CN108394882B - Ultra-light porous carbon material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Ultra-light porous carbon material and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN108394882B
CN108394882B CN201810190668.5A CN201810190668A CN108394882B CN 108394882 B CN108394882 B CN 108394882B CN 201810190668 A CN201810190668 A CN 201810190668A CN 108394882 B CN108394882 B CN 108394882B
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porous carbon
carbon material
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light porous
metal
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CN108394882A (en
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席广成
李俊芳
李梦晨
白桦
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Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine CAIQ
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/05Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/20Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/28Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J20/28054Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/30Active carbon
    • C01B32/312Preparation
    • C01B32/318Preparation characterised by the starting materials
    • C01B32/324Preparation characterised by the starting materials from waste materials, e.g. tyres or spent sulfite pulp liquor
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/30Active carbon
    • C01B32/312Preparation
    • C01B32/342Preparation characterised by non-gaseous activating agents
    • C01B32/348Metallic compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/281Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using inorganic sorbents
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2220/00Aspects relating to sorbent materials
    • B01J2220/40Aspects relating to the composition of sorbent or filter aid materials
    • B01J2220/48Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation
    • B01J2220/4812Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation the starting material being of organic character
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/20Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30Organic compounds
    • C02F2101/308Dyes; Colorants; Fluorescent agents

Abstract

The invention relates to an ultra-light porous carbon material and a preparation method thereof, wherein the ultra-light porous carbon material has a macroporous structure with the aperture of 50-300 nm, a mesoporous structure with the aperture of 2-50nm and a microporous structure with the aperture smaller than 2nm, and the specific surface area is 2000-2500 m2(ii)/g; the invention also discloses a preparation method of the porous carbon material, and the ultralight porous carbon material has a three-stage pore channel structure, so that the adsorption, separation, column packing and catalysis performances are improved; metal can be loaded, the metal components are uniformly distributed, and the performance of the material can be effectively regulated and controlled; the preparation process of the ultra-light porous carbon material is simple to operate, has low requirements on equipment, and has industrial practicability and high universality.

