CN108526458B - Nano material with self-supporting nano sheet and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a nano material with self-supporting nano sheets and a preparation method and application thereof, wherein the core of the material is a metal core with the particle size of 0.05-20 mu m, and the metal surface is a self-supporting nano structure formed by corresponding metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nano sheets. The metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nanosheet is formed based on self-crosslinking assembly between the lamella and the metal core and between the lamella and the lamella, has a high specific surface area and a stable three-dimensional network structure, and combines excellent physicochemical properties of the metal hydroxide and ultrathin characteristics of the nanosheet.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a nano material and a preparation method thereof, in particular to a nano material with self-supporting metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nanosheets and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
The metal hydroxide/oxide ultrathin nanosheet structure has attracted more and more attention in the field of catalysis due to the extremely large specific surface area and low raw material cost. The excellent electrocatalytic performance of the structure leads the structure to hopefully replace noble metal to become a new generation of electrode material which is widely applied to hydrogen production and oxygen production by water electrolysis and the electrode material of fuel cells. Meanwhile, the unique lamellar pore channel structure can realize the simultaneous utilization of two energy storage mechanisms of double electric layer capacitance and Faraday quasi-capacitance, so that the electrode material of the supercapacitor shows certain superiority.
At present, the main method for preparing the metal hydroxide/oxide nanosheet is to use metal salt as a raw material and prepare the metal hydroxide/oxide nanosheet by utilizing a hydrothermal method, a chemical deposition method, an electrodeposition method, a microwave deposition method and the like. CN104291368A discloses a preparation method of a two-dimensional single-layer magnesium-aluminum layered double-metal hydroxide/oxide nanosheet, which is to dissolve magnesium salt and aluminum salt in formamide, mix with strong alkaline hydroxide, and perform hydrothermal reaction to obtain the nanosheet. CN 105016398A discloses a nano-flake assembled cobalt iron hydroxide multistage microsphere and a preparation method thereof, wherein the method takes urea and the like as an alkali source, trisodium citrate as a complexing agent, water and n-butyl alcohol as reaction solvents, and adopts a chemical solution mixed solvent to prepare the single-layer and double-layer nano-flake assembled layered double metal hydroxide CoFe-LDHs multistage microsphere through heat. The preparation methods using metal salts as raw materials all need the action of a reducing agent, so that the preparation process is complex.
In view of this, it is also considered to use metal powders for the preparation of metal hydroxides. CN101759213A discloses a method for preparing layered double hydroxides from metal powder, which is a preparation strategy of preparing a hydrothermal solution from divalent metal powder or hydroxide thereof, trivalent metal powder or hydroxide thereof, soluble salt and deionized water according to a certain proportion and carrying out hydrothermal reaction in a hydrothermal kettle. However, the method does not realize the preparation of the metal hydroxide/oxide nanosheet, and the preparation process still needs higher temperature.
Because the metal oxide has a crystal structure with few sheets, the preparation method of the nano-sheet is more difficult. Shixue Dou et al reported a generalized metal oxide nanosheet synthesis method for the first time in the nature communication journal in 2014. Organic adhesive and surfactant are utilized to synthesize a lamellar structure containing metal oxide, and then organic matter is removed to finally obtain the metal oxide nanosheet.
It can be seen that there are three main problems in the prior art: firstly, the reactants are various chemical raw materials, so that the cost is high and the environmental pollution is great; secondly, the reaction conditions are harsh, the reaction time is long, and meanwhile, the raw materials are required to be solutions with lower concentrations, which is very unfavorable for large-scale preparation; thirdly, the expansibility of the alloy system is poor, so that part of metal materials are limited, and the preparation of the metal hydroxide/oxide nano-sheet of the composite special system cannot be easily carried out.
In summary, if a simple and easy preparation method can be adopted, it is important to prepare the metal hydroxide/oxide nanosheet by using pure transition metal and alloy powder thereof as raw materials.
Disclosure of Invention
It is an object of the present invention to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and to provide a nano __ material with self-supporting nano platelets.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing the nanomaterial with self-supporting nanosheets.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide the use of the above-mentioned nanomaterial with self-supporting nanosheets.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the core of the nano material with the self-supporting nano sheet is a metal core with the particle size of 0.05-20 mu m, and the metal surface is a self-supporting nano structure formed by corresponding metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nano sheets.
As a further improvement of the nanomaterial with self-supporting nanosheets described above, the nanosheets have an average thickness of from 1nm to 50 nm.
As a further improvement of the nano-material with the self-supporting nano-sheet, the particle size of the metal core is 0.05-10 μm.
As a further improvement of the nanomaterial with self-supporting nanosheets described above, the metal is a transition metal element or an alloy of transition metals. Further, the metal is selected from at least one of cobalt, nickel, copper, iron, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, or an alloy of at least two metal elements.
