CN108525644B - Preparation method of composite ore particle adsorbent - Google Patents
Preparation method of composite ore particle adsorbent Download PDFInfo
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- B01J20/06—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04
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- B01J20/103—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate comprising silica
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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Abstract
The invention provides a preparation method of a composite ore particle adsorbent, which comprises the following steps: preparing modified kaolin; mixing the modified kaolin with the red mud, the foam glass powder and the albite to obtain a first mixture; preparing a modified plant-based adsorbent; mixing the first mixture with a modified plant-based adsorbent to obtain a second mixture, wherein the first mixture accounts for 130 parts of 100 and the modified plant-based adsorbent accounts for 10-15 parts of the second mixture; ball-milling the second mixture to obtain mixture particles; sintering the mixture particles. In the adsorbent, carbonized organic matters are carried in inorganic particles, and the structure of mutual interpenetration and mutual carrying improves the surface area of the adsorbent and enables the adsorbent to have composite adsorption capacity.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of composite adsorbents, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a composite ore particle adsorbent.
Background
Water pollution is water that causes a reduction or loss in the use value of water due to harmful chemicals, and pollutes the environment. Acid, alkali and oxidant in the sewage, compounds such as copper, cadmium, mercury, arsenic and the like, and organic poisons such as benzene, dichloroethane, ethylene glycol and the like can kill aquatic organisms, and influence drinking water sources and scenic spots. When the organic matters in the sewage are decomposed by microorganisms, oxygen in the sewage is consumed, so that the life of aquatic organisms is influenced, and after dissolved oxygen in the sewage is exhausted, the organic matters are subjected to anaerobic decomposition to generate unpleasant gases such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan, so that the water quality is further deteriorated. Wastewater has different classification methods from different angles. According to different sources, the method is divided into two categories of domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater; inorganic waste water and organic waste water can be separated according to the chemical category of pollutants; also classified according to industrial sectors or processes for producing wastewater, such as coking wastewater, metallurgical wastewater, pharmaceutical wastewater, food wastewater, etc. The pollutants are mainly: (1) industrial waste water discharged untreated; (2) domestic sewage discharged without treatment; (3) farmland sewage caused by using a large amount of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides; (4) industrial waste and domestic garbage piled beside river; (5) cutting down forests and losing water and soil; (6) mine sewage is generated due to over-exploitation.
The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a preparation method of a composite ore particle adsorbent, thereby overcoming the defects of the prior art.
The invention provides a preparation method of a composite ore particle adsorbent, which comprises the following steps: preparing modified kaolin; mixing the modified kaolin with the red mud, the foam glass powder and the albite to obtain a first mixture; preparing a modified plant-based adsorbent; mixing the first mixture with a modified plant-based adsorbent to obtain a second mixture, wherein the first mixture accounts for 130 parts of 100 and the modified plant-based adsorbent accounts for 10-15 parts of the second mixture; ball-milling the second mixture to obtain mixture particles; sintering the mixture particles.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the preparing of the modified kaolin specifically comprises: providing kaolin; calcining kaolin; crushing the calcined kaolin to a particle size of 30-50 μm, and mixing with silica particles to obtain a first kaolin mixture, wherein the calcined kaolin accounts for 130 parts of 100-20 parts of the first kaolin mixture; a first calcination is performed on the first kaolin mixture.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the calcining of kaolin specifically comprises: the calcining pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the calcining temperature is 600-650 ℃, and the calcining time is 2-4 h.
