CN108536687A

CN108536687A - Method and system based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form

Info

Publication number: CN108536687A
Application number: CN201810357897.1A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王立山
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2018-04-20
Filing date: 2018-04-20
Publication date: 2018-09-14

Abstract

The invention discloses the method and system based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form, include the following steps：Natural language information sentence before S1, input translation；S2, natural language information sentence is based on, like predicate calculus form, most simple thoughtcast set to be obtained using different level collection cutting；S3, most simple thoughtcast set is converted into natural language production system Rule Expression；S4, the sentence after translation is generated according to natural language production system Rule Expression；S5, the sentence after translation is exported as a result or is stored as learning outcome.The advantage is that sentence corresponds to translation after decomposing recalls the interpretive scheme to form a complete sentence again, it is the translation pattern of people.To two different language by carrying out automatic translation by computer after cutting.Semantic meaning representation corresponds to the accurate and exhaustive that coincide；The sentence original meaning regenerated after corresponding translate is set to remain unchanged；Correlate different language expression way difference on the whole, is identical or similar in details.

Description

Method and system based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form

Technical field

The present invention relates to natural language word language Translation Study fields, more particularly to mind over machine carrier and system and people The consistency of class thinking enables the machine to as people with a kind of dialogue of spoken and written languages, the system and method for automatic translation.

Background technology

With the fast development of artificial intelligence, various artificial intelligence translated products obtain further extensively in all sectors of society Application.But machine directly using Human Natural Language thinking and is translated, and is the ultimate aim for realizing artificial intelligence. Currently, due to the shortcoming of methodology and technology path, artificial intelligence does not accomplish this point much still.

In machine translation industry, traditional method be that macaronic translation is carried out by intermediate language.The present invention The method and system of the machine translation of offer are then directly to translate, this is also the interpretation method of the mankind.The successful basis of the present invention It is the homogeneity of human thinking, and language is the carrier of thinking.The essential characteristic of human thinking is four kinds of basic models and its group Close 28 kinds of sentence patterns of performance.The sentence of any language is exactly corresponding pass after cutting is converted to like predicate calculus form It is --- unless original be just not present corresponding concept.Such translation accuracy highest, crucial problem are just only translated The selection of word.And in order to reach the literary feature of " refined ", then to match phrase or clause in the intermediate level of dicing process Example translate language material." the natural language of " natural sentence is like predicate calculus form " and its application that the present invention will refer to Production system " is in patent application number：201610349629.6《A kind of natural language intelligent body recognition methods and system》 And patent application number is：2018100733617《A kind of the natural language production system and method for intelligent body》In have in detail Statement.

Invention content

In order to solve the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, present invention aims at provide to pass through natural language by human thinking Speech word switchs to the method and system of mind over machine language translation completely, to realize the consistency of man-machine thinking, realizes machine Translation as people between thinking and progress different language.

It is that entire natural language mind over machine translates field based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form Part of functions, in other words subsystem.

Method of the present invention based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form, includes the following steps：

Natural language information sentence before S1, input translation；

S2, natural language information sentence is based on, like predicate calculus form, most simple think of to be obtained using different level collection cutting Dimensional pattern set；

S3, most simple thoughtcast set is converted into natural language production system Rule Expression；

S4, the sentence after translation is generated according to natural language production system Rule Expression；

S5, the sentence after translation is exported as a result or is stored as learning outcome.

Preferably, knowledge base is built, the form of predicate calculus is stored；The step S4 is with the predicate calculus shape in knowledge base Formula recalls the sentence after cutting is translated.

Preferably, the knowledge base includes the clause set that nature sentence is transformed into most simple thoughtcast after cutting, is used In the efficiency for improving mind over machine search, reasoning and language translation.

Preferably, it is read by machine and Practice of Translation establishes machine translation and translates sentence storage, build two-way translation language material Library；The translated corpora is formed by natural sentence like predicate calculus form clause set and with natural language production system.

Preferably, the sentence by initial cutting is matched with translated corpora, and successful match then changes word output；If without matching Success, then into places cutting, the process of repeated matching；By each section successive input translated corpora search of this level Match；If oneself has correspondence to translate sentence in this Level Search translated corpora, terminate this part phrase or the cutting of clause immediately, not Cutting is continued in the part of successful match, and repeats matched process；Complete full Ju Change words.

Preferably, in the step S4 that most simple pattern clause's triple in natural language production system rule is whole It is used as to body translation word matching treatment, for solving ambiguity problem.

Preferably, it when handling dittograph, according to the front and back respective expression characteristic of languages thinking, is replaced mutually, omits Or simplify dittograph.

Preferably, word and the writing style of equal value rule between the knowledge library storage languages, selects optimal word when changing word.

System of the present invention based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form, including：

Input unit：For inputting the natural language information sentence before translating；

Cutting unit：For natural language information sentence to be based on, like predicate calculus form, to utilize different level collection cutting Obtain most simple thoughtcast set；

Converting unit：For most simple thoughtcast set to be converted into natural language production system Rule Expression；

Output unit：For generating the sentence after translation according to natural language production system Rule Expression, after translation Sentence export as a result or as learning outcome store；

Knowledge base, the form for storing predicate calculus；The output unit is returned in the form of the predicate calculus in knowledge base Cutting of tracing back translated after sentence；

Translated corpora is formed by natural sentence like predicate calculus form clause set and with natural language production system.

Preferably, the knowledge base includes the clause set that nature sentence is transformed into most simple thoughtcast after cutting, is used In the efficiency for improving mind over machine search, reasoning and language translation；The sentence of initial cutting is matched with translated corpora, is matched It is successful then change word output；If without successful match, into places cutting, the process of repeated matching；By each section of this level Successive inputs translated corpora search matching；If oneself has correspondence to translate sentence in this Level Search translated corpora, terminate immediately Cutting is continued in the part of the cutting of this part phrase or clause, non-successful match, and repeats matched process；Complete full Ju Change Word；The most simple pattern clause triple in natural language production system rule entirely as translation word matching treatment, it is used for Solve ambiguity problem；When handling dittograph, according to the front and back respective expression characteristic of languages thinking, it is replaced mutually, omits Or simplify dittograph；Word and writing style of equal value rule between the knowledge library storage languages, selects optimal word when changing word.

Method and system of the present invention based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form, advantage exist In the present invention is not traditional translation based on statistics or artificial neural network translation.This is corresponding after sentence decomposes translates again Recall the interpretive scheme to form a complete sentence, is the translation pattern of people.Using the method for the present invention, cutting is passed through to two different language After carry out automatic translation by computer.Essential pattern of the method for the present invention according to human thinking, and different langues only have expression side The detail differences of formula, so thinking basic structure is identical.The set of most simple thoughtcast after cutting has another language Speech corresponds, and translation is that the vocabulary in most simple thoughtcast is accordingly converted to the vocabulary of matched another language. The method of the present invention reverts to this same basis mutually based on the composition of human thinking and its mechanism, by different language Dai Change, so：1) semantic meaning representation corresponds to the accurate and exhaustive that coincide；2) because human thinking's structure is consistent, by this method by language Sentence cutting Hou No have any information to lose；So the sentence original meaning regenerated after corresponding translate is necessarily made to remain unchanged；3) on the whole Correlate different language expression way difference, is identical or similar in details；Algorithm and this system study for 4) translating, Multiple human thinking's identity function such as reasoning, conclusion, deduction, memory is combined, it will has the translation ability of similar people；5) right Translation can be corresponded in the different level of sentence segmentation.There is the translation sentence that study is got in bilingual translation corpus.Double In language translated corpora, the existing correspondence of some level translates sentence, then turning Change in this sliced layer time translates sentence.

The basis of natural language sentence is basic mental representation pattern, similar to predicate calculus form.The present invention is realizing The complete and automatic conversion of natural language and predicate calculus form, to realize that machine directly uses the basis of Human Natural Language On, realize macaronic translation.This is the mind over machine language translation consistent with human thinking.Since the conversion maintains entirely The complete sentence justice information in portion, thus translation realizes the language expression Zhuan Change of all information.Traditionally, high quality is turned over Three aspects will be taken into account by translating：Pass meaning property, acceptability and similitude.Biography meaning property (meaning transference) refers to will be former The meaning term of text, which is overstated, newly to be expressed, and so that reader is passed through translation and is obtained correct the source language message.In order to accomplish accurately to pass Meaning, translator cannot only understand the thing on these surfaces of word, sentence, structure, but deeply understand the deep layer for excavating original text Meaning has thorough grasp word and the upper overtones that do not express completely, the writing intention of author and analogy justice, this is to be appreciated that original The metaphor of text.Can acceptable (acceptability) refers to acceptance level of the translation reader to translation, understand translator completely The information sent out.Acceptable height is heavily dependent on understanding and assurance of the translator to original text language and culture knowledge, It often translates an important factor for success or failure.Similitude (similarity), which refers to translation, should make every effort to appearance, form, style wind inside It is consistent as possible with original text in terms of lattice.Interpretation method according to the invention, above three aspect can all be taken into account.Because of this translation The essence of method is the corresponding sentence translated and eventually form interpreter language to former sentence all information.This method also it is compatible its His artificial intelligence approach such as deep learning, so that the language translation of mind over machine is more efficiently.

Description of the drawings

Fig. 1 is the method flow diagram of the present invention based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form；

Fig. 2 is the system structure diagram of the present invention based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form.

Specific implementation mode

As shown in Figure 1, 2, method of the present invention based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form and System.Including：Input unit：For inputting the natural language information sentence before translating；Cutting unit：For natural language to be believed Sentence is ceased to be based on, like predicate calculus form, most simple thoughtcast set being obtained using different level collection cutting；Converting unit：For Most simple thoughtcast set is converted into natural language production system Rule Expression；Output unit：For according to natural language Production system Rule Expression generates the sentence after translation, and the sentence after translation is exported as a result or is deposited as learning outcome Storage；Knowledge base, the form for storing predicate calculus；The output unit recalls cutting in the form of the predicate calculus in knowledge base Sentence after being translated；Translated corpora, by natural sentence like predicate calculus form clause set and with natural language production System is formed.The knowledge base includes the clause set that nature sentence is transformed into most simple thoughtcast after cutting, for improving The efficiency of mind over machine search, reasoning and language translation；The sentence of initial cutting is matched with translated corpora, successful match is then Change word output；If without successful match, into places cutting, the process of repeated matching；Each section successive of this level is defeated Enter translated corpora search matching；If oneself has correspondence to translate sentence in this Level Search translated corpora, terminate this part immediately Cutting is continued in the part of the cutting of phrase or clause, non-successful match, and repeats matched process；Complete full Ju Change words；Certainly Most simple pattern clause triple in right language production system rule is entirely as translation word matching treatment, for solving ambiguity Sex chromosome mosaicism；When handling dittograph, according to the front and back respective expression characteristic of languages thinking, it is replaced mutually, weight is omitted or simplified Compound word language；Word and writing style of equal value rule between the knowledge library storage languages, selects optimal word when changing word.

Related notion and knowledge description

To certain explanations of natural language

The basic natural sentence directly expressed is because it is the direct statement of thinking, and translation is fairly simple, mainly It is the translation word matching problem for the word for solving ambiguity, i.e. ambiguousness (ambiguity) problem.For the text of literary subject matter Then because of culture background the reason of, will be much more complex, in addition to the translation word matching problem of the word of above-mentioned ambiguity, further relate to phase With the semantic multi-form expression of sentence and sentence whole style uniformity problem, this has similarity with fictioneering.

Concept (word) it is general definition be:Concept (word) is thinking and its carrier --- it is basic in language, can independently transport , constitute and meaning all immobilizations thinking and sentence-making unit.

Compound word：Refer to the neologisms that two or more related words are constituted according to certain sequential arrangement.

The word-building sequence of Chinese compound word mainly by logic causality and syntax structural relationship, (modify+repaiied by master+meaning Decorations, limit+are defined, and move+guest, move+mend) it restricts.Such as:

Because of language inherently notation, to sentence, paragraph, entire chapter original meaning can be derived that kernel sentence justice and Other justice of extending are inferred, are exactly understood.On the basis of understanding, original text can be responded automatically, and mind over machine is just completed to people Thinking imitation.It asks a question if it is to mind over machine, that is machine as knowledge base, this is another problem.

Natural language is the carrier of thinking, and clause is the organizations tructure of human thinking.Clause is by the one of different levels A or a few thinking most basic pattern is constituted.Concept is " name ", and " understanding " be then generate one it is determining intentional The corresponding expression of justice (with sentence or behavior).Reasoning is the statement that human thinking is associated with close one section of event procedure, continuous Ground is attributed to the process of the most basic pattern statement of thinking, and the result which obtains that is to say the understanding to this statement.If It is seen with the notation angle of word language, a things can be named by one or several conceptual combinations, and be by different What the composition member of concept or conceptual combinations was constituted, there is these members similar composition structure, entire things to constitute shape again State, which has, divides shape speciality.