A method for preparing a nano material with self-supporting nano sheets comprises the following steps:
1) mixing metal particles with the average particle size of 0.1-100 mu m with an aqueous solution, and fully reacting at the temperature of not higher than 80 ℃;
2) and filtering, washing and drying at the temperature of not higher than 100 ℃ after the reaction is finished to obtain the nano material with the self-supporting metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nanosheet.
As a further improvement of the above preparation method, the metal is a transition metal element or an alloy formed of a transition metal. Further, the metal is selected from at least one of cobalt, nickel, copper, iron, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, or an alloy of at least two metal elements. Alloys include, but are not limited to, nickel-cobalt, nickel-iron, copper-nickel, iron-cobalt-nickel, cobalt-zinc, and the like.
As a further improvement of the preparation method, the pH value of the aqueous solution is 7-14.
As a further improvement of the preparation method, the reaction process is properly stirred at the stirring speed of 50-500 rpm.
As a further improvement of the preparation method, the reaction temperature is 15-45 ℃.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nanosheet prepared by the method is formed based on self-crosslinking assembly between the lamella and the metal core and between the lamella and the lamella, has a high specific surface area and a stable three-dimensional network structure, and combines excellent physicochemical properties of the metal hydroxide/oxide and ultrathin characteristics of the nanosheet.
The invention provides a preparation method of a nano material with self-supporting nano sheets, which utilizes the principle of metal corrosion to grow metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nano sheets on the surface of metal powder, and then the metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nano sheets are filtered and dried to be converted into self-supporting metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nano sheet materials. Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention is novel, simple, green and environment-friendly, breaks through the limitation that a large amount of chemical reagents and a heating reaction kettle are needed in the existing preparation of the nano-sheets, and realizes the preparation without the chemical reagents by utilizing the characteristics of the metal powder.
The formed nano material with the self-supporting nano sheet has excellent adsorption performance, photo-thermal and electrical properties, can be developed into an adsorption material, an energy storage material or an electrode material, for example, the nano material can be used as a heavy metal and anion dye adsorption material, a gas adsorption material, a super capacitor energy storage material, an electrode material for electrolyzing water, a cathode material of a lithium ion battery and the like, has important potential application in the fields of environmental protection, energy and the like, and has very important significance for expanding the application of a metal hydroxide material.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an electron micrograph of a raw material used in example 1;
figure 2 is an electron microscopy picture of self-supporting cobalt hydroxide/oxide nanoplates prepared in example 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional electron microscopy picture of self-supporting cobalt hydroxide/oxide nanoplates prepared in example 1;
FIG. 4 is an electron microscope photograph of the starting material used in example 2;
fig. 5 is an electron microscope picture of freestanding nickel cobalt hydroxide/oxide nanoplates prepared in example 3;
fig. 6 is an electron microscope picture of self-supporting iron cobalt hydroxide/oxide nanoplates prepared in example 4;
FIG. 7 is an electron micrograph of a raw material used in example 5;
fig. 8 is an electron microscope picture of isolated cobalt oxide nanoplates prepared in example 5;
FIG. 9 is a current-voltage curve for free-standing cobalt hydroxide/oxide nanoplates made in example 1;
fig. 10 is a raman spectrum of the isolated cobalt oxide nanoplates prepared in example 5.
Detailed Description
The core of the nano material with the self-supporting nano sheet is a metal core with the particle size of 0.05-20 mu m, and the metal surface is a self-supporting nano structure formed by corresponding metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nano sheets.
The self-supporting refers to that the nano sheets are mutually supported, so that the overall nano structure is relatively stable and does not collapse. The metal core has high specific surface area which can be possessed by the nano particles under the condition of keeping the micron scale. The nano-sheets grown thereon can be better dispersed and mutually supported to obtain the maximum specific surface area, which is beneficial to catalytic reaction. Because the monolithic material is in a self-supporting structure, the monolithic material can be used for catalytic reaction without being loaded on other substrates, and can be easily collected and recycled because the size of the material is kept in the micrometer range.
As a further improvement of the nanomaterial with self-supporting nanosheets described above, the nanosheets have an average thickness of from 1nm to 50 nm. The thickness can be controlled by controlling the reaction time and temperature.
As a further improvement of the nano-material with the self-supporting nano-sheet, the particle size of the metal core is 0.05-10 μm.
As a further improvement of the nanomaterial with self-supporting nanosheets described above, the metal is a transition metal element or an alloy of transition metals. Further, the metal is selected from at least one of cobalt, nickel, copper, iron, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, or an alloy of at least two metal elements. Alloys include, but are not limited to, nickel-cobalt, nickel-iron, copper-nickel, iron-cobalt-nickel, cobalt-zinc, and the like.