Description

Ultra-light porous carbon material and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of ultra-light carbon materials, and particularly relates to an ultra-light porous carbon material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The porous carbon material refers to carbon materials with different pore structures, and the pore size of the carbon materials ranges from nanometer superfine pores with the equivalent molecular size to micron-sized pores, namely, the carbon materials have micropores smaller than 2nm, mesopores of 2-50nm and macroporous structures larger than 50 nm. The porous carbon material has high specific surface area, high porosity, good electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, and controllable pore size and surface performance, and can be widely applied to the fields of catalyst carriers, supercapacitors, catalysts, adsorbents, gas storage and the like. The synthesis methods of the porous carbon material mainly include a hard template method, a soft template method and the like, but the methods often have the problems of high cost, complex synthesis process or low purity, and the wider application of the porous carbon material is hindered.
The rice hulls, barks, waste tea leaves and the like are common low-value energy resources in China, and the rice hulls, barks, waste tea leaves and the like cause pollution and damage to the environment no matter the waste tea leaves are burnt or discarded in the field, so that the method for producing the activated carbon by effectively utilizing the biomass can generate great influence on the economic, environmental and social problems of China; at present, no known method exists, low-value energy can be simply and rapidly converted into the ultra-light porous carbon material, and various different metals or metal oxides can be well loaded, so that the metal or metal oxide loaded ultra-light porous carbon material with large specific surface area and good separation, enrichment and catalysis effects is obtained.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide an ultra-light porous carbon material and a preparation method thereof.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized according to the following technical scheme:
the ultralight porous carbon material has a macroporous structure with the aperture of 50-300 nm, a mesoporous structure with the aperture of 2-50nm and a microporous structure with the aperture of less than 2nm, and the specific surface area of the ultralight porous carbon material is 2000-2500 m2/g。
Further, the ultra-light porous carbon material is loaded with metal, the metal accounts for 0.5% -3% of the ultra-light porous carbon material by mass, and the particle size of the metal particles is 2-20 nm.
Further, the metal is any one of Au, Ag, Pt and Pd.
The preparation method of the ultralight porous carbon material comprises the following steps:
1) removing the outer skin layer of the shaddock peel, and freeze-drying;
2) adding 100-2000 parts of shaddock peel and 70000 parts of water into a hydrothermal reaction kettle according to the parts by weight, heating to 160-200 ℃, and reacting for 20-30 hours;
3) filtering and drying the reaction product obtained in the step 2), adding 15-20 ml of 6-8 mol/L KOH solution into each gram of the dried product, soaking for 15-25 h, filtering, and drying.
4) Roasting the product obtained in the step 3) under the condition of a non-oxidizing atmosphere, wherein the roasting temperature is 700-900 ℃, the roasting time is 2-5 hours, soaking the roasted product in an acid solution for 20-25 hours, then filtering, washing with deionized water until the filtrate is neutral, and drying at the temperature of 60-70 ℃.
Further, in the step 1), the freeze-drying process includes: firstly, storing the shaddock peel with the outer peel layer removed for 90-150 min at the temperature of-20 ℃ to-30 ℃ and at the temperature of 100 MT; then storing for 300-500 min at-10 deg.C to-20 deg.C and 100 MT; then preserving for 300-500 min at-2 deg.C to-10 deg.C and 100 MT; and finally, storing for 200-500 min at 20-40 ℃ and 20 MT.
Further, in the step 4), the acid solution is a 2% -10% hydrochloric acid solution, and the mass ratio of the hydrochloric acid solution to the roasted product is 50: 1-80: 1.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the ultralight porous carbon material, which comprises the following steps:
1) removing the outer skin layer of the shaddock peel, and freeze-drying;
2) adding 5-10 parts by weight of load metal salt, 100-2000 parts by weight of shaddock peel and 70000 parts by weight of water into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, heating to 160-200 ℃, and reacting for 20-30 hours;
3) filtering and drying the reaction product obtained in the step 2), adding 15-20 ml of 6-8 mol/L KOH solution into each gram of the dried product, soaking for 15-25 h, filtering, and drying.
4) Roasting the product obtained in the step 3) under the condition of a non-oxidizing atmosphere, wherein the roasting temperature is 700-900 ℃, the roasting time is 2-5 hours, soaking the roasted product in an acid solution for 20-25 hours, then filtering, washing with deionized water until the filtrate is neutral, and drying at the temperature of 60-70 ℃.
Further, in the step 1), the freeze-drying process includes: firstly, storing the shaddock peel with the outer peel layer removed for 90-150 min at the temperature of-20 ℃ to-30 ℃ and at the temperature of 100 MT; then storing for 300-500 min at-10 deg.C to-20 deg.C and 100 MT; then preserving for 300-500 min at-2 deg.C to-10 deg.C and 100 MT; and finally, storing for 200-500 min at 20-40 ℃ and 20 MT.
Further, in the step 2), the supported metal salt is any one of chloroauric acid, silver nitrate, chloroplatinic acid and palladium chloride.
Further, in the step 4), the acid solution is a 2% -10% hydrochloric acid solution, and the mass ratio of the hydrochloric acid solution to the roasted product is 50: 1-80: 1.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the ultra-light porous carbon material has a very large specific surface area and a three-stage pore channel structure, and improves the performances of adsorption, separation, column packing, catalysis and the like.
2. The ultra-light porous carbon material realizes the loading of various different metal components, the metal components are uniformly distributed, and the material performance can be effectively regulated and controlled.
3. The preparation process of the ultralight porous carbon material is simple to operate, has low requirements on equipment, and has industrial practicability.
4. According to the preparation method of the ultra-light porous carbon material, the shaddock peel and the metal precursor participate in reaction together to obtain the loaded material, and the metal components are uniformly distributed and have small particle size.