Preferably, in the above technical solution, the first calcining of the first kaolin mixture specifically includes: calcination is divided into two stages: in the first calcining stage, the calcining temperature is 400-500 ℃, and the calcining time is 3-4 h; in the second calcination stage, the calcination temperature is 1000-1050 ℃, and the calcination time is 2-3 h.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, in the first mixture, 40-50 parts of modified kaolin, 40-50 parts of red mud, 10-15 parts of foam glass powder and 3-5 parts of albite are used.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the preparation of the modified plant-based adsorbent specifically comprises: providing corn leaves; cutting corn leaves into pieces, and pouring the cut corn leaves into deionized water to obtain a corn leaf mixture; ultrasonically cleaning and drying the corn leaf mixture; and carbonizing the dried corn leaf mixture.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the carbonizing treatment of the dried corn leaf mixture specifically comprises: the pressure of the carbonization treatment is lower than 0.01Pa, the carbonization temperature is 900-1000 ℃, and the carbonization time is 4-5 h.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the ball milling of the second mixture specifically comprises: the rotating speed of the ball mill is 1000-1200r/min, and the ball milling time is 4-5 h.
Preferably, in the above technical solution, sintering the mixture particles specifically includes: the sintering pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the sintering temperature is 1020-1050 ℃, and the sintering time is 5-7 h.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the existing red mud-based adsorbing material only has heavy metal ion adsorption capacity, and the adsorption capacity of the red mud-based adsorbing material to the heavy metal ions is poor due to the defects of the preparation method, so that the requirement for treating the sewage polluted by the heavy metal ions by using the red mud-based adsorbing material is far away. In order to ensure that the adsorption material has the adsorption capacity and improve the adsorption capacity of the adsorption material on heavy metal ions, the invention provides the composite ore particle adsorbent, in the adsorbent, carbonized organic matters are carried in inorganic particles, and the structure of mutual interpenetration and mutual carrying improves the surface area of the adsorbent on one hand and ensures that the adsorbent has the composite adsorption capacity on the other hand.
Detailed Description
The following embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.
Example 1
The composite ore particle adsorbent is prepared by the following method: preparing modified kaolin; mixing the modified kaolin with the red mud, the foam glass powder and the albite to obtain a first mixture; preparing a modified plant-based adsorbent; mixing the first mixture with a modified plant-based adsorbent to obtain a second mixture, wherein in the second mixture, the first mixture accounts for 100 parts, and the modified plant-based adsorbent accounts for 10 parts; ball-milling the second mixture to obtain mixture particles; sintering the mixture particles. The preparation of the modified kaolin comprises the following steps: providing kaolin; calcining kaolin; crushing the calcined kaolin to a particle size of 30 μm, and mixing with silica particles to obtain a first kaolin mixture, wherein the calcined kaolin accounts for 100 parts and the silica particles account for 10 parts in the first kaolin mixture; a first calcination is performed on the first kaolin mixture. The kaolin is calcined specifically as follows: the calcining pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the calcining temperature is 600 ℃, and the calcining time is 2 h. The first calcination of the first kaolin mixture is specifically: calcination is divided into two stages: in the first calcining stage, the calcining temperature is 400 ℃, and the calcining time is 3 hours; in the second calcination stage, the calcination temperature was 1000 ℃ and the calcination time was 2 h. In the first mixture, 40 parts of modified kaolin, 40 parts of red mud, 10 parts of foam glass powder and 3 parts of albite are used. The preparation of the modified plant-based adsorbent comprises the following steps: providing corn leaves; cutting corn leaves into pieces, and pouring the cut corn leaves into deionized water to obtain a corn leaf mixture; ultrasonically cleaning and drying the corn leaf mixture; and carbonizing the dried corn leaf mixture. The carbonization treatment of the dried corn leaf mixture specifically comprises the following steps: the pressure of carbonization treatment is lower than 0.01Pa, the carbonization temperature is 900 ℃, and the carbonization time is 4 h. The ball milling of the second mixture is specifically as follows: the rotating speed of the ball mill is 1000r/min, and the ball milling time is 4 h. The sintering of the mixture particles is specifically as follows: the sintering pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the sintering temperature is 1020 ℃ and the sintering time is 5 h.
