CN108437579A - 一种耐高温吸波复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于新材料技术领域，具体涉及到一种耐高温吸波复合材料及其制备方法，该耐高温吸波复合材料包括：三维编织结构和均匀分布在三维编织结构中的耐高温吸收剂；所述的三维编织结构纤维由n层耐高温吸波复合纤维编织而成，所述的耐高温吸波复合纤维由吸波纤维和耐高温纤维组成，并且吸波纤维的含量在三维编织结构中自上而下含量逐层递增，其中n为正整数；该制备方法由不同纤维交捻、合束、三维编织，然后浸渍、定型、烧结制得，制得的复合材料耐高温、吸收频段宽、吸收强度高、结构厚度可调，适用于高温隐身技术。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于新材料技术领域，具体涉及到一种耐高温吸波复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
现代战争中快速发展的探测和制导技术已经对军事目标和武器装备构成日益严重的威胁，其中在远距离侦察和探测中，雷达仍是探测军事目标最主要和最可靠的手段。因此，雷达隐身技术是提高武器装备突防能力、生存能力和作战效能的重要手段，吸波材料能有效吸收入射的电磁波，并将电磁能转化为热能消耗或干涉相消，使回波强度显著减弱。在飞机、导弹、坦克、舰艇、弹药库等武器装备和设施上覆盖吸波材料，可以吸收雷达波，衰减反射信号，是反雷达探测、实现目标雷达隐身的重要手段之一。
随着我国新型战机和导弹等空中武器装备的快速发展，战斗机、巡航导弹等空中武器装备的尾喷管、鼻锥帽、机翼前沿等部件工作温度可达到700℃甚至1000℃以上，对雷达波反射较强，成为影响新型武器装备隐身性能的关键因素。而目前已经在武器装备上应用的吸波材料主要以磁性吸收剂为主，具有厚度薄、吸收强、多波段兼容等优点，但绝大部分磁性吸收剂居里温度较低、高温抗氧化性差，在高温下失去磁性，从而大大降低吸波性能，因此，目前常用的磁性吸收剂只适用于常温部件的隐身。同时，磁性吸收剂填充聚合物基复合材料，在高温下磁性吸收剂失去磁性、聚合物基体分解，无法应用于上述装备高温部件的雷达吸波隐身。因此急需研究耐高温吸波材料，为新型战机和导弹等空中武器装备的高温隐身提供关键技术支撑。
目前国内外关于耐高温吸波材料的报道较少，其中公告号为CN107039778A的中国发明公开了一种基于双层超材料的耐高温雷达吸波材料及其制备方法，该耐高温雷达吸波材料由内到外依次包括内层介质层、内层电阻型高温超材料层、中间介质层材料层、外层电阻型高温超材料层和外层介质层，其内层介质层、中间介质层和外层介质层均为连续氧化物纤维增强氧化物复合材料，该发明主要是通过由内到外的多层结构来达到耐高温吸波效果的。
公告号为CN106007804A的中国发明申请公开了一种耐高温高阻抗表面雷达吸波材料及其制备方法，该发明为双层结构，包括处于底部的介质基底层和处于表层的高阻抗表面层，所述介质基底层为氧化物纤维增强氧化物基复合材料；所述高阻抗表面层主要由呈周期性图案的耐高温电阻涂层组成。
上述发明均采用连续氧化物纤维增强氧化物复合材料制得的层状结构来达到耐高温吸波效果的，为了克服现有技术的不足，本发明提供了一种耐高温吸波复合材料及其制备方法，为三维编织结构。
发明内容
本发明的目的之一是提供一种吸收频段宽、吸收强度高、结构厚度可调的耐高温(＞1000℃)吸波复合材料，目的之二是提供该耐高温吸波复合材料的制备方法，工艺简单、操作方便。
