is 1M to 5M.
The molar ratio of the oxidant ammonium persulfate to the monomer aromatic amine is 1: 1-1: 4.
Fig. 1 is an SEM microtopography of an ultrathin conductive polymer nanoplate prepared by the present invention. As can be seen from the SEM image of fig. 1, the prepared conductive polymer has an interwoven lamellar structure, the nanosheet has a uniform morphology and a thin thickness (average 2.6 nm), is a typical two-dimensional ultrathin nanosheet structure, has a large specific surface area, and when the material of the two-dimensional structure is used as an electrode material, the contact area between the electrode material and an electrolyte is large, so that the material has a large charge storage capacity.
(II) electrochemical performance test of ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet
The electrochemical performance test is completed in a conventional three-electrode system and is carried out by adopting a CHI 660D type electrochemical workstation of Shanghai Chenghua Limited company; the cycling stability test was performed using a CT2001A model Battery tester from Wuhan blue electronics, Inc. The current collector is a stainless steel mesh, the counter electrode is a high-purity carbon rod, the reference electrode is a saturated calomel electrode, and the electrolyte is 1M H2SO4An aqueous solution.
FIG. 2 is a cyclic voltammogram of the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet prepared in the invention at a voltage range of-0.2-0.8V. As can be seen from fig. 2, the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheets exhibit a rectangular-like shape with typical redox peaks, indicating that the material has typical faradaic pseudocapacitive behavior and relatively ideal electrochemical capacitive behavior. Among them, the sharp reversible redox peak exhibited at 0.3V/0.2V is formed due to redox transition of a semiconductive state (reduced form) and a conductive state (eigenstate form) of the conductive polymer.
FIG. 3 is a constant current charge/discharge diagram of the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet prepared according to the present invention at a current density of 0.5A/g. The discharge curve of the prepared material is symmetrical to the corresponding charge curve, which shows that the material has excellent electrochemical reversible behavior. Through calculation, the specific capacitance of the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet at the current density of 0.5A/g is as high as 520F/g.
Fig. 4 is a cycle stability chart of the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet prepared in the present invention after 1000 charge/discharge tests at a current density of 10A/g. The abscissa in the graph represents the number of cycles, and the ordinate represents the specific capacitance value calculated by the charge/discharge test at a current density of 10A/g. The first 200 cycles are the activation process of the electrode material, and the specific capacitance value shows a gradual rise and then tends to a steady state. The specific capacitance can still keep the original 81 percent after 1000 times of charge-discharge cycles. The advantages of longer charge/discharge cycle life, higher cycle efficiency and the like are shown.
In conclusion, the invention takes cheap and easily available aromatic amine as a monomer, a cationic surfactant as a soft template structure guiding agent and inorganic acid as a doping agent, and prepares the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet with large specific surface area and uniform morphology by an in-situ oxidation polymerization method, and the conductive polymer nanosheet is used as an electrochemical energy storage electrode material, has large specific capacitance and excellent cycling stability and shows good electrochemical performance.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an SEM image of ultrathin conductive polymer nanoplates of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cyclic voltammogram of an ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a constant current charge/discharge diagram of an ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet of the present invention
FIG. 4 is a graph of the cycling stability of ultra-thin conductive polymer nanoplates of the present invention
Detailed Description
The preparation of the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet of the present invention and the performance as an electrode material for a supercapacitor are further illustrated by the following specific examples.
Example 1
Measuring 5 mL of 1M HCl solution in a beaker, weighing 1.35 g (4 mmol) of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and 1.5 g (14 mmol) of p-phenylenediamine, adding the tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and the p-phenylenediamine, and stirring under ice bath until the tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and the p-phenylenediamine are uniformly dispersed; then weighing 1.0g (4.4 mmol) of ammonium persulfate to be dissolved in 10 mL of 1M HCl solution, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment until the ammonium persulfate is completely dissolved; placing the mixture in an ice bath condition, slowly adding the mixture into a beaker when the temperature of the mixture is reduced to 0-3 ℃, and stirring for 6 hours; the reaction product was obtained by centrifugation, and washed 2 times with distilled water and 3 times with anhydrous ethanol. And finally, drying in a 60 ℃ oven in vacuum to obtain the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet.
The nanosheets were tested as electrode materials for supercapacitors at 1M H2SO4In the electrolyte, the specific capacitance was 468F/g at a current density of 0.5A/g.
Example 2
3 mL of 2M HClO was measured out4The solution was placed in a beaker and 1.1 g (3 mmol) of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and 1.5 g (8 mmol) of p-aminodiphenylamine were weighed inWherein, stirring under ice bath condition until the dispersion is uniform; 1.2 g (5 mmol) of ammonium persulfate were then weighed out and dissolved in 9 mL of 2M HClO4In the solution, ultrasonic treatment is carried out until the dissolution is complete; and (3) placing the mixture in an ice bath condition, slowly adding the mixture into a beaker when the temperature of the mixture is reduced to 0-3 ℃, sealing the beaker by using a preservative film, and stirring for 8 hours. And centrifuging to obtain a reaction product, washing with distilled water for 2 times, and washing with absolute ethyl alcohol for 3 times. And finally, drying in a 60 ℃ oven in vacuum to obtain the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet.
The nanosheets were tested as electrode materials for supercapacitors at 1M H2SO4In the electrolyte, the specific capacitance was 174F/g at a current density of 0.5A/g.