Example 2
The composite ore particle adsorbent is prepared by the following method: preparing modified kaolin; mixing the modified kaolin with the red mud, the foam glass powder and the albite to obtain a first mixture; preparing a modified plant-based adsorbent; mixing the first mixture with a modified plant-based adsorbent to obtain a second mixture, wherein in the second mixture, the first mixture accounts for 130 parts, and the modified plant-based adsorbent accounts for 15 parts; ball-milling the second mixture to obtain mixture particles; sintering the mixture particles. The preparation of the modified kaolin comprises the following steps: providing kaolin; calcining kaolin; crushing the calcined kaolin to a particle size of 50 μm, and mixing with silica particles to obtain a first kaolin mixture, wherein the calcined kaolin accounts for 130 parts and the silica particles account for 20 parts in the first kaolin mixture; a first calcination is performed on the first kaolin mixture. The kaolin is calcined specifically as follows: the calcining pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the calcining temperature is 650 ℃, and the calcining time is 4 h. The first calcination of the first kaolin mixture is specifically: calcination is divided into two stages: in the first calcining stage, the calcining temperature is 500 ℃, and the calcining time is 4 hours; in the second calcination stage, the calcination temperature was 1050 ℃ and the calcination time was 3 hours. In the first mixture, 50 parts of modified kaolin, 50 parts of red mud, 15 parts of foam glass powder and 5 parts of albite are used. The preparation of the modified plant-based adsorbent comprises the following steps: providing corn leaves; cutting corn leaves into pieces, and pouring the cut corn leaves into deionized water to obtain a corn leaf mixture; ultrasonically cleaning and drying the corn leaf mixture; and carbonizing the dried corn leaf mixture. The carbonization treatment of the dried corn leaf mixture specifically comprises the following steps: the pressure of carbonization treatment is lower than 0.01Pa, the carbonization temperature is 1000 ℃, and the carbonization time is 5 h. The ball milling of the second mixture is specifically as follows: the rotating speed of the ball mill is 1200r/min, and the ball milling time is 5 h. The sintering of the mixture particles is specifically as follows: the sintering pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the sintering temperature is 1050 ℃, and the sintering time is 7 h.
Example 3
The composite ore particle adsorbent is prepared by the following method: preparing modified kaolin; mixing the modified kaolin with the red mud, the foam glass powder and the albite to obtain a first mixture; preparing a modified plant-based adsorbent; mixing the first mixture with a modified plant-based adsorbent to obtain a second mixture, wherein in the second mixture, the first mixture accounts for 120 parts, and the modified plant-based adsorbent accounts for 12 parts; ball-milling the second mixture to obtain mixture particles; sintering the mixture particles. The preparation of the modified kaolin comprises the following steps: providing kaolin; calcining kaolin; crushing the calcined kaolin to a particle size of 40 μm, and mixing with silica particles to obtain a first kaolin mixture, wherein the calcined kaolin accounts for 120 parts and the silica particles account for 15 parts in the first kaolin mixture; a first calcination is performed on the first kaolin mixture. The kaolin is calcined specifically as follows: the calcining pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the calcining temperature is 620 ℃ and the calcining time is 3 h. The first calcination of the first kaolin mixture is specifically: calcination is divided into two stages: in the first calcining stage, the calcining temperature is 450 ℃, and the calcining time is 3.5 h; in the second calcination stage, the calcination temperature was 1020 ℃ and the calcination time was 2.5 h. In the first mixture, 45 parts of modified kaolin, 45 parts of red mud, 12 parts of foam glass powder and 4 parts of albite are used. The preparation of the modified plant-based adsorbent comprises the following steps: providing corn leaves; cutting corn leaves into pieces, and pouring the cut corn leaves into deionized water to obtain a corn leaf mixture; ultrasonically cleaning and drying the corn leaf mixture; and carbonizing the dried corn leaf mixture. The carbonization treatment of the dried corn leaf mixture specifically comprises the following steps: the pressure of carbonization treatment is lower than 0.01Pa, the carbonization temperature is 950 ℃, and the carbonization time is 4.5 h. The ball milling of the second mixture is specifically as follows: the rotating speed of the ball mill is 1100r/min, and the ball milling time is 4.5 h. The sintering of the mixture particles is specifically as follows: the sintering pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the sintering temperature is 1030 ℃, and the sintering time is 6 h.
