CN108474259A - 叶片、相关联风扇和涡轮喷气发动机 - Google Patents

叶片、相关联风扇和涡轮喷气发动机 Download PDF

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CN108474259A
CN108474259A CN201680079056.8A CN201680079056A CN108474259A CN 108474259 A CN108474259 A CN 108474259A CN 201680079056 A CN201680079056 A CN 201680079056A CN 108474259 A CN108474259 A CN 108474259A
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blade
leading edge
section
angle
shield
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CN108474259B (zh
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F·J-B·普扎杜
A·J·M·巴索
J·古伊瓦尔克赫
J-L·罗梅罗
T·鲁夫
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Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/14Form or construction
    • F01D5/147Construction, i.e. structural features, e.g. of weight-saving hollow blades
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/28Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
    • F01D5/282Selecting composite materials, e.g. blades with reinforcing filaments
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/02Selection of particular materials
    • F04D29/023Selection of particular materials especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/26Rotors specially for elastic fluids
    • F04D29/32Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps
    • F04D29/321Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps for axial flow compressors
    • F04D29/324Blades
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/26Rotors specially for elastic fluids
    • F04D29/32Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps
    • F04D29/38Blades
    • F04D29/388Blades characterised by construction
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/28Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
    • F01D5/288Protective coatings for blades
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2220/00Application
    • F05D2220/30Application in turbines
    • F05D2220/36Application in turbines specially adapted for the fan of turbofan engines
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00Components
    • F05D2240/20Rotors
    • F05D2240/30Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
    • F05D2240/303Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor related to the leading edge of a rotor blade
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00Components
    • F05D2240/20Rotors
    • F05D2240/30Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
    • F05D2240/307Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor related to the tip of a rotor blade
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/60Properties or characteristics given to material by treatment or manufacturing
    • F05D2300/603Composites; e.g. fibre-reinforced
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/60Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种叶片,该叶片包括:叶片主体(30),该叶片主体(30)由各向异性材料制成;以及前缘护罩(32),该前缘护罩(32)由对装配在叶片主体上的孤立冲击具有更好的抗性的材料制成并且包括两个翼片,每个翼片在从下缘(50)到上缘(51)的高度上延伸并且经由前缘(18)彼此连接,至少一个翼片具有区段(S1),该区段(S1)邻近上缘并且在翼片高度的至少6%上延伸。所述区段中的上缘的切线和后缘的任何给定点的切线之间的相交角(α)小于75°。机械抗性的主方向相对于所述上缘的角度(β)基本上大于所述相交角的最大值。