It can also be noun that one behavior word, which can be verb, only see and its effect in statement.In other words in sentence Depending on position in son.Name to behavior itself is exactly noun part-of-speech, and the name to the state description of behavior is exactly verb Part of speech.So " speeding " and " race is very fast " is of equal value.In the present invention, the appellation to concept (word) and classification be with Traditional linguistics is different, and the present invention is based on computer language, in terms of to the appellation of concept (word) and classification Calculation machine expression formula is embodiment mode, is not traditional linguistics, is not《Patent Law》Described in Article 25 first item (two) item The rules and methods of intellection.

One noun has abstractness, needs to be limited when many, to be suitble to statement at that time, this is noun Limit sexual element.It includes form limits, ownership limits etc. to limit sexual element.The restriction sexual element of behavior word then mainly expresses journey The adverbial word of degree.Sentence justice is constant, and the limited composition forms of noun can be changed to most simple clause, for example, " bright classroom " and " religion Room is bright " it is of equal value, " my school bag " is of equal value with " I has school bag ".

Common interpretive scheme of the natural language like predicate calculus form

It is carried out like complete corresponding with predicate calculus after predicate form cutting by sentence, by the two by machine from turn It changes, and then with reference to planning algorithm and description, the clause after being converted to predicate form is expressed with Prolog programming languages.

Generated statement

Generated statement is the inverse operations after sentence segmentation, a kind of backtracking mode.Since knowledge is all in the knowledge base of computer By simplest formula --- it is constituted in the form of predicate calculus, it is possible to knowledge be easily reassembled into very much sentence output.

By the connection between identical or synonym or the word of attaching relation, by the replacement of this word, complete to pass Return and unification manipulation, natural language is finally converted to back tracking operation, so that it may output.

The trace-back process of clause cutting is exactly the generating process of new sentence.On the basis of clause cutting, according to identical words Replacement and the reasoning from logic process completed, the set of new most simple thoughtcast will be generated, carry out the reverse backtracking of cutting, just A new sentence be will produce as output result (identical as the result of the logical thinking of people).It is nature language that sentence, which generates program, Say the inverse process of syntactic analyser, but the meaning of a word in lexical choice the past sentence of dialog mode sentence and the extraction of sentence justice.By shape At sentence as original language, using intermediate language representation method as Zhuan Change intermediaries, using new sentence as object language, to by machine The method of device translation is for making new sentence.

Word order

Generally, due to the homogeneity of human thinking, the word order that the position relationship of sentence element is constituted is almost the same, that is, presses Four kinds of basic thoughtcast are ranked sequentially.The restriction composition of English wants more flexible and changeable in word order, and especially tradition is fixed The position of the attribute and the adverbial modifier of justice can keep sentence basic meaning constant, according to the needs of grammatical relation and discourse cohesion Or the adjustment such as needs of expression position.Chinese word order is stablized, and generally can not arbitrarily change.Otherwise, great change can occur for semanteme Change or logic is obstructed.By dicing process, the sentence of different language is all changed into most simple clause set, then word order is just not present Inconsistent problem.

The composition structure of natural language clause

Basic thoughtcast is four kinds, and natural language clause is just made of basic thoughtcast.It is calculated altogether by permutation and combination There are 28 kinds of combinations.

WBW patterns (" WHAT BE WHAT " pattern)

=(determiner [x] noun (WHAT1), BE, determiner [z] noun (WHAT2))

WDW patterns (" WHAT DO WHAT " pattern)

=(determiner [x] noun (WHAT), determiner [y] verb (DO), determiner [z] noun)

WBWH patterns (" WHAT BE WHERE " pattern)

=(determiner [x] noun (WHAT), BE, determiner [z] noun (Where))

WBST patterns (" WHAT BE STATE " pattern)

=(determiner [x] noun (WHAT), BE, determiner [z] adjective (State))

When determiner is empty set, sentence is simplest formula.

With the cutting of following example sentence, to illustrate how for natural sentence to be converted directly into the form like predicate calculus：

Sentence example 1：She plays Mozart with a rare grace and delicacy of touch.

She plays the works of Mozart with rare graceful and fine and smooth gimmick

She plays Mozart with a rare grace and delicacy of touch

=((She, plays, Mozar) ∧ (She, with, a touch) ∧ (a touch, IS, grace) ∧ (a Touch, IS, delicacy) ∧ ((grace, IS, rare) ∧ (delicacy, IS, rare))))

It can be extracted and be begun from the simplest formula of bottom with reverse direction now, the structure of different level is reduced to simplest formula and is extracted Come.Concrete operations are as follows：

(1) simplest formula (Bottom) of bottommost is extracted：

(grace, IS, rare) ∧ (delicacy, IS, rare)

(2) structure in last layer face simplest formula is reduced to extract (Third floor)：

(a touch, IS, grace) ∧ (a touch, IS, delicacy)

(3) structure in last layer face again simplest formula is reduced to extract (Second floor)：

(She, with, a touch)

(4) structure in most last layer face is reduced to simplest formula and extracts (Top floor), this is boss's sentence：

(She, plays, Mozar)

The above four levels are closed into And, are had

One level sentence of (She, plays, Mozar)/* mat woven of fine bamboo strips --- boss's sentence.*/

∧ (She, with, a touch)/two level sentence of the * mat woven of fine bamboo strips.*/

∧ (a touch, IS, grace) ∧ (a touch, IS, delicacy)/* mat woven of fine bamboo strips tri-layer sentences.*/

Four level sentence of ∧ (grace, IS, rare) ∧ (delicacy, IS, rare)/* mat woven of fine bamboo strips.*/

Natural language clause is like the cutting of predicate calculus form and machine translation

The basic principle of translation：Bilingual is all reverted to and carries out corresponding replacement after basic thoughtcast again.It generates It is the process for recalling cutting sentence to translate sentence then.

From the generation of human thinking and develop in principle, bilingual may expression way difference it is big, but details all It can directly correspond to, the certain details of certain language perhaps need not explain out or other what reasons, make amount of detail can It can be not completely equivalent, but thinking meaning is absolutely consistent.

Different language is reverted to this by the method and system of the present invention based on the composition of human thinking and its mechanism Same basic Xiang Hu Dai Change, so

1) semantic meaning representation corresponds to the accurate and exhaustive that coincide；

2) because human thinking's structure is consistent, any information loses sentence segmentation Hou No by this method.So inevitable The language ten days original meaning regenerated after corresponding translate is set to remain unchanged；

3) correlate different language expression way difference on the whole, be identical or similar in details.

Only with regard to currently used methods and techniques route, the difficulty of machine translation can not fundamentally go beyond, because There may be several different explanations for a given word, need context to clear up ambiguity, but if sentence itself cannot provide language Border, the problem arises.Method provided by the invention easily can obtain context by subordinate clause group paragraph, and efficient, also not It must change word order with worry could to be consistent with the syntactic structure of object language.If the method and machine deep learning knot It closes, should there is more preferable effect.

The method and system of two, mind over machine language translations are constituted

Automatic translation algorithm model of the natural language like predicate form：

Basic condition has

(1) conventional direct mental representation, for two kinds of different languages, sentence structure is identical.Therefore, the two can To correspond translation.For unconventional indirect mental representation, then big structure is identical, locally lies in difference, needs to add Especially processing --- omission or synonymous Ti Change.

(2) language translation is again using corpus as auxiliary, and search by different level finds the correspondence being put in storage and translates sentence, phrase, directly To most simple thoughtcast level.For translating sentence, using its process and final result data storage new as corpus.In this way The efficiency of translation can be improved, also will constantly expand translated corpora, with and further improve the efficiency of translation.A kind of interaction The mechanism of effect collectively promoted.In this mechanism, the setting of search pointer is critically important.

It translates based on the most simple clause set correspondence after cutting changes word, is corresponded in different sliced layer faces and change phrase or clause Supplemented by --- this is equivalent to word all is changed in the translation of most simple clause set after, carry out phrase again in recalling generating process or clause change It writes.

Statement translation rudimentary algorithm：

(3) knowledge base can also include the clause set that nature sentence is transformed into most simple thoughtcast after cutting, so may be used To improve the efficiency of mind over machine search, reasoning and language translation.For example, in English-Chinese translation, to reach " refined ", need in language Some intermediate level of sentence cutting makes the corresponding phrase of translation or the replacement of clause.This phrase or clause are from translation language material Library is existing machine translation storage.This mode is more suitable for the statement part of free translation, because macaronic difference, has Need free translation.

(4) composition and using mechanism of translated corpora

It is read by machine and Practice of Translation establishes machine translation and translates sentence storage, form two-way translated corpora.Translation Corpus forms program by natural sentence like predicate calculus form clause set and with natural language production system.

Here is a translated corpora knowledge base, this translated corpora after the corresponding English free translation of Chinese sentence by turning Become the clause set of most simple thinking basic model：

(patter of rain, BE, drip) ∧ (it is poor, thoroughly, curtain) → (rain sound, sigh, drip) ∧ (c1ear cold, Penetrate, curtain)

Zhuan Change are natural language production system Rule Expression：

The IF patters of rain, THEN drips

IF rain sound, THEN (sigh, drip)

IF (the IF patters of rain, THEN drips), THEN (IF rain sound, THEN (sigh, drip))

IF is poor, THEN (thoroughly, curtain)

IF c1ear cold, THEN (penetrate, curtain)

IF (IF is poor, THEN (thoroughly, curtain)), THEN (IF c1ear cold, THEN (penetrate, curtain))

In translation, this translation language material can be directly quoted in the intermediate level of natural sentence segmentation, to improve effect Rate and the translation for obtaining " refined ".The translation nature of Chinese idiom can also be adopted in this way.

For example, being a translated corpora below into repertorie

(green turnip, just, tea) ∧ (..., it is so incensed that ... completely to climb, doctor) → (An apple ..., a day) ∧ (..., Keeps ... away, the doctor)

By the bilingual clause set structure in the form of like predicate calculus for having translated control machine translation and that machine learning obtains At repository.Repository is categorized in basic sentence patterns (totally 28 kinds of sentence patterns) classification again.

Using mechanism：Sentence sentence pattern is function variable as a functional expression, word.In specific sentence, word is constant.Such as There are one a repository essential sentences in clause and translated corpora in clause set after one sentence segmentation to be translated of fruit Type is identical, and there are one word differences by some clause, then this dissenting words can be used to substitute the word in library in this clause, while inputting sentence Sub- generator, backtracking generate and translate sentence and export.For example, it is assumed that translated corpora has following bilingual sentence：

Suddenly a good idea occurred to me.

I comes back a good idea.

Suddenly a good idea occurred to me

=Suddenly one level sentences of (mono- idea of a idea, occurred to remember, me I)/* mat woven of fine bamboo strips suddenly.*/

Two level sentence of ∧ (a idea, BE, good are good)/* mat woven of fine bamboo strips.*/

If the sentence of the need translation of input is

Suddenly a wonderful idea occurred to me.

∧ (a idea, BE, wonderful is excellent)/two level sentence of the * mat woven of fine bamboo strips.*/

This sentence be by early period cutting Zhuan Change like like predicate calculus form clause set input translation system, this A clause set main structure --- the one level sentence of the mat woven of fine bamboo strips after cutting, identical as sentence above, two level sentence of the mat woven of fine bamboo strips is a word Difference.So, the translation word of the translation word Dai Change good of wonderful, backtracking, which generates to translate sentence and export, completes translation.It obtains Translate sentence：I comes back an excellent idea.

Statement translation utilizes the algorithm of translated corpora：

If the sentence of the need translation of input is

Suddenly a fleeting wonderful idea occurred to me.

∧ (a idea, BE, fleeting is transient) ∧ (a idea, BE, wonderful is excellent)/two level of the * mat woven of fine bamboo strips Sentence is the determinant of two same types.*/

With it is above-mentioned similarly, two level sentence of the mat woven of fine bamboo strips respectively use fleeting and wonderful translation word Dai Change good translation word, Backtracking, which generates to translate sentence and export, completes translation.It obtains translating sentence：

I comes back a transient excellent idea.

5) ambiguousness (ambiguity) problem

Such as English words " make ", WordNet is looked into, there are 50 kinds of different meanings.Wherein noun " make " is used as there are 2 meanings Think, there are 48 meanings as verb " make ".

But by traditional thinking, if expanding language information processing library, take paragraph " make a good wife " (at Preferably wife), " make a big row " (big one noisy), " make the beds " (making the bed), they may have some close Justice, but few ambiguities.

Similarly, method under this invention, only need to be most simple pattern clause triple entirely as translation word match information Processing library can be solved ambiguity problem.It is very little to be handled by this situation and still generate the probability of repetition.