A method for preparing a nano material with self-supporting nano sheets comprises the following steps:
1) mixing metal particles with the average particle size of 0.1-100 mu m with an aqueous solution, and fully reacting at the temperature of not higher than 80 ℃;
2) and filtering, washing and drying at the temperature of not higher than 100 ℃ after the reaction is finished to obtain the nano material with the self-supporting metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nanosheet.
The metal is a transition metal element or an alloy of transition metals. Further, the metal is selected from at least one of cobalt, nickel, copper, iron, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, or an alloy of at least two metal elements. Alloys include, but are not limited to, nickel-cobalt, nickel-iron, copper-nickel, iron-cobalt-nickel, cobalt-zinc, and the like.
The reaction time can be adjusted accordingly depending on the size of the raw material metal particles used and the reaction temperature. In general, the reaction time is at least 2 hours, preferably 5 hours or more.
When the size of the used raw material metal particles is less than 0.1 μm, the specific surface area is too large, the reaction is too violent, and the oxide or hydroxide cannot completely follow the crystal face with the lowest surface energy to grow, so that a nanosheet structure cannot be generated; when the size of the raw material metal particles exceeds 100 micrometers, the specific surface area is too small, the reaction speed is very slow, the nano-sheets cannot grow continuously, the nano-sheets are converted into other shapes in the growth process, and the self-supporting metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nano-sheets cannot be formed on the surface of the core.
Under neutral or alkaline conditions, the generation and growth of metal hydroxide/oxide can be promoted, and self-supporting metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nanosheets can be formed on the surface of the metal core. As a further improvement of the preparation method, the pH value of the aqueous solution is 7-14.
Increasing the temperature within a certain range helps to accelerate the oxidation reaction of the metal, but temperatures above 80 ℃ can result in a reaction that is too violent in destroying the nanostructures formed. To obtain self-supporting metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nanosheets having excellent morphology, the reaction is preferably conducted at a temperature not exceeding 80 ℃. The reaction temperature is preferably 15-45 ℃ as a further improvement of the preparation method.
In order to avoid the destruction of the metal hydroxide/oxide nanosheets during drying, the temperature of drying is further preferably not more than 80 ℃, and the destruction of the metal hydroxide/oxide nanosheets can be better avoided at 60 ℃ or lower.
Stirring can make the reaction more uniform and rapid, but high-speed stirring can generate larger shearing force, so that the generated nanosheets fall off from the metal core. As a further improvement of the preparation method, the stirring speed is 50-500 rpm.
The invention only adopts transition metal or alloy powder as raw material, aqueous solution as solvent, and uses water to corrode metal to prepare the material in large scale. The preparation method is simple and easy to operate, is green and environment-friendly, does not need any chemical reagent, utilizes the principle of metal corrosion and accelerates the corrosion process by utilizing the large specific surface area of metal particles under the microscale. Meanwhile, the high curvature of the small metal particles aggravates the stress between the corrosion product (metal hydroxide) and the original metal particles, thereby ensuring the uninterrupted separation of the metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nanosheet and the metal surface generated by corrosion. In addition, transition products partially dissolved in water are generated in the metal corrosion process, so that the surface nanosheets can also have a continuous growth process, and a large number of metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nanosheets which are staggered with each other are formed on the surface of the metal particles.
Example 1
1) Mixing 10g of cobalt powder having an average size of 1 μ M with 5 ml of a 1M KOH solution (pH 14), and allowing the mixture to stand at room temperature (22 to 28 ℃) for 48 hours;
2) and finally, cleaning the product, and drying at 70 ℃ for 8 hours to obtain the nano material with the self-supporting cobalt hydroxide/oxide nano sheet.
The average size of the prepared cobalt hydroxide/oxide nanosheet is 1 μm, the average thickness is 5nm, and the particle size of the self-supporting nanosheet is about 5 μm.
FIG. 1 is an electron micrograph of a cobalt powder raw material used in this example, and it can be seen that the powder is a spherical powder having an average size of 1 μm. Fig. 2 is an electron microscope picture of the cobalt hydroxide/oxide nanosheet prepared in this embodiment, and it can be seen that the self-supporting cobalt hydroxide/oxide nanosheet has a large number of gaps between lamellae, and the overall molding is good. Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the sample, within which the metal core can be clearly seen.
The cobalt hydroxide/oxide nanosheets prepared in this example were subjected to a current test to further characterize the energy storage properties of the nanosheets. The specific test method comprises the following steps:
1) dispersing the self-supporting metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nanoplates prepared in example 1 in deionized water at a concentration of 2 mg/ml;
2) will 10 microliter of the suspension was uniformly dropped in 0.07cm2The glassy carbon electrode is used as a positive electrode and assembled into a three-electrode system, the counter electrode is a platinum wire, the reference electrode is an Hg/HgO electrode, the electrolyte is a 1 mol/L potassium hydroxide solution, an electrochemical workstation is utilized to test the OER performance of the glassy carbon electrode, the scanning speed is 5mV/s, the precision is 1mV, and the voltage window is 0.3-1V.