Example 4
The composite ore particle adsorbent is prepared by the following method: preparing modified kaolin; mixing the modified kaolin with the red mud, the foam glass powder and the albite to obtain a first mixture; preparing a modified plant-based adsorbent; mixing the first mixture with a modified plant-based adsorbent to obtain a second mixture, wherein in the second mixture, the first mixture accounts for 150 parts, and the modified plant-based adsorbent accounts for 5 parts; ball-milling the second mixture to obtain mixture particles; sintering the mixture particles. The preparation of the modified kaolin comprises the following steps: providing kaolin; calcining kaolin; crushing the calcined kaolin to a particle size of 100 μm, and mixing with silica particles to obtain a first kaolin mixture, wherein the calcined kaolin accounts for 150 parts and the silica particles account for 5 parts in the first kaolin mixture; a first calcination is performed on the first kaolin mixture. The kaolin is calcined specifically as follows: the calcining pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the calcining temperature is 620 ℃ and the calcining time is 3 h. The first calcination of the first kaolin mixture is specifically: calcination is divided into two stages: in the first calcining stage, the calcining temperature is 450 ℃, and the calcining time is 3.5 h; in the second calcination stage, the calcination temperature was 1020 ℃ and the calcination time was 2.5 h. In the first mixture, 45 parts of modified kaolin, 45 parts of red mud, 12 parts of foam glass powder and 4 parts of albite are used. The preparation of the modified plant-based adsorbent comprises the following steps: providing corn leaves; cutting corn leaves into pieces, and pouring the cut corn leaves into deionized water to obtain a corn leaf mixture; ultrasonically cleaning and drying the corn leaf mixture; and carbonizing the dried corn leaf mixture. The carbonization treatment of the dried corn leaf mixture specifically comprises the following steps: the pressure of carbonization treatment is lower than 0.01Pa, the carbonization temperature is 950 ℃, and the carbonization time is 4.5 h. The ball milling of the second mixture is specifically as follows: the rotating speed of the ball mill is 1100r/min, and the ball milling time is 4.5 h. The sintering of the mixture particles is specifically as follows: the sintering pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the sintering temperature is 1030 ℃, and the sintering time is 6 h.
Example 5
The composite ore particle adsorbent is prepared by the following method: preparing modified kaolin; mixing the modified kaolin with the red mud, the foam glass powder and the albite to obtain a first mixture; preparing a modified plant-based adsorbent; mixing the first mixture with a modified plant-based adsorbent to obtain a second mixture, wherein in the second mixture, the first mixture accounts for 120 parts, and the modified plant-based adsorbent accounts for 12 parts; ball-milling the second mixture to obtain mixture particles; sintering the mixture particles. The preparation of the modified kaolin comprises the following steps: providing kaolin; calcining kaolin; crushing the calcined kaolin to a particle size of 40 μm, and mixing with silica particles to obtain a first kaolin mixture, wherein the calcined kaolin accounts for 120 parts and the silica particles account for 15 parts in the first kaolin mixture; a first calcination is performed on the first kaolin mixture. The kaolin is calcined specifically as follows: the calcining pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the calcining temperature is 670 ℃, and the calcining time is 5 h. The first calcination of the first kaolin mixture is specifically: calcination is divided into two stages: in the first calcining stage, the calcining temperature is 550 ℃, and the calcining time is 6 hours; in the second calcination stage, the calcination temperature was 900 ℃ and the calcination time was 4 h. In the first mixture, 45 parts of modified kaolin, 45 parts of red mud, 12 parts of foam glass powder and 4 parts of albite are used. The preparation of the modified plant-based adsorbent comprises the following steps: providing corn leaves; cutting corn leaves into pieces, and pouring the cut corn leaves into deionized water to obtain a corn leaf mixture; ultrasonically cleaning and drying the corn leaf mixture; and carbonizing the dried corn leaf mixture. The carbonization treatment of the dried corn leaf mixture specifically comprises the following steps: the pressure of carbonization treatment is lower than 0.01Pa, the carbonization temperature is 950 ℃, and the carbonization time is 4.5 h. The ball milling of the second mixture is specifically as follows: the rotating speed of the ball mill is 1100r/min, and the ball milling time is 4.5 h. The sintering of the mixture particles is specifically as follows: the sintering pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the sintering temperature is 1030 ℃, and the sintering time is 6 h.