Make a good wife=(..., make, a good wife)

Make a big row=(..., make, a big row)

Make the beds=(..., make, the beds)

Zhuan Change are natural language production system Rule Expression, and expression is turned over using the English-Chinese of natural language production system It translates and generates the process for translating sentence：

IF make a good wife, THEN (make, a good (lovely ...) wife)

IF make, THEN a good (lovely ...) wife

IF (IF make, THEN a good (lovely ...) wife), (IF becomes THEN, and THEN is (good (lovely ...) Wife))

IF becomes, THEN (good (lovely ...) wife)

IF (IF becomes, THEN (good (lovely ...) wife)), THEN becomes (lovely ...) wife

The collocation of word in the triple clause of most simple pattern is the foundation that ambiguity is eliminated in translation, this needs statistical data Support.Specific translation process sees below example sentence:

1) his Pekinese Yi Dingliaoqu train ticket.(example sentence quoted from《Practical English-Chinese comparison study course》p55)

(when " ordering " arranges in pairs or groups with " train ticket ", " ordering " means " predetermined ":book)

(he, has ordered, and removes Pekinese's train ticket)

=(he, has ordered, train ticket (train ticket is gone, Beijing))

=(he, has ordered, train ticket) ∧ (train ticket is gone, Beijing)

=(he is He, has ordered has booked, train ticket the train ticket) ∧ (train ticket the train Ticket removes to, Beijing Beijing)/* " ordering " and " train ticket " are when arranging in pairs or groups, the translation word selection of " ordering ":book.Perfect tense " having ordered " selection " has booked ".Translated corpora is by natural sentence like predicate calculus form clause set and with natural language Production system forms program.There is following word intertranslation knowledge base available：

IF is ordered, THEN tickets

IF (IF is ordered, THEN tickets), THEN (train ∨ automobile ∨ films ∨ plays ∨ ...) ticket

IF (IF is ordered, THEN tickets), THEN book

IF book, THEN ticket

IF (IF book, THEN ticket), THEN (the train ∨ automobile ∨ movie ∨ drama ∨ ...) ticket*/

=(He, has booked, the train ticket) ∧ (the train ticket, to, Beijing)/* Change Translation word.*/

=(He, has booked, he train ticket (the train ticket, to, Beijing))

=(He, has booked, the train ticket to Beijing)

=He has booked the train ticket to Beijing/* backtrackings, which generate, translates sentence.Translate sentence with it is artificial It translates identical.*/

2) they have ordered the production schedule in next year.

(when " ordering " arranges in pairs or groups with " plan ", " ordering " means " formulation ":Draw up or work out)

They have ordered the production schedule in next year

=(they, have ordered, plan (plan, BE, production ∧ next years))

=(they, have ordered, plan) ∧ (plan, BE, production ∧ next year)

=(they They, has ordered have drawn up (worked out), plans plan) ∧ (plan plan, BE, Produce for next year in the production ∧ next year) collocation and perfect tense of the/* by " making a plan ", selection is " Ordered have drawn up (worked out) " pairing；The pairing of selection " plan plan "；By the collocation of " production schedule ", The pairing of selection " production the production ".*/

=They have drawn up (worked out) the production plan for next year/* Change Translation word simultaneously recalls generation and translates sentence.It is identical as human translation to translate sentence.*/

Translate details statement：

1. cutting sentence.

To amounting to the corresponding program of sentence pattern establishment translation of 28 kinds of thoughtcast.

Sentence, then the clause of each word determinant of affix are translated by basic thoughtcast simplest formula formation base, this is Sino-British The same clause of text.It needs to establish corresponding translation vocabulary and clause's relationship library, to the sentence after cutting like predicate calculus shape Formula clause set carries out the replacement of translation vocabulary.

It sometimes need not be when complete cutting be the minimum form like predicate calculus, so that it may to be searched from interpreter language dictionary It is as example sentence ﹚ in dictionary that rope, which goes out the corresponding synonymous Duan Yu ﹙ for Ti Change, --- because when complete cutting is like meaning After the minimum form of word calculation, the translation clause of complete corresponding customary may be can not find.

The selection for substituting word wants the whole sentence meaning of a word to match.It is accustomed to according to interpreter language, most simple thoughtcast Wei sets Ke Tiao Change.

2. the ownership for the person's behavior effect that is related to behavioral agent indicates, English will be limited clearly, Chinese then omit.

3. expressing the abstract sense of " presence ", English will indicate, Chinese then omit.

4. " WHAT1BE of WHAT2 " is of equal value with " WHAT1HAS WHAT2 "

5. the behavioral agent of abiotic property is common in English, Chinese is less.It is often metaphor expression, selects word to have big poor It is different.

6.it is common in English as behavioral agent, and in order to which sentence head and the tail balance, clause is placed on a tail, beginning of the sentence it As subject.It needs the quilt of word dynamically turning dynamic based on Change in transfer process.

7. by after cutting simplest formula carry out translation word Ti Change, with IF THEN production system Rule Expression and translate, so After carry out backtracking generate translate sentence.

8. extensive clause and the combination of certain simplest formulas.Such as

Translation is synchronous with machine learning to be carried out, and is to translate original text like receiving after predicate calculus form cutting and reasoning The learning outcome of formula is applied to above-mentioned interpretive program.Synonym selection and the fine tuning of clause including same paragraph are required for this Program.

The work step of production system machine translation：

Natural sentence is bunched

Most simple thoughtcast collection after the different level collection of → cutting and cutting

→ it is converted into natural language production system Rule Expression

→ enter general production system program Jin row Fan Yi Change words into processing

→ in sentence is bunched, by order of the custom adjustment of translation sentence in bunching

→ output result

The algorithm of natural sentence production system machine translation：

Production system and natural logic

It is that the natural order performance of cause and effect is outer that production system, which follows natural logic, word order, and the ingredient emphasized exists Before.

Almost all of the glases are cracked (almost all of glass all ruptures)

almost all of the glases are cracked

=(the glases, are, almost all) ∧ (the glases, are, cracked)

IF the glases, THEN almost all

IF the glases, THEN cracked

IF almost all, THEN cracked/* " IF cracked, THEN almost all " and " almost all Cracked " equivalences */

IF the glases, THEN almost all cracked/* " IF the glases, THEN almost all Cracked "=the glases almost all cracked (glass almost all ruptures), this is entirely the word of Chinese Sequence.This Zhong Bian Change can be used for english translation translation Change translation words.

With IF THEN production system Rule Expression and translate, have IF THEN production system composition rule：

(1) IF the composition of THEN can be arranged in the sentence or phrase of nature word order, vice versa；

(2) IF the forward and backward item compositions of THEN it is interchangeable；

(3) IF ...=THEN ..., i.e., forward and backward item are of equal value；

(4) forward and backward item composition is of equal value, these valence components are stackable at phrase or to be arranged in the sentence or piece of nature word order Language, vice versa；

Natural language production system Rule Expression is used for machine translation, has convenient place, in the following example：

This article is well written. (past participle)

This article must be got well.

IF This article, THEN well written/* " is " can be omitted.Well written=(written, Is, well) */

Change word：

This article of IF This article, THEN

(IF well written, THEN write by IF (IF This article, THEN well written), THEN It is good)/* (IF This article, THEN well written) →

IF well written, THEN write well */

IF This article, THEN well written →

This article of IF, THEN writes well →

This article must be got well./ * " IF x, THEN y "=x y.*/

By production rule above, generates and translate new sentence：

This article must be got well.

It sees again following：

We are eager to go there (infinitive phrase)

We thirst for thereunto going.

We are eager to go there

=(We, are, eager ∧ to go there)

Word such as " eager " etc subsequent behavior of=(We, are, eager) → (We, go, there)/* expression psychology Statement is virtual, is the behavior of " thinking ".*/

IF We are eager to go there, THEN (We, are, eager) → (We, go, there) IF We Are eager, THEN to go there

IF We, THEN (We, are, eager)

IF We, THEN We=(We, are, eager)

IF (IF We, THEN We=(We, are, eager)), THEN ((We, are, eager), go, there) →

IF ((We, are, eager), go, there), THEN We are eager go there

IF (We, are, eager), THEN (IF We, THEN (are, eager)) →

IF We, THEN eager

IF (IF We, THEN eager), THEN (We, long for ...) →

Translation correspondence changes word：

IF (We, long for ...), THEN we thirst for

IF to go there, THEN are thereunto gone

We thirst for IF, and THEN thereunto goes →

IF (we thirst for IF, and THEN thereunto goes), THEN we thirst for thereunto going

Generate new sentence →

We thirst for thereunto going.

The sentence of cutting matches the algorithm model of translation with translated corpora：

1. the sentence of initial cutting is matched with translated corpora, successful match then changes word output；If without successful match, Then carry out step 2；

2. entering time cutting, the process of step 1 is repeated, by each section successive input translated corpora search of this level Matching.If in this Level Search translated corpora oneself have it is corresponding translate sentence (such as：who the senator who she Her Congressmen that vote a go-ahead of voted for chastised fulminated), then terminate immediately this part phrase or clause's Cutting is continued in the part of cutting, non-successful match, and enters step 1 process；

3. completing full Ju Change words, backtracking generates and newly translates sentence, exports.Or enter step 4；

4. the corresponding input by sentence translated corpora of translation is spare.

5. next section of sentence of input is bunched, restart step 1.

Example：

Determiner [z] noun it is corresponding like predicate calculus form be (noun1, determiner for, noun), i.e., Have

The welfare of veteran

=(welfare is veteran)；

Add all before=(all benefits, for, veterans)/* benefits, for speech habits.*/

=all benefits for veterans

The Congressman that she votes a go-ahead

=(she votes a go-ahead as Congressman)

=(she, voted for, the senator)

=the senator who she voted for

It votes a go-ahead as=(for BE is voted a go-ahead)

Ballot=support

It votes a go-ahead as=(for BE, ballot)

=voting is

=voted for

The Congressman that she votes a go-ahead

=(Congressman, BE, who (she, voting is, Congressman))

=(Congressman the senator, BE, whose who (she is she, votes as voted for, Congressman)/* Dui Ying Change translation words. Subsequent " Congressman " repeats with front, is configuration needs, Bu Xu Change words.*/

=(the senator, BE, who (she, voted for))

=the senator who she voted for

With this sentence pattern of IF/THEN production systems Rule Expression：

Her Congressmen for voting a go-ahead of IF, THEN (she votes a go-ahead as Congressman)

IF (she votes a go-ahead as Congressman), THEN (votes a go-ahead as Congressman)

IF votes a go-ahead as THEN Congressman

IF votes a go-ahead as THEN (for BE is voted a go-ahead)

IF is that THEN is voted a go-ahead

IF is voted a go-ahead, and THEN is

IF votes, THEN supports/* ballots=support.*/

IF is voted a go-ahead, and THEN ballots/* is voted a go-ahead=are voted.*/

IF votes, and THEN is/* (IF vote, THEN be)=voting is.*/

IF (she votes a go-ahead as Congressman), THEN (she, voting is, Congressman)

Her Congressmen for voting a go-ahead of IF, THEN (Congressman, BE, who (she, voting is, Congressman))

IF Congressman, whose (she, voting is, Congressman) of THEN

Whose who of IF, THEN (she, voting is, Congressman)

IF she, THEN ballot is

IF ballots are THEN (ballot, be Congressman)

IF she, THEN (ballot, be Congressman)

IF votes, THEN (for Congressman)

Translate this phrase：

IF ballots voted, THEN (for for, Congressman)

IF votes, THEN voted/* Fan Yi Change words：Ballot=voted.*/

IF is THEN for/* Fan Yi Change words：For=for.*/

Her she of IF, THEN (ballot voted is for, Congressman)

IF she, THEN she/* Fan Yi Change words：She=she.*/

Whose who of IF, THEN (she is she, votes as voted for, Congressman)

IF Congressman the senator, THEN whose who (she, voting is, Congressman)

IF Congressman, THEN the senator/* Fan Yi Change words：Congressman=the senator.*/

IF (IF Congressman the senator, THEN whose who (she, voting is, Congressman)), her Congressmen for voting a go-ahead of THEN

IF (IF the senator, THEN who (she, voted for)), THEN the senator who she After voted for/* Fan Yi Change words：The senator who (she, voted for))=the senator who she voted for。*/

General formula：

Determiner [z] noun of IF determiner [x] noun (WHAT1), verb (DO1 ∧ DO2 | [DO]) (WHAT2), ((DO1 ∧ DO2 are determiner [z] noun to THEN by determiner [x] noun (WHAT1), verb (WHAT2))

With example sentence declarative statement translation process

Example sentence：I intended January access China originally, had to postpone later, this makes me feel disappointed deeply.

It was a great disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.