The current-voltage curve of the self-supporting cobalt hydroxide/oxide nanosheets prepared in test example 1 is shown in fig. 9 (voltage is standard hydrogen electrode voltage). As can be seen, the nanosheet has good electrocatalytic performance.
Example 2:
1) mixing 10g of iron powder (shown in figure 4) with the average size of 100nm with 5 ml of deionized water, and standing for reaction for 5 hours at 70-80 ℃;
2) and (3) cleaning the product, and drying at 70 ℃ for 8 hours to obtain the nano material with the self-supporting iron hydroxide/oxide nano sheet.
The average size of the prepared iron hydroxide/oxide nanosheet is 200nm, the average thickness is 5nm, and the particle size of the self-supporting nanosheet is about 1 μm.
Example 3:
1) mixing 10g of nickel-cobalt alloy powder with the average size of 20 mu m and 5 ml of deionized water, and standing and reacting for 36 hours at the temperature of 30-450 ℃;
2) the product was washed and dried at 60 ℃ for 9 hours to obtain nanomaterials with self-supporting nickel cobalt hydroxide/oxide nanoplates (see figure 5).
The average size of the prepared nickel cobalt hydroxide/oxide nanosheet is 1 micrometer, the average thickness is 5nm, and the particle size of the self-supporting nanosheet is about 3 micrometers.
Example 4:
1) 10g of 300 mesh nickel-iron-cobalt alloy powder (molar ratio 1: 1: 1) mixing with 50 ml of deionized water, and standing and reacting for 48 hours at 15-20 ℃;
2) the product was washed and dried at 70 ℃ for 8 hours to give nanomaterials with self-supporting nickel iron cobalt hydroxide/oxide nanoplates (see figure 6).
The average size of the prepared nickel iron hydroxide/oxide nano-sheet is 3 μm, the average thickness is 50nm, and the particle size of the self-supporting nano-sheet is about 10 μm.
Example 5:
1) 10g of cobalt powder (fig. 7) with an average size of 10 μm was mixed with 50 ml of deionized water with pH 10(KOH adjusted), heated to 60 ℃, and stirred for 2 hours;
2) the product was washed and dried at 70 ℃ for 8 hours to give isolated cobalt hydroxide/oxide nanoplates (see figure 8).
The average size of the prepared cobalt hydroxide/oxide nanosheet is 200nm, and the average thickness is 20 nm. Raman spectrum (FIG. 10) shows that the material is Co3O4(possess 481, 519, 616, 686, these 4 characteristic peaks).
Comparative example 1:
the same as example 1 except that the reaction temperature was 100 ℃.
The results show that no significant nanostructures were present in the resulting product.
Claims (8)
1. A nanometer material with self-supporting nanometer sheet is provided, the nanometer material is provided with a metal core, the particle size of the metal core is 0.05-20 μm, and the surface of the metal core is a self-supporting nanometer structure formed by corresponding metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nanometer sheets;
the metal is at least one of cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, manganese and molybdenum, or an alloy formed by at least two metal elements of cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, zinc, manganese and molybdenum;
the nano material is prepared by the following method:
1) mixing metal particles with the average particle size of 0.1-100 mu m with an aqueous solution, and fully reacting at the temperature of not higher than 80 ℃;
2) and filtering, washing and drying at the temperature of not higher than 100 ℃ after the reaction is finished to obtain the nano material with the self-supporting metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nanosheet.
2. The nanomaterial with self-supporting nanoplatelets of claim 1, wherein: the average thickness of the nano-sheets is 1 nm-50 nm.
3. The nanomaterial with self-supporting nanoplatelets of claim 1 or 2, wherein: the particle size of the metal core is 0.05-10 μm.
4. A method for preparing a nano material with self-supporting nano sheets comprises the following steps:
1) mixing metal particles with the average particle size of 0.1-100 mu m with an aqueous solution, and fully reacting at the temperature of not higher than 80 ℃;
2) filtering, washing and drying at the temperature of not higher than 100 ℃ after the reaction is finished to obtain the nano material with the self-supporting metal hydroxide and/or metal oxide nano sheet;
the metal is at least one of cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, manganese and molybdenum, or an alloy formed by at least two metal elements of cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, zinc, manganese and molybdenum.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein: the pH of the aqueous solution is 7 to 14.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein: stirring properly in the reaction process, wherein the stirring speed is 50-500 rpm.
7. The production method according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that: the reaction temperature is 15-45 ℃.
8. The application of the nano material with the self-supporting nano sheet as a catalytic material, an adsorption material or an energy storage material is characterized in that: the nano material with the self-supporting nano sheet is prepared by the preparation method of any one of claims 1 to 3 or 4 to 7.
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