Description

叶片、相关联风扇和涡轮喷气发动机
技术领域
本发明涉及用于涡轮机叶片的前缘护罩。
背景技术
在本文中使用的术语“涡轮机”意指其中能够在流体流和至少一组叶片之间传递能量的任何机器,例如诸如压缩机、泵、涡轮、推进器、或者实际上上述中的至少两个的组合。
此类前缘护罩通常用于保护旋转叶片的前缘或导向轮叶的前缘免受冲击。在本文中使用的术语“叶片”用于风扇叶片和飞行器推进器的叶片两者。为了限制它们的重量,此类叶片通常主要为由有机基质复合材料(例如,由纤维增强的聚合物)制成的叶片主体的形式。尽管此类材料呈现通常非常有利的机械性能,特别是与它们的重量相比,然而它们对点冲击稍微有点敏感。因此,通常由非常坚固的金属材料、诸如钛合金制成的护罩一般安装在此类叶片的前缘上,以便保护它们免受此类冲击。此类护罩一般为通过覆盖前缘的较厚部段接合在一起的薄压力侧翼部和薄吸力侧翼部的形式,这些翼部和较厚部段紧密配合前缘上和邻近的压力侧部段和吸力侧部段上的形状。压力侧翼部和吸力侧翼部分别在叶片的这些压力侧部段和吸力侧部段上沿高度和长度延伸,它们主要用于确保护罩定位并紧固在前缘上,并且它们还用于分配冲击力并使其能量消散在叶片主体的更大区域上。因此,在冲击前缘护罩的情况下,失真波通过包括翼部的护罩传播,直到那些波已完全地消散。但是,在某些情况下,这种传播可产生失真峰,从而会导致翼部变得部分分离。
发明内容
本公开寻求通过提供用于涡轮机叶片的前缘护罩来补救这些缺点,该涡轮机叶片在冲击的情况下更好地经受分离。
在至少一个实施例中,该目的通过以下事实实现,在所述前缘护罩中,该前缘护罩可由金属材料制成并且该前缘护罩包括两个翼部,每个翼部沿从底缘到顶缘的高度延伸并且沿从前缘到后缘的长度延伸,并且翼部在前缘上连接在一起,所述翼部中的至少一个呈现区段,该区段邻近顶缘并且在所述高度的至少6%上延伸,其中相应的后缘以这样的方式朝向顶缘倾斜,即,使得所述区段中的顶缘的切线和后缘的任何点的切线之间的相交角小于75°,或者甚至小于60°。
此锐角相对于更钝的角或者甚至直角具有使得在冲击的情况下翼部更难以从后缘和顶缘之间的接合点分离的优点。
为了防止力的集中,后缘可在护罩的整个高度上呈现切向连续性,因此翼部的长度逐渐变化并且特别适用于避免对应于低于某个预定最小值的曲率半径的任何过度曲率。
本公开还提供叶片,该叶片沿从叶片根部到叶片尖端的高度延伸,并且该叶片包括具有装配在叶片主体上的此类前缘护罩的叶片主体,该叶片主体由各向异性材料制成,该前缘护罩由具有比叶片主体的各向异性材料更好的抗点冲击性的材料制成。
在该叶片中,各向异性材料可包括至少一层,并且特别是邻近翼部的层,该层具有基本上平行于邻近所述区段的翼部的内表面的主强度方向并且相对于所述顶缘呈现的角度基本上大于所述区段中的所述相交角的最大值,以便更好地经受叶片弯曲力。各向异性材料可特别为用沿至少所述主方向取向的纤维增强的复合材料。由于防止翼部的后缘在叶片尖端附近与主方向对齐,所以将翼部从后缘撕开变得更加困难,否则由于垂直于其主方向的叶片主体的各向异性材料的强度较低,可使翼部从后缘撕开更容易。
本公开还提供具有多个此类叶片的涡轮机、具有多个此类叶片的风扇以及包括此风扇的涡轮风扇。
附图说明
通过阅读下面作为非限制性示例示出的实施例的详细描述,能够更好地理解本发明并且更好地显现其优点。该描述参考附图,其中:
·图1为涡轮风扇的示意性透视图;
·图2为叶片的第一实施例中的图1的涡轮风扇的旋转叶片的吸力侧的示意性透视图;以及
·图3为图2的叶片在平面III-III上的局部剖视图。
具体实施方式
图1示出具有气体发生器单元12和风扇14的涡轮风扇10。风扇14具有围绕中心轴线X径向布置的多个旋转叶片16,这些叶片具有空气动力学轮廓以便在叶片旋转并且被风扇壳体包围时推动空气。因此,如图2和图3所示,每个叶片16存在前缘18、尾缘20、压力侧22、吸力侧24、叶片尖端26和叶片根部28。此外,叶片16包括由复合材料、特别是具有由纤维增强的聚合物基体制成的叶片主体30。这些纤维会呈现至少一个特定的取向,从而产生至少一个主强度方向,并且因此产生有各向异性的材料。更具体地,为了更好地经受叶片上的离心力和弯曲力,该主方向可以是叶片16从叶片根部28到叶片尖端26的高度方向。
在正常操作中,相对气流基本上朝向每个叶片16的前缘18取向。因此,前缘18尤其暴露于冲击。因此用集成在每个叶片16中的前缘护罩32来保护前缘18是合适的。换句话说,前缘护罩32装配在叶片主体30上。
前缘护罩32由具有比叶片主体30的复合材料更好的抗点冲击性的材料制成。前缘护罩32主要由金属制成,并且更具体地由例如钛基合金、诸如TA6V(Ti-6Al-4V)制成。前缘护罩32可同样由钢或注册商标InconelTM通常所指的金属合金制成。以下使用术语“铬镍铁合金(Inconel)”来指代基于与镍和铬形成合金的铁的合金。
特别如图3所示,前缘护罩32具有压力侧翼部34、吸力侧翼部36和较厚的中心部段38,该中心部段38覆盖叶片主体30的边缘并且在前缘18处将压力侧翼部34和吸力侧翼部36接合在一起。压力侧翼部34和吸力侧翼部36用于将护罩32定位在叶片主体30上,并且还用于使冲击能量消散。压力侧翼部34和吸力侧翼部36中的每个在从底缘50到顶缘51的高度H上延伸并且沿从前缘18到对应的后缘40、42的长度延伸。
为了更好地使冲击后通过护罩32传播的失真波的能量消散,吸力侧翼部36的后缘42在其整个长度上不平行于前缘18,而是在顶缘51附近在邻近顶缘51的整个区段S1上以这样的方式倾斜,即,使得顶缘51的切线t51和后缘42的任何点的切线t42之间的相交角小于75°,或者甚至小于60°。区段S1可例如从顶缘51延伸超过护罩30的高度H的10%或者甚至15%。后缘42朝向前缘18的倾斜随着朝向顶缘51而局部地减小了吸力侧翼部36的长度,这有助于防止护罩32的任何局部分离沿后缘42扩散。
由于叶片主体30的复合材料的纤维F中的至少一些沿叶片16的高度取向,叶片主体30的复合材料的该主方向呈现角度β,该角度β在与吸力侧翼部36的内表面基本上平行的平面中相对于护罩32的顶缘51基本上成直角。更具体地,该角度β可位于60°与120°的范围内,或者甚至位于75°与105°的范围内。更特别地,如图3所示,即使叶片主体30的复合材料可被覆盖在该表面上的清漆或油漆层中,该取向的纤维F可结合在一层(例如,单向或在至少两个方向上编织的纤维层)中,该层接近或者甚至邻近吸力侧24。
吸力侧翼部36的后缘42在顶缘51附近的倾斜特别用于确保区段S1中的后缘42的任何点的切线t42之间的相交角α比角度β基本上小例如至少5°、或甚至10°、或甚至15°或25°,以避免后缘42与这些纤维F对齐,这将使得后缘42在冲击的情况下更容易被撕掉一个或多个复合材料碎片。
尽管参照具体实施例描述本发明,但是显然在不超出如权利要求所限定的本发明的一般范围的情况下,可对此实施例进行各种修改和改变。特别地,尽管在所描述和示出的实施例中,只有吸力侧翼部在顶缘的附近呈现倾斜的后缘,但是本发明也适用于压力侧翼部,或者甚至适用于两个翼部。因此,说明书和附图应该被认为是说明性的而不是限制性的。