I intended January access China originally, had to postpone later, this makes me feel disappointed deeply

=(I (I, originally plan January access, China), it postpones and (postponing, BE, later ∧ has to), originally plan January accesses) → (this, makes ... to feel deeply disappointed, I)/* directly " has to postpone later " cutting behavior statement ingredient, it mends Fill the object of action of behavior statement ingredient：" originally intending January access ", this is the middle entry in preceding paragraph sentence clause.*/

=(I (I, originally plan January access, China), it postpones and (postponing, BE, later ∧ has to), it is intended to ∧ visits Ask and (intend ∧ to access, BE, originally ∧ Januaries)) → (this, makes ... to feel disappointed deeply, I)

=(I originally intends January access, China) ∧ (postponement, BE, later ∧ have to) ∧ (intend ∧ to access, BE, originally ∧ Januaries) ∧ ((I, postpones, it is intended to which ∧ is accessed) → (this, makes ... to feel disappointed deeply, I)) ((I postpones, beat/* ∧ is calculated to access) → (this, makes ... to feel deeply disappointed, I)) be two sentences main ingredient.*/

Obtain clause set：=(I originally intends January access, China) ∧ (postpones, BE, later ∧ has to) ∧ (intending ∧ to access, BE, originally ∧ Januaries) ∧ ((I, postpones, it is intended to which ∧ is accessed) → (this, makes ... to feel disappointed deeply, I))

Further obtain clause set：=(I originally intends January access, China) ∧ (is postponed, BE, later ∧ must not No) ∧ ︱ (intend ∧ access, BE, originally ∧ Januaries) ∧ ((I, postpones, it is intended to which ∧ is accessed) → (postpone, make ... to feel mistake deeply It hopes, I))/* " this "=" postponement ", pronoun and behavior word are replaced.*/

Note：This sentence is two complete sentences in fact：

=(I intended January access China originally, had to postpone later ...) → (this makes me feel disappointed deeply)

" having to postpone later " is behavior statement ingredient, the middle entry as previous imperfect sentence.The latter sentence Son is " this makes me feel disappointed deeply ".

If " I intended January access China originally, had to postpone later, this makes me feel disappointed deeply." it is used as one The complete sentence processing of sentence, then have

=(I intended January access China originally, had to postpone later, this makes me feel disappointed deeply)

This belongs to (WHAT1, DO, WHAT2) basic thoughtcast.

I intended January access China=WHAT1 originally

Have to postponement=DO later

This makes me feel disappointment=WHAT2 deeply

All details of dicing process are showed, then are had：

(I, has to postpone later=(I originally intends January access, China) ∧, (originally intends the January to visit Ask)) ∧ (this (I, has to postpone later, (originally intend January access)) makes ... to feel disappointed deeply, I)/* as just One complete sentence carrys out cutting.*/

=(︱ (I, it is intended to ∧ is accessed, China) ︱ (︱ (I, postpones, it is intended to which ∧ is accessed) ︱ ∧ ︱ (this, makes ... to feel disappointed deeply, I) ← (I, postpones, it is intended to which ∧ is accessed) ︱) × (postponing, BE, later ∧ has to)) × (intend ∧ to access, BE, originally ∧ mono- Month)

Obtain the clause set after cutting：

(I, it is intended to ∧ is accessed, China) (postponement, BE, later ∧ is or not ∧ by ∧ (intending ∧ to access, BE, originally ∧ Januaries) No) ∧ ︱ this=(I, postpones, it is intended to which ∧ is accessed) → (this, makes ... to feel deeply disappointed, I) ︱

It was a great disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January

=(It, was, a great disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January

=(I, had intended to pay to (had intended to pay to, in, January), China) ∧ (I, postpone (postpone BE, had to), the visit) → (It, was, a great disappointment)

=(I, had intended to pay to, China) ∧ (had intended to pay to, BE in, January) ∧ (postpone, BE, had to) ∧ It=(I, postpone, the visit) → (It, was, a great disappointment)

Chinese and English is corresponding, can be recalled by Fan Yi Change words and generate special translating purpose sentence：

(I, had intended to pay to, China) ∧ (had intended to pay to, BE in, January) ∧ (postpone, BE, had to) ∧ It=(I, postpone, the visit) → (It, was, a great disappointment)

=(I, it is intended to ∧ is accessed, China) ∧ (intending ∧ access, BE, originally ∧ Januaries) ∧ (postponement, BE, later ∧ Have to) ∧ ︱ this=(I, postpones, it is intended to which ∧ is accessed) → (this, makes ... to feel deeply disappointed, I) ︱

Particular fixed clause processing

Similar following situation, there is fixed interpretive scheme.

There is a class behavior word to be followed by " noun is censured in possessive pronoun+behavior " in English, though this kind of verb serves as meaning in sentence Language, but it functions as " the mode adverbial modifier " in traditional theory.This structure is regarded as the variant of cognate object sometimes, in the Chinese It can not be indicated with V-O construction in language, when translation must do the adjustment in certain structures.Such as:

1) She smiled her thanks.=She showed her thanks by smiling.

She is expressed thanks with smiling.

She smiled her thanks

=(She, smiled, her thanks)

=(She she, smiled, which smiles, to be indicated, her thanks thank)/* " her " " She " are repeated, can be omitted.*/

There is a kind of too late object behavior word in English, can censure noun with its behavior in some cases make object, this Class object is known as cognate object (cognate object).This grammatical phenomenon is vacancy in Chinese, so in translation It must be translated with fixed mode according to the custom of Chinese.Such as:

1)He smiled a little smile and bowed a little bow.

He smiles and nods.

He has laughed at one and has laughed at and put following.

He smiled a little smile and bowed a little bow

=(He, smiled, a little smile) ∧ (He, bowed, a little bow)/* " a little Smile " is the restriction to " smiled ", behind clause similarly.*/

With this sentence pattern of IF/THEN production systems Rule Expression：

IF He, THEN (smiled, a little smile)

IF (smiled, a little smile), THEN smiles；One has been laughed to laugh at

Specific statement clause is especially handled

Once ..., then ...,

X ratios y ...

Example sentence：Once understanding the basic structure and sentence pattern of English, then seem just to be increasingly difficult to toward finishing classes and leave school, original among these Cause, perhaps teacher be easier to understand than student.

It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.

Once understanding the basic structure and sentence pattern of English, then seem just to be increasingly difficult to toward finishing classes and leave school

=once (..., understand, the basic structure and sentence pattern of English) → (learn, BE, ∧ seems to be increasingly difficult to regard to ∧ down again )

=once (..., understand, the basic structure and sentence pattern of English) → (learn, BE, the ∧ that goes down seems to be increasingly difficult to regard to ∧ again )/* is down=go down, equivalence relation.*/

Once the basic structure and sentence pattern of=understanding English, go down to seem just to be increasingly difficult to

Among these the reason of, perhaps teacher be easier to understand than student

=(among these the reason of, perhaps teacher be easier to understand than student ...)

=perhaps (teacher compares student, it is easier to understand, among these the reason of)/* " this "=" once understand English it is basic Structure and sentence pattern, then seem just to be increasingly difficult to toward finishing classes and leave school ".*/

=perhaps (teacher understands, reason (reason, BE are therein) than student)

=perhaps (teacher understands, reason than student) ∧ (reason, BE are therein) ∧ (understanding, BE, it is easier to)/* by (understanding, BE, it is easier to), there is equivalence relation：Understand=is easier.*/

Obtain clause set：Once (..., understand, the basic structure and sentence pattern of English) → (learn, BE, the ∧ that goes down seems just again ∧ is increasingly difficult to) ∧ perhaps (teacher, than ... be easier, student) ∧ (teacher, understand, reason) ∧ (reason, BE are therein)

It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood

=(teachers than students (teachers than students, appreciate, the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the Basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood), is, Probably easier for) " to appreciate ” Zhuan Change are " appreciate " to/*.*/

=(teachers than students, is, probably easier for) ∧ (teachers than Students, appreciate, the reasons) ∧ (the reasons, BE, why learning English) ∧ (learning English, seems to become, increasingly difficult) ∧ once (the basic Structures and patterns of the language, have been understood)

/ * is had by (learning English, seems to become, increasingly difficult)

IF learning English, THEN (seems to become, increasingly difficult), then have

Learning English=(seems to become, increasingly difficult).The two is of equal value.

(the reasons, BE, why learning English)=(the reasons, BE, why seems to become increasingly difficult)*/

Chinese-English translation is compareed, the two corresponds to：

Once (..., understand, the basic structure and sentence pattern of English)=once (the basic structures and Patterns of the language, have been understood) custom of/* Chinese is before conditional clause is placed Face.*/

→=(learning English, seems to (is learned, BE, the ∧ that goes down seems to be increasingly difficult to regard to ∧) again Become, increasingly difficult)

∧ perhaps (teacher, than ... be easier, student)=(teachers than students, is, probably easier for)

∧ perhaps (teacher understands, reason than student) ∧ (reason, BE are therein)=(teachers than Students, appreciate, the reasons) ∧ (the reasons, BE, why learning English)

Certain translation pattern is used by special translating purpose style custom

Example sentence：He ran through his money (he sinks money)

He ran through his money

=(He, ran through, money (He, HAS, money))

=(He, ran through, money) ∧ (He, HAS, money)

=(He he, ran through waste, money money) ∧ (He, HAS, money)/* by " ran through " and The collocation of " money ", the pairing of selection " ran through wastes ".The clause (He, HAS, money) of second level is ownership Illustrate, Chinese can omit.*/

=(he, waste, money)/* Change translation words.*/

=he sinks money/* backtrackings generate and translate sentence.It is identical as human translation to translate sentence.*/

Example sentence：We and they have ordered treaty.

(when " ordering " arranges in pairs or groups with " treaty ", " ordering " means " conclusion ":Enter into or conclude)

We have entered into a treaty with them.

We and they have ordered treaty

=(we and they, order, treaty)

=((we, order, treaty) we, and, they)

=(we, order, treaty) ∧ (we, and, they)

=(we We, has ordered have entered into, treaty a treaty) ∧ (we are We and with, they them)

=(We, have entered into, a treaty) ∧ (We, with, them)

=(We, have entered into, a treaty) ∧ (..., with, them) for/* by English custom, omission is non- The latter repetitor " We " in core clause, and have the non-core clause of omission direct with " with " core clause Combination is formed a complete sentence.*/

=We have entered into a treaty with them/* Change translation words simultaneously recall generation and translate sentence.Translate sentence It is identical as human translation.*/

For following sentence, Chinese and English is only substantially the same, cannot correspond to completely：

There is pronoun to occur in English and not exclusively corresponds to.

Example sentence：The medicine has begun to do its work.

Drug has functioned to.

The medicine has begun to do its work

=(The medicine, has begun to do, its work)

=(The medicine, has begun ∧ to do, its work)

=(The medicine, has begun ∧ to do, (The medicine, HAS, work))

=(The medicine, has begun, work) ∧ (The medicine, has to do, work) ∧ (The Medicine, HAS, work)

=(The medicine drugs, has begun have started ..., work effects) ∧ (The medicine medicines Object, has to do rise ..., work effects) ∧ (The medicine drugs, HAS have, work effects)/* (The Medicine drugs, HAS have, work effects) it is the explanation belonged to work.*/

Drug has functioned to

=(drug has started ..., effect)

=(drug has started, effect) ∧ (drug has risen ..., effect)

With English (The medicine, has begun, work) ∧ (The medicine, has to do, work) sentence Formula is identical, but English has more (The medicine, HAS, work).This is the form that pronoun occurs, and is belonged to work Explanation (i.e. " being what work "), it is Chinese then be to be omitted.

Obviously, not exclusively corresponding because there is pronoun to occur in English, for Chinese, this is extra statement.

It omits and indicates existing pronoun (There) or its clause in English

Example sentence：There must be a lot of machine parts in our workshop.

It is certain in our workshops that there are many machine parts.

There must be a lot of machine parts in our workshop

=((There, IS, a lot of machine parts), must be in, our workshop)

=(There, IS, a lot of machine parts) ∧ (a lot of machine parts, must be In, our workshop)

It is certain in our workshops that there are many machine parts

=(in our workshops, centainly having, many machine parts)

=(many machine parts, one is scheduled on, in our workshops)

Equally, not exclusively corresponding because of there is the existing pronoun (There) of expression to occur in English, English has more (There, IS, a lot of machine parts) is expressed " a lot of machine parts are to belong to There " The meaning.There is only uncertain space-time position, expresses the abstract sense of " presence ".But

(a lot of machine parts, must be in, our workshop) with

(many machine parts, one is scheduled on, in our workshops) is completely corresponding, and clause is identical.

If English sentence is converted to (our workshop, must HAS, a lot of machine parts), with Chinese Sentence is then completely corresponding, and clause is identical.

There are three states of matter：Solid, liquid and gas.

Substance has tri-state --- solid, liquids and gases.

There are three states of matter：Solid, liquid and gas

=(There, ARE, three stats of matter) ∧ (three stats of matter, are, solid ∧liquid∧gas)

=(There, ARE, three stats of matter) ∧ ((matter, HAS, three stats), are, solid∧liquid∧gas)

Kernel sentence justice

((matter, HAS, three states), are, solid ∧ liquid ∧ gas)

It is identical as Chinese " substance has tri-state --- solid, liquids and gases " clause.English have more (There, ARE, Three stats of matter), There is not offered as uncertain space-time position, and only expresses the abstract meaning of " presence " Justice.

Corresponding each group of simplest formula, Chinese is replaced with by English.