本发明目的之一通过以下技术方案来实现：
一种耐高温吸波复合材料，包括：
三维编织结构A和均匀分布在三维编织结构中的耐高温吸收剂；所述的三维编织结构A由n层耐高温吸波复合纤维编织而成，所述的耐高温吸波复合纤维由吸波纤维和耐高温纤维组成，并且吸波纤维的含量在三维编织结构中自上而下含量逐层递增，其中，n为正整数。
本发明目的之一还可以通过以下技术方案来实现：
所述的n层为5或6层。
所述的吸波纤维在耐高温吸波复合纤维中的质量分数为10-80％。
所述的耐高温吸收剂为碳化硅、氮化硅、碳黑、氧化锌的一种或多种。
所述的耐高温纤维为氧化锆纤维、氧化铝纤维、石英玻璃纤维、硅酸铝纤维、玄武岩纤维的一种或多种。
所述的吸波纤维为碳纤维、碳化硅纤维、多晶铁纤维的一种或多种。
本发明目的之二通过以下技术方案来实现：
该耐高温吸波复合材料的制备方法，按如下步骤进行：
(1)将不同数量的吸波纤维与耐高温纤维交捻、合束，分别制备不同吸波纤维含量的耐高温吸波复合纤维；
(2)将步骤(1)得到的耐高温吸波复合纤维按照吸波纤维含量由低到高依次进行编织，制得耐高温吸波复合纤维一体化三维结构；
(3)将步骤(2)得到的耐高温吸波复合纤维一体化三维结构，均匀浸渍在耐高温吸收剂的前驱体溶胶中，然后定型干燥，最后在惰性气氛中高温高压烧结，得到耐高温吸波复合材料。
本发明目的之二还可以通过以下技术方案来实现：
步骤(3)中所述的定型干燥温度为150～200℃，时间为30min～180min。
步骤(3)中所述的高温高压烧结温度为1000～1200℃，压力为10～30MPa，时间为120min～240min。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下优点：
(1)本发明通过将不同数量的吸波纤维与耐高温纤维交捻合束，形成不同吸波纤维含量的耐高温吸波复合纤维，编织成介电常数渐变一体化三维结构，能够在较宽的频段范围内调节其介电常数，满足高温下宽频段雷达波吸收的要求。
(2)本发明通过一体化三维编织结构中起框架作用的耐高温纤维，以及呈梯度分布的吸波纤维和浸渍填充的耐高温吸收剂，实现高温下雷达波强吸收的要求。
(3)本发明法工艺简单、安全可靠、操作方便，易于规模化批量生产。
附图说明
图1为本发明的耐高温吸波复合材料三维编织结构纵向截面结构图；
其中，A代表耐高温吸波复合纤维，B代表耐高温吸收剂；
1，2，3……n-1，n代表三维编织结构中不同含量吸波纤维的耐高温吸波复合纤维层数。
具体实施方式
通过以下实施例对本发明做进一步的说明，这些实施例非限定性实施方式，只是用于具体说明本发明，本领域的技术人员完全可以根据本发明的思路和工艺原理筛选出的配方或是工艺参数均为本发明的保护范围。
需要说明的是，本实施例中所提供的图示仅以示意方式说明本发明的基本结构，图中仅显示与本发明中有关的结构组成而非按照实际实施时的结构数目、形状及尺寸绘制，其实际实施时各组件的型态、数量及比例可为一种随意的改变，且其组件布局型态也可能更为复杂。
实施例1：一种耐高温吸波复合纤维
如图1所示三维编织结构A，内部均匀分布耐高温吸收剂B；
其中，三维编织结构A由5层耐高温吸波复合纤维编织而成，耐高温吸波复合纤维由吸波纤维和耐高温纤维组成，其中吸波纤维在耐高温吸波复合纤维的质量分数自上而下5-1层逐层为10％、20％、35％、50％、70％；
耐高温吸收剂B为碳化硅；耐高温纤维为氧化铝纤维；吸波纤维为碳纤维；
制备方法为：