Example 6
The composite ore particle adsorbent is prepared by the following method: preparing modified kaolin; mixing the modified kaolin with the red mud, the foam glass powder and the albite to obtain a first mixture; preparing a modified plant-based adsorbent; mixing the first mixture with a modified plant-based adsorbent to obtain a second mixture, wherein in the second mixture, the first mixture accounts for 120 parts, and the modified plant-based adsorbent accounts for 12 parts; ball-milling the second mixture to obtain mixture particles; sintering the mixture particles. The preparation of the modified kaolin comprises the following steps: providing kaolin; calcining kaolin; crushing the calcined kaolin to a particle size of 40 μm, and mixing with silica particles to obtain a first kaolin mixture, wherein the calcined kaolin accounts for 120 parts and the silica particles account for 15 parts in the first kaolin mixture; a first calcination is performed on the first kaolin mixture. The kaolin is calcined specifically as follows: the calcining pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the calcining temperature is 620 ℃ and the calcining time is 3 h. The first calcination of the first kaolin mixture is specifically: calcination is divided into two stages: in the first calcining stage, the calcining temperature is 450 ℃, and the calcining time is 3.5 h; in the second calcination stage, the calcination temperature was 1020 ℃ and the calcination time was 2.5 h. In the first mixture, 60 parts of modified kaolin, 60 parts of red mud, 5 parts of foam glass powder and 2 parts of albite are used. The preparation of the modified plant-based adsorbent comprises the following steps: providing corn leaves; cutting corn leaves into pieces, and pouring the cut corn leaves into deionized water to obtain a corn leaf mixture; ultrasonically cleaning and drying the corn leaf mixture; and carbonizing the dried corn leaf mixture. The carbonization treatment of the dried corn leaf mixture specifically comprises the following steps: the pressure of carbonization treatment is lower than 0.01Pa, the carbonization temperature is 950 ℃, and the carbonization time is 4.5 h. The ball milling of the second mixture is specifically as follows: the rotating speed of the ball mill is 1100r/min, and the ball milling time is 4.5 h. The sintering of the mixture particles is specifically as follows: the sintering pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the sintering temperature is 1030 ℃, and the sintering time is 6 h.
Example 7
The composite ore particle adsorbent is prepared by the following method: preparing modified kaolin; mixing the modified kaolin with the red mud, the foam glass powder and the albite to obtain a first mixture; preparing a modified plant-based adsorbent; mixing the first mixture with a modified plant-based adsorbent to obtain a second mixture, wherein in the second mixture, the first mixture accounts for 120 parts, and the modified plant-based adsorbent accounts for 12 parts; ball-milling the second mixture to obtain mixture particles; sintering the mixture particles. The preparation of the modified kaolin comprises the following steps: providing kaolin; calcining kaolin; crushing the calcined kaolin to a particle size of 40 μm, and mixing with silica particles to obtain a first kaolin mixture, wherein the calcined kaolin accounts for 120 parts and the silica particles account for 15 parts in the first kaolin mixture; a first calcination is performed on the first kaolin mixture. The kaolin is calcined specifically as follows: the calcining pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the calcining temperature is 620 ℃ and the calcining time is 3 h. The first calcination of the first kaolin mixture is specifically: calcination is divided into two stages: in the first calcining stage, the calcining temperature is 450 ℃, and the calcining time is 3.5 h; in the second calcination stage, the calcination temperature was 1020 ℃ and the calcination time was 2.5 h. In the first mixture, 45 parts of modified kaolin, 45 parts of red mud, 12 parts of foam glass powder and 4 parts of albite are used. The preparation of the modified plant-based adsorbent comprises the following steps: providing corn leaves; cutting corn leaves into pieces, and pouring the cut corn leaves into deionized water to obtain a corn leaf mixture; ultrasonically cleaning and drying the corn leaf mixture; and carbonizing the dried corn leaf mixture. The carbonization treatment of the dried corn leaf mixture specifically comprises the following steps: the pressure of carbonization treatment is lower than 0.01Pa, the carbonization temperature is 1200 ℃, and the carbonization time is 6 h. The ball milling of the second mixture is specifically as follows: the rotating speed of the ball mill is 1500r/min, and the ball milling time is 6 h. The sintering of the mixture particles is specifically as follows: the sintering pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the sintering temperature is 1070 ℃, and the sintering time is 8 h.