It sometimes need not be when complete cutting be the minimum form like predicate calculus, so that it may to be searched from interpreter language dictionary It is as example sentence ﹚ in dictionary that rope, which goes out the corresponding synonymous Duan Yu ﹙ for Ti Change,

Example sentence：Playing football, his only interest in life, has brought him many friends.

It plays soccer, unique interest in his life has made friends with many friends to him.

Playing football, his only interest in life, has brought him many friends

=(Playing football, has brought, him many friends) ← (Playing football, IS, his only interest in life)

=(Playing football, has brought, him) ∧ (Playing football, has brought, Many friends) ∧ (HE, HAS, many friends) ← (Playing football, IS, his only interest in life)

If desired, this sentence can also be continued to decompose so that each ingredient is all simplest formula.It usually decomposes above Degree it is enough.

Note：Meaning in has brought him many friends containing He has many friends.

What is coming in news

Literal translation：In what positive inbound message

Free translation：What latest news is

" message (news) " is a name about separate feature, is that the things classification not limited specifically still refers to Claim, similar containers.If be limited with the or a etc., it is expressed as specific certain message (news).This is unconventional Indirect mental representation.

Upper sentence is similar with " good luck comes me at one's side ".

From the point of view of event, the diversity of behavior and relationship, complexity in the external world, these characteristics are fully stated, are adopted It is necessary with abiotic subject sentence, only English is more Chinese more uses.

With this sentence pattern of IF/THEN production systems Rule Expression：

IF What, THEN is coming in, What2

Use biological pronoun for Change sometimes for by simplest formula inanimate object pronoun according to communicative habits.

Example sentence：I is to go to Australia for the first time.

It was the first time for me to go to Australia

Beginning of the sentence is made by indefinite pronoun It, is the clause for emphasizing it and taking out of.

It was the first time for me to go to Australia

=(It, was, the first time ∧ to go to Australia)

=(I, was, the first time ∧ to go to Australia)

=(I, was, the first time) ∧ (I, was, to go to Australia)

=(I, was, (the first time) ∧ (go to, Australia))

=(I I, was is, (the first time are for the first time) ∧ (go to are gone, Australia Australia))

=(I is (first time) ∧ (going, Australia))

=I be for the first time go to Australia

General formula：

It BE determiner[x]noun(WHAT2)for determiner[y]noun(WHAT1)to determiner[s]verb(DO1|[DO])to determiner[z]noun(WHAT3)

=(determiner [y] noun (WHAT1) BE determiner [x] noun (WHAT2) ∧ (determiner [s] verb, determiner [z] noun (WHAT3)))

According to communicative habits sometimes for by simplest formula voice Zhuan Change.

Example sentence：It is difficult for him to do so.

It wants him to do so to be difficult.

It is difficult for him to do so

=(It, is, difficult) ← (It, is, for him to do so)

=(It, is, difficult) ← (It, is, (for him to do so))

=(It, is, difficult) ← (It, is for, him) ∧ (he, is, to do so) ∧ (he, IS, him)

=(It, is, difficult) ← (It, is for, him) ∧ (he, do, so) ∧ (he, IS, him)

Note：(he, IS, him) indicates that he is equivalent to him.This is dynamically to turn dynamically to operate based on Change by the quilt of word.

General formula：

It BE determiner[x]STATE[s]for determiner[y]noun(WHAT1)to determiner [s]verb(DO1|[DO])to determiner[z]noun(WHAT2)

=determiner [y] noun (WHAT1) to determiner [s] verb (DO1 | [DO]) to determiner [z]noun(WHAT2)BE determiner[x]STATE[s]

" ... DO ... " is the expression of action process

Example sentence：I assemble place and time announcement they.

I have notified them of the place and time of assembly

I assemble place and time announcement they

=(I,, assemble place and time announcement they)

=(I, is ... notice, assemble place and time (assemble place and time, notice ..., they))

=(I, ... notice, assemble place and time) ∧ (assemble place and time, notice ..., they)

=(I I, ... notice have notified of, assemble place and time the place and time Of assembly) (assemble place and time the place and time of assembly have notified ... have to ∧ Notified of, they are them)

=(I I, ... notice have notified of, assemble place and time the place and time (assemble place and time the place and time of assembly have notified ... have to of assembly Notified of, they are them))

=(I I, ... notice have notified of, their assemble places them and time the place and time of assembly)

=I have notified them of the place and time of assembly

Chinese passive voice is different with the expression way of English passive voice, and Chinese is mainly by the word of certain certain senses Remit expression passive state.It is two kinds that this mode, which is divided into,：One is the passive types for having formal notation；Another kind is no form The passive type of label.

(1) some indicate that the common auxiliary word of passive meaning has：Allow, cry, to, quilt, by, suffer, by, by etc..

Example sentence .1 does not do a good job, and also suffers from the prosecution of environmental protection organization.(《Wisdom and wealth》, quoted from《Translation instruct with Chapter is translated》p19)

If it is not handled proper1y,one can be sued by organizations of environmental protectìon.

It does not do a good job, also suffers from the prosecution of environmental protection organization

=(..., do, bad) ∧ can also (..., by the prosecution of environmental protection organization)/* behavior receptor vacancies */

=(..., do, bad) → (..., by prosecution (prosecution, by environmental protection organization))/* " can also " is of equal value with " → ", The reason of " by " is determinant " environmental protection organization " expression */

=If (... it does is not, bad handled proper1y) → (... one is prosecuted sued by can be) ∧ (prosecuting sued, by by, environmental protection organization organizations of environmental protect ì on)/* is accordingly translated Ci Hui Ti Change */

=If (it, is not, handled proper1y) → (one, can be, sued (sued, by, organizations of environmental protectìon))

=If (it, is not, handled proper1y) → (one, can be, sued by organizations of environmental protectìon))

=If it is not handled proper1y, one can be sued by organizations of environmental protectìon.

(2) other than using some vocabulary to express passive type, Chinese does not have to passive language construction in many cases. This clause for seeming active, although without any apparent passive marker, due to having passivity on behavior expression.Institute There is passive meaning with sentence meaning.This language phenomenon frequently uses in Chinese, Ying Yishi, need to often be located with passive voice Reason.

The environment that example sentence .2 does not feel well if there is the foreigner, they will leave.

If an environment is created whereby non-Chinese feel uncomfortable, they will not stay.

(Keep Hong Kong Cosmopolitan)

If there is the environment that the foreigner does not feel well, they will leave.

=(if ..., occur, the environment that the foreigner does not feel well) ∧ just (they, meeting is left)/* behavioral agent skies Scarce */

If=(..., occur, environment (environment allows, and the foreigner does not feel well)) → (they, meeting is left)/* " allowing " The reason of being determinant " foreigner does not feel well " expression */

If=(..., occur, environment) ∧ (environment allows, and the foreigner does not feel well) → (they, meeting is left)

If=If (... there is is created whereby, environment environment in an environment) ∧ (environment environment, allows BE, the foreigner do not feel well non-Chinese feel uncomfortable) → (they They, meeting will, leaves not stay)

=If (an environment, is created whereby, environment) ∧ (environment, BE, Non-Chinese feel uncomfortable) → (they, will, not stay)

=If (an environment, is created whereby, environment (environment, BE, Non-Chinese feel uncomfortable)) → (they, will, not stay)

=If (an environment, is created whereby, non-Chinese feel Uncomfortable) → (they, will, not stay)

=If an environment is created whereby non-Chinese feel Uncomfortable, they will not stay

(3) actively expression becomes passively expressing, and main body words and phrases position changes.

Chinese has a kind of distinctive custom sentence pattern, referred to as abiotic main clause.The not formal subject of this kind of sentence pattern, but In different language environments, complete and specific semanteme is but given expression to, use is extremely wide.When translation, it often can be used to express sight The passive sentence of English of the classes such as point, attitude, requirement, warning, call.Such as:(reference《Translation instructs to translate with chapter》p20)

Example sentence .3 off-lying provinces will repair more highways.

More highways wil1be built in far-flung provinces.

Off-lying province will repair more highways

=(off-lying province will be repaiied, more highways)

=(off-lying province will be repaiied, highway (highway, BE are more))

=(off-lying province will be repaiied, highway) ∧ (highway, BE are more)

=(off-lying province in far-flung provinces, to repair wil1built, highway highways) ∧ (highways Highways, BE, more More)

=(highway highways , Yao ﹙ Bei ﹚ repair wil1be built, off-lying province in far-flung provinces) Actively expression becomes passively expressing ∧ (highway highways, BE, more More)/*, and main body words and phrases position changes.*/

=(highways, wil1be built, in far-flung provinces) ∧ (highways, BE, More)

=(highways (highways, BE, More), wil1be built, in far-flung provinces)

=(More highways, wil1be built, in far-flung provinces)

=More highways wil1be built in far-flung provinces

I wandered lonely as a cloud.

I roams alone as a floating clouds.

I wandered lonely as a cloud

=(I, wandered lonely, as a cloud)

=((I, wandered lonely) ∧ (I, as, a cloud))

=(I, as, a cloud) ∧ (I, wandered lonely))

=(I, as, a cloud) ∧ (..., wandered lonely))

=(I, as, a cloud) ∧ (I, wandered ...) ∧ (wandered, BE, lonely)

=(I I, as pictures, piece floating clouds of a cloud) ∧ (I I, wandered roamings ...) ∧ (wandered is roamed, BE, lonely are alone)/* pays attention to：Selection " floating clouds " is because of " wandered roamings ", and the two most matches.*/

The general formula of this sentence is：

English：determiner([x])noun(WHAT1)determiner([y])verb[DO]as(as/m1|[m]) determiner([z])noun(WHAT2)

Chinese：determiner([x])noun(WHAT1)as determiner([z])noun(WHAT2) determiner([y])verb([DO])

[m] is metaphor collection.(as/m1 | [m]) indicate that the element value that metaphor is concentrated is " as ".

Psychological activity expresses the translation of sentence.Generally the expression of right mind logic, correspondence are good.

He prepares to settle down in Australia.

He is planning to settle down in Australia.

He prepares to settle down in Australia

=(he, prepares, and is settled down in Australia)

=(he, prepares, and settles down and (settles down, in Australia))

=(he, prepares, and settles down) ∧ (settling down, in Australia)

=(he He, prepares is planning, settles down to settle down) ∧ (to settle down are settled down, In, Australian Australia)

=(he is He, prepares is planning, settles down to settle down and (to settle down is settled down, in, Australia Big Leah Australia))

=(he is He, prepares is planning, (to settle down being settled down, in, Australian Australia))

=He is planning to settle down in Australia

The general formula of this sentence is：

English：determiner([x])noun(WHAT1)plan(plan/w1|[w])determiner([y])verb [DO]determiner([z])noun(WHAT2)

Chinese：determiner([x])noun(WHAT1)plan(plan/w1|[w])determiner([y])verb [DO]determiner([z])noun(WHAT2)

[w] is will, emotion class word set.(plan/w1 | [w]) indicate that an element value in will, emotion class word set is “plan”。

It substitutes and repeats

In order to emphasize some consciousness or for the consideration on rhetoric, English-Chinese bilingual has using dittograph or again Complex structure.There is speech research person to think, in most cases, Chinese reuses some words not just in order to emphasize, but Due to the design feature that its meaning is closed, certain associated means of replacement are lacked between sentence, lack effective synonymous special-shaped expression way, Sentence preferably connects above and below only repeatedly capable of just making.English is different from Chinese, and sentence expression is fine, itself has rich Rich shape closes variation, and general temper is to try to avoid unnecessary repetition, mostly makes style of writing using replacement, omission or the method for transformation Succinctly, lucid and lively.

It is the common method of several processing dittographs below:

1. omitting:On the basis of not influencing accurately to convey original meaning, according to the respective expression characteristic of English-Chinese thinking, mutually replace It changes, be omitted or simplified.Such as:

Example 1.I am honored and humbled to stand here, where so many of American leaders have come before me.and so many will follow.(Presdent Bush's Inaugural Address)

It stands herein, It is a great pleasure for me to also feel to be overwhelmed by superior's favor.Many U.S. leaders walk before me, also have very much Leader continues forward from here.