5. The preparation method of the ultra-light porous carbon material has the significance of environmental protection and high universality.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an SEM image of the ultra-light porous carbon material synthesized in example 3.
Fig. 2 is a TEM image of the ultra-light porous carbon material synthesized in example 3.
Fig. 3 is a graph of isothermal adsorption-desorption curves of the ultra-light porous carbon material synthesized in example 3.
Fig. 4 is a raman spectrum of the ultra-light porous carbon material synthesized in example 3.
Fig. 5 is a graph showing the results of the saturation adsorption amount of the ultralight porous carbon material synthesized in example 3 to dyes and heavy metals.
Fig. 6 is an SEM image of the ultra-light porous carbon material synthesized in example 4.
Fig. 7 is a TEM image of the ultra-light porous carbon material synthesized in example 4.
Fig. 8 is an XRD pattern of the ultra-light porous carbon material synthesized in example 4.
FIG. 9 is a graph showing catalytic effect of the ultra-light porous carbon materials synthesized in examples 4 to 7, respectively.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is further explained in detail by the following figures and specific embodiments.
Example 1:
the ultralight porous carbon material has a macroporous structure with the aperture of 50-300 nm, a mesoporous structure with the aperture of 2-50nm and a microporous structure with the aperture of less than 2nm, and the specific surface area of the ultralight porous carbon material is 2000-2500 m2/g。
Example 2:
on the basis of the embodiment 1, the ultra-light porous carbon material is loaded with metal, the metal accounts for 0.5-3% of the ultra-light porous carbon material by mass, and the particle size of the metal particles is 2-20 nm.
Further, the metal is any one of Au, Ag, Pt and Pd.
Example 3:
the preparation method of the ultralight porous carbon material in embodiment 1 of the invention comprises the following steps:
1) removing peel layer of pericarpium Citri Grandis, and storing in freeze drier at-25 deg.C and 100MT for 120 min; then storing at-15 deg.C under 100MT for 400 min; storing at-5 deg.C under 100MT for 400 min; finally storing for 400min at 30 ℃ and 20 MT;
2) adding 1.5g of the shaddock peel obtained in the step 1) and 70ml of deionized water into a 100ml hydrothermal reaction kettle, heating to 180 ℃, reacting for 24h, and cooling to room temperature;
3) filtering and drying the reaction product obtained in the step 2), soaking the dried product in 25ml of 7mol/L KOH solution for 20 hours, filtering and drying;
4) and (3) placing the product obtained in the step (3) in a tubular furnace, heating to 800 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere for 3h, keeping for 2h, cooling to room temperature, soaking the roasted product in 40ml of 5% hydrochloric acid solution for 24h, filtering, washing with deionized water until the filtrate is neutral, and drying at 60 ℃ to obtain the ultralight porous carbon material.
The ultra-light porous carbon material prepared by the preparation method of embodiment 3 of the invention is measured by a nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiment to have an average pore diameter of 3.0nm and a specific surface area of 2479m2(ii)/g; as can be seen from fig. 1, 2, 3 and 4, the material prepared in example 3 of the present invention is an ultra-light porous carbon material.
Selecting 50mg of the ultralight porous carbon material prepared by the preparation method in the embodiment 3, respectively adding 50mg of the ultralight porous carbon material into 100mL of 500mg/L rhodamine B, methyl orange, rhodamine 6G, lead nitrate, cadmium nitrate and chromium nitrate solution, stirring at room temperature for 24h, and testing the content of the dye and the heavy metal in the solution to obtain the saturated adsorption capacity of the ultralight porous carbon material on the dye and the heavy metal, as shown in FIG. 5, and as can be seen from FIG. 5, the ultralight porous carbon material has super-strong adsorption capacity on the fuel and the heavy metal.
Example 4:
the preparation method of the ultralight porous carbon material in embodiment 2 of the invention comprises the following steps:
1) removing peel layer of pericarpium Citri Grandis, placing into freeze dryer, and storing at-30 deg.C and 100MT for 140 min; then storing at-15 deg.C under 100MT for 500 min; storing at-5 deg.C under 100MT for 500 min; finally, storing for 500min at 30 ℃ and 20 MT;
2) 1.5g of the shaddock peel in the step 1), 1mL of 10g/L chloroauric acid aqueous solution and 69mL of deionized water are added into a 100mL hydrothermal reaction kettle, the mixture is heated to 180 ℃, reacted for 22 hours and cooled to room temperature;
3) filtering and drying the reaction product obtained in the step 2), soaking the dried product in 20ml of 7mol/L KOH solution for 20 hours, filtering and drying;
4) and (3) placing the product obtained in the step (3) in a tubular furnace, heating to 800 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere for 3h, keeping for 2h, cooling to room temperature, soaking the roasted product in 40ml of 5% hydrochloric acid solution for 20h, filtering, washing with deionized water until the filtrate is neutral, and drying at 60 ℃ to obtain the Au-loaded ultra-light porous carbon material.
The ultra-light porous carbon material prepared in example 4 of the present invention was subjected to EDS test, and the test results are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1
Element(s) Atomic percent
C K 96.10
O K 3.64
Au M 0.26
Total amount of 100
The ultrasounds prepared in inventive example 4The average pore diameter of the light porous carbon material is 2.9nm and the specific surface area is 2036m measured by a nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiment2(ii)/g; as can be seen from fig. 6, 7 and 8, the material prepared in example 4 of the present invention is an ultra-light porous carbon material.
Example 5:
the process of this example is essentially the same as example 4, except that in step 2) the chloroauric acid is replaced by silver nitrate.
Example 6:
the process of this example is essentially the same as example 4, except that chloroauric acid is replaced with chloroplatinic acid in step 2).
Example 7:
the process of this example is essentially the same as example 4, except that in step 2) the gold acid chloride is replaced by palladium chloride.
The porous carbon materials prepared in the embodiments 4 to 7 of the present invention, 1mg, 2.9ml of 0.2mM of 4-NP, and 0.1ml of 0.3M NaHB solution, respectively, were placed in a cuvette for a catalytic performance test, and the concentration of 4-NP in the solution was tested every 2min, and the test results are shown in FIG. 9, and it can be seen from FIG. 9 that the porous carbon materials prepared in the embodiments 4 to 7 of the present invention, respectively, have very good catalytic effects.
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and any variations, modifications, and alterations that may occur to one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention.