(1)将不同数量的吸波纤维与耐高温纤维交捻、合束，分别制备吸波纤维质量分数为10％、20％、35％、50％、70％的耐高温吸波复合纤维；
(2)将步骤(1)得到的耐高温吸波复合纤维按照吸波纤维含量由低到高依次进行编织，制得耐高温吸波复合纤维一体化三维结构；
(3)将步骤(2)得到的耐高温吸波复合纤维一体化三维结构，均匀浸渍在耐高温吸收剂的前驱体溶胶中，然后在温度为150℃定型干燥60min，最后在20MPa惰性气氛中1100℃烧结180min，得到耐高温吸波复合材料。
实施例2：一种高温吸波复合纤维
如图1所示三维编织结构A，内部均匀分布耐高温吸收剂B；
其中，三维编织结构A由6层耐高温吸波复合纤维编织而成，耐高温吸波复合纤维由吸波纤维和耐高温纤维组成，其中吸波纤维在耐高温吸波复合纤维的质量分数自上而下6-1层逐层为10％、25％、40％、50％、65％、80％；
耐高温吸收剂B为碳化硅；耐高温纤维为氧化锆纤维；吸波纤维为碳化硅纤维；
制备方法为：
(1)将不同数量的吸波纤维与耐高温纤维交捻、合束，分别制备吸波纤维质量分数为10％、25％、40％、50％、65％、80％的耐高温吸波复合纤维；
(2)将步骤(1)得到的耐高温吸波复合纤维按照吸波纤维含量由低到高依次进行编织，制得耐高温吸波复合纤维一体化三维结构；
(3)将步骤(2)得到的耐高温吸波复合纤维一体化三维结构，均匀浸渍在耐高温吸收剂的前驱体溶胶中，然后在温度为150℃定型干燥120min，最后在15MPa惰性气氛中1200℃烧结120min，得到耐高温吸波复合材料。
实施例3：一种高温吸波复合纤维
如图1所示三维编织结构A，内部均匀分布耐高温吸收剂B；
其中，三维编织结构A由5层耐高温吸波复合纤维编织而成，耐高温吸波复合纤维由吸波纤维和耐高温纤维组成，其中吸波纤维在耐高温吸波复合纤维的质量分数自上而下5-1层逐层为15％、30％、45％、60％、75％；
耐高温吸收剂B为氧化锌；耐高温纤维为硅酸铝纤维；吸波纤维为碳纤维；
制备方法为：
(1)将不同数量的吸波纤维与耐高温纤维交捻、合束，分别制备吸波纤维质量分数为15％、30％、45％、60％、75％的耐高温吸波复合纤维；
(2)将步骤(1)得到的耐高温吸波复合纤维按照吸波纤维含量由低到高依次进行编织，制得耐高温吸波复合纤维一体化三维结构；
(3)将步骤(2)得到的耐高温吸波复合纤维一体化三维结构，均匀浸渍在耐高温吸收剂的前驱体溶胶中，然后在温度为180℃定型干燥150min，最后在25MPa惰性气氛中1000℃烧结240min，得到耐高温吸波复合材料。
实施例4：一种高温吸波复合纤维
如图1所示三维编织结构A，内部均匀分布耐高温吸收剂B；
其中，三维编织结构A由6层耐高温吸波复合纤维编织而成，耐高温吸波复合纤维由吸波纤维和耐高温纤维组成，其中吸波纤维在耐高温吸波复合纤维的质量分数自上而下6-1层逐层为10％、20％、40％、55％、65％、80％；
耐高温吸收剂B为碳黑；耐高温纤维为玄武岩纤维；吸波纤维为碳纤维；
制备方法为：
(1)将不同数量的吸波纤维与耐高温纤维交捻、合束，分别制备吸波纤维质量分数为10％、20％、40％、55％、65％、80％的耐高温吸波复合纤维；
(2)将步骤(1)得到的耐高温吸波复合纤维按照吸波纤维含量由低到高依次进行编织，制得耐高温吸波复合纤维一体化三维结构；
(3)将步骤(2)得到的耐高温吸波复合纤维一体化三维结构，均匀浸渍在耐高温吸收剂的前驱体溶胶中，然后在温度为180℃定型干燥180min，最后在30MPa惰性气氛中1100℃烧结210min，得到耐高温吸波复合材料。