I am honored and humbled to stand here,where so many of American leaders have come before me.and so many will follow

=(I, am, honored and humbled) ∧ (I, stand, here) ∧ here (where ((American Leaders, BE, so many) ∧ (so many, have come before, me) ∧ (American leaders, have Come before, me)) ∧ and (so many, will, follow))/* notices that underscore clause is similar, has identical Behavioral agent.The latter's main body is the omission form of the former main body, so many=so many of American leaders*/

=(I I, am, honored honour and humbled are overwhelmed by superior's favor) ∧ (I, stand stand, and here is herein) ∧ Here (where herein ((American leaders U.S. leaders, BE, so many are many) ∧ (so many are many, Have come before are walked ... front, me I) ∧ (American leaders U.S. leaders, have come Before is walked ... front, me I)) ∧ and (and so many are many, will will, follow is followed forward))

=(I I, am, honored honour and humbled are overwhelmed by superior's favor) ∧ (I, stand stand, and here is herein) ∧ Here (where ((so many are many, have come before are walked ... front, me I) ∧ (American herein The U.S. leaders leader (American leaders U.S. leaders, BE, so many are many), have come before Walk ... front, me I)) ∧ and (and so many are many, will will, follow is followed forward))

=(I, am is honoured and be overwhelmed by superior's favor) ∧ (I stands, herein) ∧ here (where ((so many of herein The many U.S. leaders of American leaders, have come before are walked ... front, me I) ∧ and (so many Many, will is by follow is followed forward))

=(standing herein) ∧ (It is a great pleasure for me to and be overwhelmed by superior's favor) (((many U.S. leaders, walk ... preceding ∧ herein Face, I) ∧ also has (many leaders, will, follow forward))

=(standing herein) ∧ (It is a great pleasure for me to and be overwhelmed by superior's favor) ((many U.S. leaders, walk ... preceding ∧ herein Face, I) ∧ also has (many leaders, will, follow herein forward))

=stand herein, It is a great pleasure for me to and be overwhelmed by superior's favor.Many U.S. leaders walk before me herein, also have perhaps More leaders continue (follow) herein forward/* here with habit expression " continue herein forward ” Ti Change literal translation " herein with With forward " */

" will follow " is of equal value with " continuation "." will follow are followed " has behavior or process to continue with " continuation " The meaning gone down.

The replacement of the translation of part of speech transformation and word of equal value

In translation, the transformation of certain part of speech can make to translate sentence simply directly without extra (succinct), and the replacement of word of equal value then makes to translate Sentence has certain writing style.

Example sentence：

Differences between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approachment and co-operation.

Various countries' social system is different, this should not interfere them closer to each other and cooperate with each other.

Various countries social systems is different, this should not interfere it is closer to each other with cooperate with each other.

The difference of various countries' social system should not interfere them closer to each other and cooperate with each other.

=(Differences between the social systems of states, shall not be, an obstacle to their approachment and co-operation.)

Differences between the social systems of states

=(Differences, between, the social systems of states)

With IF/THEN production system Rule Expressions：

IF Differences, THEN (between, the social systems of states)

IF (between, the social systems of states), after THEN Differences/* can change word Recall generated statement " difference of various countries' social system ".*/

IF Differences, THEN between

IF between, THEN the social systems of states

IF (Differences, between), THEN the social systems of states

an obstacle to their approachment and co-operation.

=(an obstacle, to, their approachment and co-operation)

With IF/THEN production system Rule Expressions：

IF an obstacle, THEN (to, their approachment and co-operation)

IF an obstacle, THEN to

IF (IF an obstacle, THEN to), THEN obstruct/* come from knowledge base：(an obstacle, to) =obstruct.*/

IF (an obstacle, to), THEN their approachment and co-operation, then

IF obstruct, THEN their approachment and co-operation/* can recall generation language Sentence " obstruct their approachment and co-operation ".Translation changes word backtracking generated statement and " interferes that This approaches and cooperates with each other " or " the close and cooperation for interfering them ".*/

In this way, just there is literal translation：The difference of various countries' social system should not interfere their close and cooperation.

In knowledge base, the knowledge of the word of following equivalence relation can also be set up：

Mutual approachment ← (approachment, be, mutual) ← approachment/* equivalence relations Word.*/

" close " is necessarily mutual on space time, so, close to=closer to each other；

Mutual co-operation ← (co-operation, be, mutual) ← co-operation/* equivalence relations Word.*/

If " cooperation ", necessarily mutual, so, cooperate=cooperates with each other.

There is the knowledge of knowledge base equivalence word, then can select optimal word according to writing style rule.

Thus have gracefulness translates sentence：The difference of various countries' social system should not interfere them closer to each other and mutual conjunction Make.

This example illustrates that speech habits expression need to just be met by synonymous multiple replacement by translating clause below.

It omits and supplies

Remember Bao Chai with gratitude on the beautiful comfortable pillow of black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows, admiring him has female brother again for the moment, though think that precious jade habit is harmonious, there is suspicion eventually again on one side It doubts.It hears again on bamboo tip coke leaf outside window, patter of rain drip, poor saturating curtain, unconsciously drip tear again.

=(black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, comfortable, remembers Bao Chai with gratitude on pillow) ∧ | for the moment (..., and admire, he has female brother) ∧ one sides (..., and think, it is precious Beautiful (though (Bao Chai is as precious jade) habit is harmonious to have suspicion eventually) | ∧ | again (..., it hears on bamboo tip coke leaf outside window, (patter of rain wash rice Drip, poor saturating curtain) ∧ again (..., unconsciously drip ... and, tear) |

=(black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, comfortable, (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, BE, remembers Bao Chai with gratitude on pillow)) ∧ | (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, and admires, (he, has, female brother)) ∧ for the moment On one side again (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, thinks, precious jade (though (for Bao Chai as precious jade, habit is harmonious) → ((black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade and Bao Chai), have eventually, suspicion))) | ∧ | again (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, hears on bamboo tip coke leaf outside window, (patter of rain drip, poor saturating curtain)) ∧ again (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, unconsciously drips ... and, Tear) |/* pays attention to：Here in place of the omission for supplying original text.*/

=(black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, in (in, BE, from), (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, remembers with gratitude and (remembers with gratitude, BE, on pillow), Bao Chai)) ∧ | for the moment again (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, Admire, he (he, has, female brother)) ∧ one sides again (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, thinks, precious jade (though (for Bao Chai as precious jade, habit is harmonious) → ((black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful With Bao Chai), have eventually, suspicion))) | ∧ | again (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, hears and (hears, BE, outside window on bamboo tip coke leaf), (and patter of rain drip, it is poor Saturating curtain)) ∧ again (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, drips ... (drip ... and, BE, unconsciously), tear) |

=| ((black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, from) ∧ (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, remembers with gratitude, Bao Chai) ∧ (remembering with gratitude, BE, on pillow)) | ∧ | for the moment again (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, Admire, he) ∧ (he, has, female brother)) and ∧ one sides again ((black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows beautiful, think, precious jade) ∧ precious jades (though (Bao Chai as precious jade, habit, and It is peaceful) → ((black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade and Bao Chai), have eventually, suspicion)) | ∧ | again ((black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, hears, the poor saturating curtains of patter of rain drip ∧) ∧ (it hears, BE, outside window on bamboo tip coke leaf)) ∧ (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows is beautiful, drips ... and, tear) ∧ (drip ... and, BE, unconsciously) again |

=| ((black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade Dai-yu, from alone) ∧ (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade Dai-yu, remembers think-of-with-gratitude with gratitude, Precious hairpin Baochai) ∧ (remembering think-of-with-gratitude with gratitude, BE on, bed top on pillow)) | ∧ | again again for the moment (he is her by black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade Dai-yu she, for that admires envied ...) (he is her, there is having, female brother a mother and a by ∧ for Brother)) ∧ one side again again ((black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade Dai-yu she, think reflected, precious jade Baoyu) ∧ precious jades Baoyu (though (Bao Chai as Baoyu to her as precious jade, habit was, harmonious good) → ((black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade and Bao Chai), have eventually, suspicion) There was still a certain distance between them) | ∧ | and ((black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade Dai-yu, hears again The poor curtain rain sound sigh drip ∧ c1ear cold penetrate thoroughly of Iisten to, patter of rain drip ∧ Curtain) ∧ (hears Iisten, BE, outside window window outside bamboo tip plantain on bamboo tip coke leaf Leaf of shang)) (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade Dai-yu, drip ... and come fall down ... come, tear tears) ∧ (drips ... and ∧ again Fall down ... come, BE, unconsciously not feeling) |/* translates respective material using the literary for having entered translated corpora " the poor curtain rain sound sigh drip ∧ c1ear cold penetrate curtain thoroughly of patter of rain drip ∧ ", using turning over The English translated selects word, it is corresponding replace Chinese word */

=| ((black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade Dai-yu, from alone) ∧ (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade Dai-yu, remembers think-of-with-gratitude with gratitude, Precious hairpin Baochai) ∧ (remembering think-of-with-gratitude with gratitude, BE on, bed top on pillow)) | ∧ | and again for the moment (he is her, there is having, female brother a mother by ∧ for by again (he is her by black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade Dai-yu she, for that admires envied ...) And a brother)) ∧ one side again again ((black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade Dai-yu she, think reflected, that (precious jade Baoyu)) ∧ That (precious jade Baoyu) (though (Bao Chai the harmony good as Baoyu as precious jade, habit was, to her) → ((black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade with Bao Chai), have eventually, suspicion) there was still a certain distance between them) | ∧ | and again ((black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade Dai-yu hears Iisten to, the poor curtain rain sound sigh drip ∧ c1ear cold thoroughly of patter of rain drip ∧ Penetrate curtain) ∧ (hears Iisten, BE, outside window window outside bamboo tip on bamboo tip coke leaf Plantain leaf of shang)) ∧ again again (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade Dai-yu, drip ... and come fall down ... come, tear tears) ∧ (drips ... and comes fall down ... come, BE, unconsciously not feeling) |

=| ((black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade Dai-yu alone) (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade Dai-yu, (remembers think-of-with-gratitude, BE with gratitude to ∧ On, bed top on pillow) remember think-of-with-gratitude, precious hairpin Baochai with gratitude) ∧) | ∧ | and again she Envied her for having a mother and a brother ∧ Then she reflected that, good as Baoyu was to her, there was still a certain distance between them.and she Iisten to (hear Iisten, BE, outside window window outside bamboo tip plantain on bamboo tip coke leaf Leaf of shang) rain sound sigh drip ∧ c1ear cold penetrate curtain) ∧) and ∧ again again (black pigment used by women in ancient times to paint their eyebrows jade Dai-yu, (drip ... and come fall down ... come, BE, unconsciously not feeling), which drips ..., carrys out fall down ... Come, tear tears) |

=Dai-yu alone on bed top think-of-with-gratitude Baochai, and again She envied her for having a mother and a brother.Then she reflected that, good As Baoyu was to her, there was still a certain distance between them.and she Iisten to window outside bamboo tip plantain leaf of shang, rain sound sigh Drip, c1ear cold penetrate curtain, not feeling again fall down tears come.

Psychological activity expresses the translation of sentence.The generally expression of right mind logic, therefore correspondence is good.

Example sentence：He prepares to settle down in Australia.

He is planning to settle down in Australia.

He prepares to settle down in Australia

=(he, prepares, and settles down) ∧ (settling down, in Australia)

=He is planning to settle down in Australia

The general formula of this sentence is：

Common English comparison ingredient as (such as)~1ike (as), seem (seeming), as if (seeming), as Though (seemingly) and such as (as ...), etc..Sometimes also use than (ratio, surpass) draw more Strong tune, overstate The metaphor opened.

I wandered lonely as a cloud.

I roams alone as a floating clouds.

I wandered lonely as a cloud

=(I, wandered lonely, as a cloud)

=(I, as, a cloud) ∧ (I, wandered ...) ∧ (wandered, BE, lonely)

The general formula of this sentence is：

Certain presence that the space-time of this clause expression below limits.

It is maple on hillside.

On the hillsides there are maples.

It is maple on hillside

=(on hillside, being, maple)

=(On the hillsides there, are are, maple maples on hillside)

=((there, On, the hillsides) there, is are, maple maples on hillside)

=(there there is are, maple maples) ∧ (there there, it ... upper On, hillside the hillsides)

=((there, On, the hillsides) there, are, maples)

=(On the hillsides there, are, maples)

=On the hillsides there are maples

The general formula of this sentence is：

English：space-time determiner([x])noun(WHAT1)BE there BE determiner([z]) noun(WHAT2)

Chinese：Space-time determiner ([x]) noun (WHAT1) are determiner ([z]) noun (WHAT2)

Chinese and English word order is identical.Also it can omit " there ".This clause Strong tune be individual " presence ".

The word that the expression space-time of Chinese limits has " full ", " logical ", " time " etc. sometimes, have before "Yes" " all ", " all ", " complete " etc. carries the word of full name semanteme.Then Strong tune be entirety " presence " state." the BE that " full (complete) is ... " translates into English Packed with " " BE covered with " " BE completely filled " etc..Such as：

All it is people everywhere in the room.(quoted from《Chinese-English sentence pattern compares and translates》, Bao Jiaren works, 8.2.4 sections)

The room was packed with people.

All it is people everywhere in the room

=(everywhere in the room, being all people)

=(The room everywhere in the room are was packed with, people people)

" full ... to be all " is substituted by " BE packed with ".

The translation of metaphor

Usually, the expression of metaphor can literal translate.Some need slightly changes, and such as Englishman says, to work Iike a Horse, Chinese then say：" working as willing ox ".This is because the animals that two places are worked is different.

It is ANGER IS HEAT/FIRE (Lin Shuwu, 1998) that the metaphor of concept " indignation " is expressed in English, and Chinese is then more It is described " indignation " by impassioned its " gas ".