Claims (1)

1. A preparation method of an ultralight porous carbon material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1), removing an outer skin layer of shaddock peel, and carrying out freeze drying;
in the step 1), removing an outer skin layer of the shaddock peel, putting the shaddock peel into a freeze dryer, and preserving the shaddock peel for 140min at the temperature of minus 30 ℃ and 100 MT; then storing for 500min at-15 deg.C and 100 MT; then storing for 500min at-5 deg.C and 100 MT; finally storing for 500min at 30 deg.C and 20 MT;
step 2) taking 1.5g of the shaddock peel in the step 1), 1mL of 10g/L chloroauric acid aqueous solution and 69mL of deionized water, adding the obtained mixture into a 100mL hydrothermal reaction kettle, heating to 180 ℃, reacting for 22h, and cooling to room temperature;
step 3) filtering and drying the reaction product obtained in the step 2), adding 20ml of 7mol/L KOH solution into each gram of the dried product for soaking for 20 hours, filtering and drying;
step 4) placing the product obtained in the step 3) into a tubular furnace, heating to 800 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere for 3h, keeping for 2h, cooling to room temperature, soaking the roasted product in an acid solution for 20h, then filtering, washing with deionized water until the filtrate is neutral, and drying at 60 ℃; the acid solution was 40ml of a 5% hydrochloric acid solution, and the mass ratio of the hydrochloric acid solution to the calcined product was 50: 1-80: 1; the obtained ultra-light porous carbon material has a macroporous structure with the aperture of 50-300 nm, a mesoporous structure with the aperture of 2-50nm and a microporous structure with the aperture of less than 2nm, and the specific surface area of the ultra-light porous carbon material is 2000-2500 m2The ultra-light porous carbon material is loaded with metal, the mass ratio of the metal to the ultra-light porous carbon material is 0.5% -3%, the particle size of metal particles is 2-20 nm, and the metal is Au.
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CN110203931A (en) * 2019-07-01 2019-09-06 湖南城市学院 A method of high pressure water system electrode material for super capacitor is prepared using pomelo peel
CN111268666A (en) * 2020-01-20 2020-06-12 上海应用技术大学 Hemicellulose-based carbon material and preparation method thereof
CN113045072A (en) * 2021-02-10 2021-06-29 深圳市彤石科技有限公司 Multistage filtration adsorption unit and waste water recovery water purification system
CN113213478A (en) * 2021-02-10 2021-08-06 杨磊 Porous carbon-based nano material and preparation method and application thereof

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