Claims (6)

1.一种叶片(16),所述叶片(16)沿从叶片根部到叶片尖端的高度延伸,并且所述叶片(16)包括:叶片主体(30)和装配在所述叶片主体(30)上的前缘护罩(32),所述叶片主体(30)由各向异性材料制成,并且所述前缘护罩(32)由具有比所述叶片主体(30)的所述各向异性材料更好的抗点冲击性的材料制成,所述前缘护罩(32)包括两个翼部(34、36),每个翼部沿从底缘(50)到顶缘(51)的高度(H)延伸并且沿从所述前缘到相应的后缘(40、42)的长度延伸,所述翼部在所述前缘(18)上连接在一起,并且所述翼部(34、36)中的至少一个呈现区段(S1),所述区段(S1)邻近所述顶缘(51)并且在所述高度(H)的至少6%上延伸,所述相应的后缘(40、42)以这样的方式朝向所述顶缘(51)倾斜,即,使得所述区段(S1)中的所述顶缘(51)的切线(t51)和所述后缘的任何点的切线(t42)之间的相交角(α)小于75°,所述各向异性材料包括具有主强度方向的至少一层,所述主强度方向基本上平行于邻近所述区段(S1)的翼部的内表面并且相对于所述顶缘(51)呈现角度(β),所述角度(β)基本上大于所述区段(S1)中的所述相交角(α)的最大值。
2.根据权利要求1所述的叶片(16),其特征在于,所述相交角(α)小于60°。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的叶片(16),其特征在于,所述前缘护罩由金属材料制成。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的叶片(16),其特征在于,所述各向异性材料为用沿至少所述主方向取向的纤维增强的复合材料。
5.一种风扇(14),所述风扇(14)包括多个根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的叶片(16)。
6.一种涡轮风扇(10),所述涡轮风扇(10)包括根据权利要求5所述的风扇。
CN201680079056.8A 2015-12-21 2016-12-21 叶片、相关联风扇和涡轮喷气发动机 Active CN108474259B (zh)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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FR1563009 2015-12-21
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EP3394399B1 (fr) 2021-07-07
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WO2017109408A1 (fr) 2017-06-29
US20190010807A1 (en) 2019-01-10
FR3045713A1 (fr) 2017-06-23
US10619486B2 (en) 2020-04-14
CN108474259B (zh) 2020-10-09

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