实施例5：一种高温吸波复合纤维
如图1所示三维编织结构A，内部均匀分布耐高温吸收剂B；
其中，三维编织结构A由6层耐高温吸波复合纤维编织而成，耐高温吸波复合纤维由吸波纤维和耐高温纤维组成，其中吸波纤维在耐高温吸波复合纤维的质量分数自上而下5-1层逐层为20％、35％、45％、60％、70％；
耐高温吸收剂B为氮化硅；耐高温纤维为石英玻璃纤维；吸波纤维为多晶铁纤维；
制备方法为：
(1)将不同数量的吸波纤维与耐高温纤维交捻、合束，分别制备吸波纤维质量分数为20％、35％、45％、60％、70％的耐高温吸波复合纤维；
(2)将步骤(1)得到的耐高温吸波复合纤维按照吸波纤维含量由低到高依次进行编织，制得耐高温吸波复合纤维一体化三维结构；
(3)将步骤(2)得到的耐高温吸波复合纤维一体化三维结构，均匀浸渍在耐高温吸收剂的前驱体溶胶中，然后在温度为200℃定型干燥30min，最后在10MPa惰性气氛中1200℃烧结150min，得到耐高温吸波复合材料。
Claims (9)
1.一种耐高温吸波复合材料，其特征在于，包括：
三维编织结构A和均匀分布在三维编织结构中的耐高温吸收剂；
所述的三维编织结构A由n层耐高温吸波复合纤维编织而成，所述的耐高温吸波复合纤维由吸波纤维和耐高温纤维组成，并且吸波纤维的含量在三维编织结构中自上而下含量逐层递增，其中，n为正整数。
2.根据权利要求1所述的耐高温吸波复合材料，其特征在于，所述的n层为5或6层。
3.根据权利要求1所述的耐高温吸波复合材料，其特征在于，所述的吸波纤维在耐高温吸波复合纤维中的质量分数为10-80％。
4.根据权利要求1所述的耐高温吸波复合材料，其特征在于，所述的耐高温吸收剂为碳化硅、氮化硅、碳黑、氧化锌的一种或多种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的耐高温吸波复合材料，其特征在于，所述的耐高温纤维为氧化锆纤维、氧化铝纤维、石英玻璃纤维、硅酸铝纤维、玄武岩纤维的一种或多种。
6.根据权利要求1所述的耐高温吸波复合材料，其特征在于，所述的吸波纤维为碳纤维、碳化硅纤维、多晶铁纤维的一种或多种。
7.一种权利要求1-6任一所述的耐高温吸波复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，按如下步骤进行：
(1)将不同数量的吸波纤维与耐高温纤维交捻、合束，分别制备不同吸波纤维的耐高温吸波复合纤维；
(2)将步骤(1)得到的耐高温吸波复合纤维按照吸波纤维含量由低到高依次进行编织，制得耐高温吸波复合纤维一体化三维结构；
(3)将步骤(2)得到的耐高温吸波复合纤维一体化三维结构，均匀浸渍在耐高温吸收剂的前驱体溶胶中，然后定型干燥，最后在惰性气氛中高温高压烧结，得到耐高温吸波复合材料。
8.根据权利要求7所述的耐高温吸波复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(3)中所述的定型干燥温度为150～200℃，时间为30min～180min。
9.根据权利要求7所述的耐高温吸波复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(3)中所述的高温高压烧结温度为1000～1200℃，压力为10～30MPa，时间为120min～240min。
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