There are three types of methods for the translation of metaphor, i.e.,:Literal translation, method of substitution and paraphase.

A language sign is the marriage between a sound and a mono- language of concept. Say that symbol is a sound and a meaning " marriage ".

A language sign is the marriage between a sound and a concept

=(A language sign, is, the marriage) ∧ (the marriage, between, a sound and a concept)

=(mono- linguistic notation of A language sign, is are the marriage marriages) ∧ (the marriage Between marriage, between exist ..., mono- sound and and a concept of a sound, mono- concept)

=(linguistic notation is the marriage between a sound and a concept)

=mono- linguistic notation be a sound and concept (between) marriage

Marriage in English is in addition to basic meaning (a legal union between a man and woman as Husband and wife) except also have metaphor justice, refer to any close combination (a close union), so above This word of marriage implies having a double meaning meaning in one English.Traditionally, Chinese one word of marriage does not have this metaphor, performance The idea that Chinese's marriage takes much count of, dare not treat without proper respect.Translation is feasible plus quotation marks.

English-Chinese bilingual is shown as in the difference of sentence structure connection type:Association between English sentence, including simultaneously Row sentence, compound sentence, show connection relation with conjunction；And semanteme is leaned in the connection perforation between Chinese sentence more, it is few with even Without conjunction.

The comparison of not only...but a lso, and...as well and as well as and Chinese corresponding expression：

Two ingredients arranged side by side that not only ... but (also) are connected with and ... as well, semantic center of gravity are fallen latter Item is connected, the semantic center of gravity of as well as is in previous item, not only A but also B=A and B as well=B as well as A.Such as:

1) Not only the mother but also the children are sick.=The mother and The children as well are sick.=The children a s well as the mother are sick.

Not only the mother but also the children are sick

=(Not only the mother but also the children, are, sick)

=Not only (the mother, BE, sick) ∧ but also (the children, BE, sick)

=Not only not only (the mothers mother, BE, sick are out of shape) ∧ but also and also even (the Child children, BE, sick are out of shape)

=not only mother be out of shape, and child is also out of shape

General formula：Not only determiner([x])noun(WHAT1)but also determiner([z])noun (WHAT2)are determiner([s])

=Not only (determiner ([x]) noun (WHAT1), BE, determiner ([s])) ∧ but also (determiner ([z]) noun (WHAT2), BE, determiner ([s]))

This group of sentence is expressed equivalent in meaning above, can be interpreted as:The mother is sick,and more For terrible the children are sick too. in Chinese, all processing is the complex sentences with coordinating relation of progressive relationship, but is connected Word is simultaneously nonessential.This group of sentence can be all translated into:(not only) mother is out of shape, (and) child is also out of shape.

But but also can be by but in not only ... but also ..., and as well are substituted.

The syllable principle of correspondence

The principle refers to during English-Chinese intertranslation, and translator should be as needed, considers two kinds of languages as possible in translation It says the correspondence in terms of syllable, translation can just be made to accomplish that refreshing shape has both as much as possible while conveying original text objective in this way.Example Such as:

Clearly,when it comes to marriage,practicing beforehand doesn’t make perfect.

Clearly,when it comes to marriage,practicing beforehand doesn’t make perfect

=Clearly, when (when it comes to marriage) ∧ (practicing beforehand, Doesn ' t make, perfect)

=Clearly is obvious, (when it work as ..., comes to reach, marriage marriages) ∧ (practicing The practices of beforehand in advance, doesn ' t make cannot make, and perfect is perfect)

=Clearly is obvious, (when it work as ..., comes to reach, marriage marriages) ∧ (practicing Practice before beforehand (marriage), doesn ' t make can not make, and (marriage) perfect is perfect)

=obviously, when reaching marriage, the practice before marriage can not make marriage perfect

=obviously, after getting married, the practice before marriage can not make marriage perfection/* is when reaching marriage=* after getting married/

This is the accurate translation for keeping original meaning.

The usage difference of English-Chinese metalanguage negative

Metalanguage negative is a kind of language phenomenon in language communication.It is carried to front language (rather than to its proposition) Go out a kind of metalanguage means of negative.Metalanguage negative is not the semantic content for negating sentence, but negative Expression this sentence Mode.Such as:

I didn’t read the paper and get up；I got up and read the paper.

I is not to get up after reading the newspaper, but read the newspaper after getting up.

I didn’t read the paper and get up；I got up and read the paper

=((I I, after didn ' t read are not to read ..., the paper report) and (..., get, up gets up) ∧ but (..., got, after up gets up) and (..., read is read, the paper reports)) clause is negative before/*, rear clause is affirmative, so, " I I " that clause repeats after omission, before rear sentence then plus " but ".*/

=I am not to get up after reading the newspaper, but read the newspaper after getting up

The general formula of English to Chinese of this syntax：

W1didn’t DO1X and DO2Y；W1DO2Y and DO1X (English)

DO2 after=W1didn ' t DO1X, but DO1X (Chinese) after DO2Y

English " subject-predicate phrase " switchs to " topic-commentary " structure (reference of Chinese《English-Chinese sentence structure comparison》, 7.1.1)

1)His criminal record disqualified him from being admitted to the university.

He has criminal record, so not by that college admission.

His criminal record disqualified him from being admitted to the university

=(| (He, HAS, criminal record) | → (criminal record, disqualified from, Being admitted) ∧ (being admitted, to, the university))/* (criminal record, Disqualified, him) for the too big meaning of Chinese nothing of weight event statement, it can omit.*/

=(| (He he, HAS has, criminal record criminal records) | → (criminal record criminal records, The qualification that disqualified from cancel ..., being admitted admissions) ∧ (being admitted admissions, to, the That university of university))

=(| (He he, HAS has, criminal record criminal records) | → so (admission, be cancelled, criminal record) ∧ (admission of that university))

=(| (he, has, criminal record) | → so (admission of that university, is cancelled, criminal record))

=he has criminal record, so the admission of that university be cancelled/* " criminal record " can omit.*/

English " subject-predicate phrase " switchs to the sentence with no subject of Chinese

The interview with the actor was conducted after he has achieved a great success and got a prize.

This performer is interviewed, is after he achieves success and win recognition and wins a prize.

The interview with the actor was conducted after he has achieved a great success and got a prize

=(The interview with the actor interview this performer, was conducted after be ... Later, (he, has achieved, a great success ∧ got a prize he achieve success and win recognition win a prize))/* is by (he, has Achieved, a great success ∧ got a prize he achieve success and win recognition win a prize) substitute into he.

He=(he, has achieved, a great success ∧ got a prize he achieve success and win recognition win a prize).*/

=to interview this performer be after he achieves success and win recognition and wins a prize

Example sentence above, substantially Chinese and English sentence pattern are identical.Because sentence justice need not supply sentence element without omission, they All it is common sentence pattern.

" topic-commentary " structure of Chinese switchs to " subject-predicate phrase " of English

Biting the hand which has fed one absolutely does not have good end.

Those who kick the ladder will certainly come to no good end.

Biting the hand which has fed one absolutely does not have good end

=(bite the hand which has fed one Those who kick the ladder, does not absolutely have will certainly come to, Good end no good end)/* " biting the hand which has fed one " increase behavior synonym Those who.Absolutely there is no will certainly Come to are free translation.Chinese original sentence No someone claims noun, English then add, but from thinking, does not add good.Mainly Chinese and English Chinese idiom statement is different.*/

=Those who kick the ladder will certainly come to no good end

Chinese " sentence with no subject " adds subject in English translation.

It is so hot that sweat like a pig.

The heat made him sweat like a pig

It is so hot that sweat like a pig

=(..., hot, sweat like a pig)

=(..., it is hot to obtain The heat made, whole body his body) ∧ (whole body his body, BE, sweat sweated)

=(..., hot to obtain The heat made, (whole body his whole body, BE, sweat whole body his whole body sweated))

=The heat made his whole body sweated

General formula：

DO WHAT

=The noun (DO) make WHAT1 (DO+ed)/* WHAT1 are with actor's clause.*/

There be+doing sentence patterns are only used for modus tollens, and meaning is:

Doing sth.is not allowed (doing something does not allow)

It is impossible to do sth. (it is impossible to do something)

Such as:

There is no knowing where he has gone.

He has gone where not knowing.

There is no knowing where he has gone

=(where, is, no knowing) ∧ (where, BE, he (he, has gone))

=(where is where, is, and no knowing have no way of finding out about it) ∧ (where is where, BE, he he) ∧ (he He, has gone are gone)/* is by (where, BE, he has gone) or (where, BE, he (he, has gone), can obtain Where where=(he he, has gone are gone), the two is of equal value.*/

Where is=((he he, has gone are gone) where, and is, no knowing have no way of finding out about it)

=he has gone where to have no way of finding out about it)

General formula：

there be+no doing WHAT1DO WHAT2

=WHAT1DO WHAT2be+no doing

The translation of special phrase

Example 1

A villager should empty a bottle of the best wine into the huge barre

Verbal phrase " empty WHAT into WHERE " is also statement continuous action in sentence.

Sentence clause is (x, empty WHAT into, WHERE) above

empty WHAT into WHERE

=(x, empty, WHAT) ∧ (WHAT, IS into, WHERE)

Empty into --- streamer, injection,

Into --- English dictionary is construed to：Prep. it arrives ... inner；Among deeply ...；Become ... situation；Enter ... it It is interior.Refer to that behavioral agent enters under action effect inside what in fact.Verb cannot but be worked as by English conventional representation to use, only Indicate the property and result of migration.

So " into " word meaning is：“empty WHAT and WHAT IS into WHERE”.

empty WHAT into WHERE

=(x, empty, WHAT) ∧ (WHAT, IS into, WHERE)

It is related to the behavior phrase of migration

(1) a kind of verbal phrase for being related to migration, migration recipient is space-time position.

Migration is an abstract concept, refers to the change of same thing space-time position, not necessarily refers to motion itself.

Behavior is a process, all contains migration.If the style (state) of behavior is moved by the difference of behavior main feature What work was combined into, then serial verb or verbal phrase will be formed, as mentioned above.

" put......on...... (... it is placed on ...) " it is a kind of verbal phrase for stating difference but continuous action, It is inseparable.Also belong to " possessed ... then pay to ... (certain spatial position) " pattern.This verbal phrase meaning is： X is obtained, then puts (migration) x to where and x in where.The spatial position that " " expression action is directed toward in " being placed on ".

We indicate behavior dispenser with y, indicate that phrase justice is exactly with predicate form：

(y put x on where)

=(y, has, x) ∧ (y, pu, x) → at (x, on, where)

(2) the another kind of behavior phrase for being related to migration, migration recipient is object, rather than space-time position.

" ... give ... " what is stated is action combination.First of all, it is necessary to which what holds, then send again To who or other receptors." holding " is not necessarily actual, can also be virtual.Substantial meaning is " to be possessed ... ", " being controlled ... " etc..

We indicate the behavior person of imposing on y, indicate that phrase justice is exactly with predicate form：

(y gives z x)

=possessing (y, x) ∧ send (y, x) ∧ to (x, z) → possesses (z, x)

" from (from) ... to ... " statement is migratory behaviour, it is believed that is a verbal phrase." from ... " indicate " starting at this ", " to ... " indicate to move to where or time location, be the behavior statement of space-time migration.

(y is from x to z)

=starting from (y, x) → arrives (y, z)

(3) a kind of behavior phrase for being related to space-time is then positioning space-time position.Such as

Manchester is between London and Edinburg.(Manchester is located between London and Edinburgh.)

" ... be located at ... and ... between " is verbal phrase.

(x, locate_between, y ∧ z)

The justice that " being located at " " is located in ".

Manchester is located between London and Edinburgh

=(Manchester, is located between, London and Edinburgh)

=(Manchester, is located between, London ∧ Edinburgh)

(4) how prepositional phrase is translated

English sentence can using preposition as predicate, with this come solve in sentence segmentation most of phrase may difficulty be included into it is most simple The problem of formula.Such as after/conj at or during a timelater than (sth) exist ... with the time or phase of Hou Between:.

" Ten years after his buying the house, the house become very Precious. " after he buys house 10 years, house becomes to be of great rarity.

" after " is just used as predicate.The corresponding Chinese of afte be " ... it is rear ", in middle text as verb.

Ten years after his buying the house, the house become very precious

=(Ten years, after, his buying the house) ∧ (the house, become, very precious)

=(Ten years, after, (he, has, buying the house)) ∧ (the house, become, (precious, IS, very))

=(Ten years, after, (he, has, buying ∧ the house)) ∧ (the house, become, (precious, IS, very))

Gerund is converted into verb state, above formula can be obtained again

=(Ten years, after, (he, has (..., bought, the house))) ∧ (the house, become, (precious, IS, very))

=(Ten years, after, (he, has (he, has bought, the house))) ∧ (the house, Become, (precious, IS, very))

Extract the most simple clause of core justice：

(Ten years, after, buying) ∧ (he, has, buying) ∧ (he, has, the house) ∧ (he, Has bought, the house) ∧ (the house, become, precious)

Backtracking, which generates to translate sentence or generate, after corresponding translation compound translates sentence

Example sentence 1

I is a great worker

=(I is a great worker)

=(I is (worker is, a ∧ great))

=(I is (worker is one)) ∧ (worker is, great)

=(I is a worker) (worker is, great)

Corresponding to translate into English, Chinese is replaced with English by corresponding each group of simplest formula：

(I, am, a worker) ∧ (worker, IS, great)

=(I, am, (a worker, IS, great)

=(I, am, a great worker)

=I am a great worker

I.e.