Example 3
Measuring 3 mL of 1M HNO3The solution was placed in a beaker, 0.4 g (1 mmol) of octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and 0.75 g (4 mmol) of p-diaminobiphenyl were weighed in and stirred under ice bath until dispersed uniformly. 0.7 g (3 mmol) of ammonium persulfate was then weighed out and dissolved in 9 mL of 1M HNO3In the solution, ultrasonic treatment is carried out until the dissolution is complete; and (3) placing the mixture in an ice bath condition, slowly adding the mixture into a beaker when the temperature of the mixture is reduced to 0-3 ℃, sealing the beaker by using a preservative film, and stirring the mixture for 2 hours in the environment. Then, the reaction product was obtained by centrifugation, and washed 2 times with distilled water and 3 times with anhydrous ethanol. And finally, drying in a 60 ℃ oven in vacuum to obtain the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet.
The nanosheets were tested as electrode materials for supercapacitors at 1M H2SO4In the electrolyte, the specific capacitance was 305F/g at a current density of 0.5A/g.
Example 4
5 mL of 3M H was measured out2SO4The solution was placed in a beaker and 1.5 g (4 mmol) of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and 1.5 g (14 mmol) of p-phenylenediamine were weighed into it and stirred under ice-bath conditions until dispersed uniformly. 0.8 g (3.5 mmol) of ammonium persulfate was then weighed out and dissolved in 10 mL of 3M H2SO4In the solution, ultrasonic treatment is carried out until the solution is completely dissolved, and the solution is placed under the ice bath condition. Slowly adding the mixture into a beaker when the temperature of the mixture is reduced to 0-3 ℃, sealing the beaker by using a preservative film, and sealing the beaker by using a sealing filmStir for 12 h at ambient. Then, the reaction product was obtained by centrifugation, and washed 2 times with distilled water and 3 times with anhydrous ethanol. And finally drying in an oven at 60 ℃ to obtain the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet.
The nanosheets were tested as electrode materials for supercapacitors at 1M H2SO4In the electrolyte, the specific capacitance was 426F/g at a current density of 0.5A/g.
Example 5
5 mL of 2M HCl solution was weighed into a beaker, 0.8 g (2 mmol) of octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and 1.0g (5 mmol) of p-aminodiphenylamine were weighed into the beaker and stirred under ice bath until they were dispersed uniformly. Then 0.9 g (4 mmol) of ammonium persulfate is weighed and dissolved in 10 mL of 2M HCl solution, and ultrasonic treatment is carried out until the ammonium persulfate is completely dissolved; and (3) placing the mixture in an ice bath condition, slowly adding the mixture into a beaker when the temperature of the mixture is reduced to 0-3 ℃, sealing the beaker by using a preservative film, and stirring the mixture for 10 hours in the environment. Then, the reaction product was obtained by centrifugation, and washed 2 times with distilled water and 3 times with anhydrous ethanol. And finally drying in an oven at 60 ℃ to obtain the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet.
The nanosheets were tested as electrode materials for supercapacitors at 1M H2SO4In the electrolyte, the specific capacitance was 495F/g at a current density of 0.5A/g.
Example 6
3 mL of 3M HCl solution was weighed into a beaker, 0.75 g (2 mmol) of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and 1 g (6 mmol) of diphenylamine were weighed into the beaker and stirred under ice-bath conditions until the dispersion was homogeneous. Then 0.9 g (4 mmol) of ammonium persulfate is weighed and dissolved in 9 mL of 3M HCl solution, and ultrasonic treatment is carried out until the solution is completely dissolved; and (3) slowly adding the mixture into a beaker under the ice bath condition until the temperature is reduced to 0-3 ℃, sealing the beaker by using a preservative film, stirring for 4 hours under the environment, centrifuging to obtain a reaction product, washing for 2 times by using distilled water, and washing for 3 times by using absolute ethyl alcohol. And finally drying in an oven at 60 ℃ to obtain the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet.
The nanosheets were tested as electrode materials for supercapacitors at 1M H2SO4In the electrolyte, when the current density is highThe specific capacitance was 435F/g at 0.5A/g.

Claims (4)

1. A preparation method of an ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet supercapacitor electrode material comprises the steps of taking aromatic amine as a monomer, a cationic surfactant as a soft template structure guiding agent and inorganic acid as a doping agent, and initiating oxidative polymerization by an ammonium persulfate oxidant under an ice bath condition to obtain an ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet; the specific preparation process comprises the following steps: dissolving aromatic amine and a cationic surfactant in a solution containing a dopant, and stirring and dispersing uniformly under an ice bath condition to obtain a mixed solution; ultrasonically dissolving ammonium persulfate in a solution containing a doping agent, cooling to 0-3 ℃, slowly adding the mixture into the mixed solution, and stirring for 1-12 hours; centrifuging, washing the product with distilled water and absolute ethyl alcohol, and drying in a baking oven at 50-60 ℃ in vacuum to obtain an ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet; the aromatic amine is at least one of diphenylamine, p-phenylenediamine, p-aminodiphenylamine and p-diaminobiphenyl;
the cationic surfactant is at least one of tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide; the molar ratio of the cationic surfactant to the monomeric aromatic amine is 1: 1-1: 5.
2. The preparation method of the electrode material of the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet supercapacitor as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the dopant inorganic acid is at least one of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and perchloric acid.
3. The preparation method of the electrode material of the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet supercapacitor as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the molar ratio of the oxidant ammonium persulfate to the monomer aromatic amine is 1: 1-1: 4.
4. The preparation method of the electrode material of the ultrathin conductive polymer nanosheet supercapacitor as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the concentration of the solution containing the dopant is 1M-5M.
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