The phosphorus adsorption experiment and the lead ion adsorption experiment were performed for examples 1 to 7. Wherein, the concentration of the phosphorus reagent in the phosphorus adsorption experiment is 50mg/L, the concentration of the lead reagent in the lead ion adsorption experiment is 50mg/L, the adsorption time is 1h, and the results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
| Adsorption rate of phosphorus | Adsorption rate of lead | |
| Example 1 | 65％ | 63％ |
| Example 2 | 64％ | 61％ |
| Example 3 | 67％ | 63％ |
| Example 4 | 40％ | 38％ |
| Example 5 | 41％ | 35％ |
| Example 6 | 29％ | 24％ |
| Example 7 | 35％ | 36％ |
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (1)
1. A method of preparing a composite ore particulate sorbent, the method comprising the steps of: preparing modified kaolin; mixing the modified kaolin with the red mud, the foam glass powder and the albite to obtain a first mixture; preparing a modified plant-based adsorbent; mixing the first mixture with a modified plant-based adsorbent to obtain a second mixture, wherein in the second mixture, the first mixture accounts for 120 parts, and the modified plant-based adsorbent accounts for 12 parts; ball-milling the second mixture to obtain mixture particles; sintering the mixture particles to prepare the modified kaolin, which specifically comprises the following steps: providing kaolin; calcining kaolin; crushing the calcined kaolin to a particle size of 40 μm, and mixing with silica particles to obtain a first kaolin mixture, wherein the calcined kaolin accounts for 120 parts and the silica particles account for 15 parts in the first kaolin mixture; performing a first calcination on the first kaolin mixture, wherein the calcination on the kaolin mixture is specifically as follows: the calcining air pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the calcining temperature is 620 ℃, the calcining time is 3h, and the first calcining of the first kaolin mixture specifically comprises the following steps: calcination is divided into two stages: in the first calcining stage, the calcining temperature is 450 ℃, and the calcining time is 3.5 h; in the second calcining stage, the calcining temperature is 1020 ℃, the calcining time is 2.5 hours, in the first mixture, the modified kaolin accounts for 45 parts, the red mud accounts for 45 parts, the foam glass powder accounts for 12 parts, and the albite accounts for 4 parts, and the preparation of the modified plant-based adsorbent specifically comprises the following steps: providing corn leaves; cutting corn leaves into pieces, and pouring the cut corn leaves into deionized water to obtain a corn leaf mixture; ultrasonically cleaning and drying the corn leaf mixture; carbonizing the dried corn leaf mixture, wherein the carbonizing of the dried corn leaf mixture specifically comprises the following steps: the pressure of carbonization treatment is lower than 0.01Pa, the carbonization temperature is 950 ℃, the carbonization time is 4.5h, and the specific steps of ball milling the second mixture are as follows: the rotating speed of the ball mill is 1100r/min, the ball milling time is 4.5h, and the sintering of the mixture particles specifically comprises the following steps: the sintering pressure is lower than 0.01Pa, the sintering temperature is 1030 ℃, and the sintering time is 6 h.
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