(WHAT1, BE, WHAT2) ∧ (WHAT2, BE, STATE)

=(WHAT1, BE, (WHAT2, BE, STATE))

=(WHAT1BE STATE WHAT2)

Example sentence 2：Katoomba is the most visited town in the Blue Mountains.

1. the cutting sentence：

Katoomba is the most visited town in the Blue Mountains

=(Katoomba, is, town) ∧ (town, in, the Blue Mountains) ∧ (town, IS, the most visited)

2. the simplest formula after cutting is carried out translation word Ti Change, then carries out backtracking generation and translate sentence：

(Katoomba, is, town) ∧ (town, in, the Blue Mountains) ∧ (town, IS, the most visited)

=(Katoomba is small town) ∧ (small town, in Lanshan County) ∧ (small town, IS, visitor number are most)

=Katoomba is the most small town of Lanshan County's visitor number

Example sentence 3：Sentence is selected from below《Great expectations》This simple ending：

We walked, hand in hand, out of the old garden.As the morning mist had Risen long ago when I first left the forge, so the evening mist was rising Now, and in the clear moonlight I saw no shadow of another separation from her.

Sentence segmentation has：

We walked, hand in hand, out of the old garden.As the morning mist had Risen long ago when I first left the forge, so the evening mist was rising Now, and in the clear moonlight I saw no shadow of another separation from her

=(We, BE, hand in hand) ∧ (We, walked out of, (the garden IS, old)) (As The morning mist, had risen, (had risen, IS, long ago) ∧ (long ago, IS, (when, IS, (I, First left, the forge)) → so ((the mist, IS, evening), was rising (was rising, IS, Now)) ∧ ((I (We), in, the moonlight (the moonlight, IS, clear)) ∧ (I, saw no, shadow (shadow, IS, separation ((separation, IS, another) ∧ (separation, from, her))))

The corresponding arrangement of Chinese and English is as follows：

(We we, BE is that hand in hand hand in hand) ∧ (We we, walked out of are walked out, (the That garden garden, IS are that old is old)) (As the morning mist work as morning fog to, and had risen rise, (had Risen rises, and IS is that long ago are long ago) ∧ (long ago long ago, IS be, (when, IS, (and I I, first Left has left for the first time, the smithys the forge)) ((the mist, IS, evening) night fog, was rising are just by → so At rise (was rising, IS, now)) ∧ ((I I, during BE in exist ..., (this moonlight of the moonlight, IS are clear It is clear and bright)) ∧ (I I, saw no but can't see, shadow shadows)) ∧ (shadow shadows, IS are that another is again) ∧ (another once again, IS is, (..., separate from and ... separation, her she))

=(We we, BE is that hand in hand hand in hand) ∧ (We we, walked out of are walked out, the old That the old garden garden) (As the morning mist work as morning fog to, and had risen rise, and (had risen rise, IS It is that long ago are long ago) (long ago, IS is when I first left the forge first to long ago to ∧ It is secondary to have left smithy)) → so (the evening mist night fogs, was rising now are rising) ∧ ((I (We) I, During in exists ..., the clear moonlight this clear and bright moonlight) ∧ (I I, saw no but can't see, shadow (shadow The shadow that of another separation from her are detached again with her))

=We walked, hand in hand, out of the old garden we hand in hand walk out that old flower Garden .As the morning mist had risen long ago when I first left the forge are long ago When morning fog rises, I has left smithy, so the evening mist was rising now, and for the first time In the clear moonlight I saw no shadow of another separation from her and it is present, Night fog is rising, and in this clear and bright moonlight, I but can't see the shadow detached again with her

Obviously, English and Chinese expression way difference are big, but can directly be corresponded in details, and the certain details of Chinese are perhaps It need not explain out.

Example sentence 4：The attacks underlined in forceful terms that threat to Australia's security can be global as well as regional,and that they can be facilitated perversely,by the ease of communication and transport that has Come with globalization. (Australia's Foreign and Trade Policy Agenda) global range Or zonal military force attacks, and can constitute a threat to the safety of Australia.The communication and traffic brought with globalization is just Profit, such danger increase therewith instead.

The attacks underlined in forceful terms that threat to Australia's security can be global as well as regional

=(The attacks underlined in forceful terms that threat to Australia' S security, can be, global as well as regional) --- --- 1.

=(The attacks (The attacks (The attacks, BE, underlined in forceful Terms), threat to, Australia's security), can be, global as well as regional)——————②

=(The attacks, can be, global as well as regional) ∧ (The attacks (The Attacks, BE, underlined in forceful terms), threat to, Australia's security)——————③

=(The attacks, can be, global as well as regional) ∧ (The attacks, Threat to, Australia's security) ∧ (The attacks, BE, underlined in forceful terms)——————④

=(The attacks are attacked, can be, global as well as regional global ranges or provincialism ) ∧ (The attacks are attacked, and threat to are threatened, the safety of Australia's security Australia) ∧ (The Attacks attack, BE, underlined in forceful terms military force) --- --- 4.

=(The attacks are attacked, can be, global as well as regional global ranges or provincialism ) ∧ (The attacks attack (The attacks are attacked, BE, underlined in forceful terms military force), Threat to are threatened, the safety of Australia's security Australia) --- --- 3.

=(The attacks attack (The attacks attacks (The attacks attacks, BE, underlined in Forceful terms military force), can be, global as well as regional global ranges or zonal), Threat to are threatened, the safety of Australia's security Australia) --- --- 2.

=(global as well as regional global ranges or zonal underlined in forceful Terms military force The attacks are attacked, and threat to are threatened, the peace of Australia's security Australia --- --- 1. entirely)

=global range or zonal military force attack the safety for threatening Australia

General formula：

English：noun(WHAT1)determiner[x]that verb(DO1|[DO]determiner(z1|[z])noun (WHAT2) BE determiner (z2, z3 | [z])

Chinese：Determiner (x1, x2 | [x]) noun (WHAT1) verb (DO1 | and [DO] determiner (z1 | [z]) noun(WHAT2)

And that they can be facilitated perversely, by the ease of communication and transport that has come with globalization

=and (that they, can be facilitated perversely, by the ease of communication and transport that has come with globalization)——————①

=and (The attacks, can be facilitated (facilitated, BE, perversely), by (the ease of communication and transport that, has come with, globalization))——————②

=and (The attacks, can be facilitated (facilitated, BE, perversely), by (that (that, BE, the ease of communication and transport), has come with, globalization))——————③

=and (The attacks, can be facilitated, by that (that, has come with, Globalization)) ∧ (facilitated, BE, perversely) ∧ (that, BE, the ease of communication and transport)——————④

=and (The attacks, can be facilitated, by that) ∧ (facilitated, BE, Perversely) ∧ (that, BE, the ease of communication and transport) ∧ (that, has Come with, globalization) --- --- 5.

=and (The attacks are attacked, and can be facilitated can be increased, and by is via that) ∧ (facilitated is increased, and BE, perversely are frenzied) ∧ (that, BE, the ease of communication The facility of and transport communication and traffic) ∧ (that, has come with ..., globalization is complete Nodularization) --- --- 5.

(The attacks are attacked=and, and can be facilitated can be increased, and by is via that (that, has Come with ..., globalization globalization)) ∧ (and facilitated increase, BE, perversely lose the heart Disease is mad) (that, BE, the ease of communication and transport communications and traffic are just by ∧ Profit) --- --- 4.

=and (The attacks are attacked, can be facilitated can increase (facilitated is increased, BE, Perversely is frenzied), by is via that (that (that, BE, the ease of communication and Transport communicate and traffic facility), has come with ..., globalization globalize)) ∧——————③

=and (The attacks are attacked, can be facilitated can increase (facilitated is increased, BE, Perversely is frenzied), by via that (the ease of communication and transport communication and Facility that, has the come with of traffic with ..., globalization globalization)) --- --- 2.

(The attacks are attacked=and, and it is frenzied that can be facilitated can increase perversely, by warps By the facility that has come with of the ease of communication and transport communication and traffic with ... and come globalization globalization) --- --- 1.

=and (attack is more frenzied, via the facility of the communication and traffic come with globalization)

=and the facility of next communication and traffic with globalization, attacking can be more frenzied

General formula：

English：And that WHAT1be_verb (DO1 | [DO]) determiner (s1 | [s]) by WHAT2of Determiner (z1, z2 | [z]) that verb (DO2 | [DO]) with noun (WHAT3)

Chinese：And with noun (WHAT3) verb (DO2 | [DO]) of determiner (z1, z2 | [z]) WHAT2, WHAT1be_verb (DO1 | [DO]) determiner (s1 | [s])

Note：Be_verb [DO] indicates passive voice.

by the ease of communication and transport that has come with globalization

=by (the ease of communication and transport that, has come with, globalization)

Be_verb (DO1 | [DO])=can more

Determiner (s1 | [s])=frenzied.

For those skilled in the art, technical solution that can be as described above and design are made other each The corresponding change of kind and deformation, and all these changes and deformation should all belong to the protection model of the claims in the present invention Within enclosing.

Claims

1. the method based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form, which is characterized in that include the following steps：

Natural language information sentence before S1, input translation；

S2, natural language information sentence is based on, like predicate calculus form, most simple thinking mould to be obtained using different level collection cutting Formula set；

2. the method according to claim 1 based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form, which is characterized in that Knowledge base is built, the form of predicate calculus is stored；The step S4 is recalled cutting in the form of the predicate calculus in knowledge base and obtained Sentence after translation.

3. the method according to claim 2 based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form, which is characterized in that The knowledge base includes the clause set that nature sentence is transformed into most simple thoughtcast after cutting, is searched for improving mind over machine Rope, reasoning and language translation efficiency.

4. the method according to claim 1 based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form, which is characterized in that It is read by machine and Practice of Translation establishes machine translation and translates sentence storage, build two-way translated corpora；The translation language Material library is formed by natural sentence like predicate calculus form clause set and with natural language production system.

5. the method according to claim 4 based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form, which is characterized in that The sentence of initial cutting is matched with translated corpora, successful match then changes word output；If without successful match, into places Cutting, the process of repeated matching；By each section successive input translated corpora search matching of this level；If searched in this level Oneself has correspondence to translate sentence to rope translated corpora, then terminate this part phrase or the cutting of clause immediately, the part of non-successful match after Continuous cutting, and repeat matched process；Complete full Ju Change words.

6. the method according to claim 5 based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form, which is characterized in that Word and writing style of equal value rule between the knowledge library storage languages, selects optimal word when changing word.

7. the method according to claim 5 based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form, which is characterized in that Most simple pattern clause's triple in natural language production system rule entirely as translation word in the step S4 With processing, for solving ambiguity problem.

8. the method according to claim 5 based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form, which is characterized in that When handling dittograph, according to the front and back respective expression characteristic of languages thinking, it is replaced mutually, dittograph is omitted or simplified.

9. any systems based on the mind over machine interaction language translating method like predicate calculus form of application claim 1-8, It is characterised in that it includes：

Cutting unit：For natural language information sentence to be based on, like predicate calculus form, obtaining using different level collection cutting Most simple thoughtcast set；

Output unit：For generating the sentence after translation according to natural language production system Rule Expression, by the language after translation Sentence is exported or is stored as learning outcome as a result；

Knowledge base, the form for storing predicate calculus；The output unit is recalled in the form of the predicate calculus in knowledge base to be cut Get the sentence after translation；

10. the system according to claim 9 based on the mind over machine language translation like predicate calculus form, feature exist In the knowledge base includes the clause set that nature sentence is transformed into most simple thoughtcast after cutting, is thought for improving machine The efficiency of dimension search, reasoning and language translation；The sentence of initial cutting is matched with translated corpora, it is defeated that successful match then changes word Go out；If without successful match, into places cutting, the process of repeated matching；Each section successive of this level is inputted into translation Language material library searching matches；If in this Level Search translated corpora oneself have correspondence translate sentence, terminate immediately this part phrase or Cutting is continued in the part of the cutting of clause, non-successful match, and repeats matched process；Complete full Ju Change words；Natural language Most simple pattern clause triple in production system rule is asked entirely as translation word matching treatment for solving ambiguousness Topic；When handling dittograph, according to the front and back respective expression characteristic of languages thinking, it is replaced mutually, repetitor is omitted or simplified Language；Word and writing style of equal value rule between the knowledge library storage languages, selects optimal word when changing word.