CN108389156A - Data processing method, system and picture editing method, system - Google Patents
Data processing method, system and picture editing method, system Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T3/00—Geometric image transformations in the plane of the image
- G06T3/40—Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T19/00—Manipulating 3D models or images for computer graphics
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T3/00—Geometric image transformations in the plane of the image
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Abstract
The invention discloses data processing method, system and picture editing method and systems.The data processing method of the present invention comprising, the constraints assigned to data；Determine the object in the data；According to pre-defined rule, according to the object and constraints to the data into edlin.The present invention further discloses data processing system, the edit methods and editing system of picture.The present invention is simple, efficient, strong robustness.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to data processing techniques, further to the edit methods and system of picture.
Background technology
With the development of computer technology, the utilization of digital information is more and more extensive.Number as one of digital information
Picture（Abbreviation picture）Application field it is more and more wider, and to the increased of picture processing, work is complicated trifling, and often
Heavy workload has seriously affected working efficiency or even work quality.For example, in the daily work, generally requiring serial picture
In picture carry out editing and processing so that object therein（Can certainly be picture entirety）Meet such as proportionate relationship
（For example the object in picture to be made to meet certain proportionate relationship, such as proportionate relationship is projected, specific proportionate relationship etc.）, color
Coloured silk, overturning, rotation, background process, is converted, is cut out rendering, and the picture attribute including picture name, resolution ratio etc.
Information etc. is into edlin.
By taking the adjustment of picture ratio as an example, because accounting and size of the object in every width picture in picture are often difference
, corresponding requirement obviously cannot be satisfied by the size adjustment of picture overall dimensions.For shown in Fig. 1, (1) in figure,
(2) picture 1 on figure includes that background image 13 and object 10 are constituted, accounting of the object 10 on two width pictures 1 on picture 1
It is different, is restricted since the background image 13 on picture 1 has the adjustment of object 1, if by two of which picture 1
On the size adjusting of object 10 be to meet certain proportionate relationship, such as 1：1（Certainly, in specific, it is also possible to be required to meet difference
Proportionate relationship, for example, it is wide（Line direction）Meet 1：2, it is high（Column direction）Meet 3：2 etc. or even other increasingly complex transformation）, nothing
Method is realized simply by the size adjusting of picture 1.Especially, if to allow computer to realize above-mentioned adjustment automatically, now
It is clearly that cannot achieve to have technology.
As a kind of specific application example, in the picture of design patent electronic application（Containing photo, similarly hereinafter）It is required that
In, it is desirable that the picture for each view submitted（Containing photo）Ratio having the same is typically now using manual setting, cuts
It cuts out, heavy workload, precision is low, and due to being using softwares such as Adobe Photoshop（Due to being the soft of offshore company
Part, software acquisition is of high cost, and dependence on external supply is strong）It realizes, it can only to the overall dimensions of picture（Including object, background）,
By realizing the adjustment to object size in picture to the adjustment of picture overall dimensions, to attempt to realize pair of each view
As ratio having the same, due to each pictures frame or the width of background（Namely accounting of the object on picture）Often
It is uncertain and inconsistent, therefore, it is difficult to which the object for accurately controlling each view is closed with more accurately equal proportion
System.If when for requiring the object in each pictures to meet other proportionate relationships, this adjustment difficulty bigger.Therefore, right
In above-mentioned picture to cut out or adjust be a problem to be solved.
If will will be increasingly complex to the modification of other parts or even image attribute information, using existing technological means
The smart machines such as computer are made it difficult for carry out mass, automatic business processing to it.
Further, the object 10 in picture 1（Target image in picture）Or in terms of the identification of its profile and border, one
As according to background image 13 and to as 10 pixel value between difference（Such as the well-known softwares of Photoshop of Adobe companies）Come
Judge boundary, that is, whether identical by comparing the pixel value of neighbor pixel（Or it is identical as the sample of selection）, and it is true
In image, the same frame other than the same boundary of any image or boundary or background（Such as white frame or background）Its figure
The pixel value of picture all will not be absolute consistent（Shade that may be present or colour cast etc.）, in order to realize identification and selection, generally
The pixel value is arranged certain tolerance（Threshold value）Range meets the pixel of respective threshold range in pixel value, then it is assumed that
It is identical region, this mode is easy the above-mentioned condition that meets in image, and is not belonging to need the image-region of selection
Pixel is selected, or even by Boundary Recognition mistake, especially for the image of background or frame complexity object therein
It is a problem that boundary, which accurately identify, and the identification method operand is also larger.And for on-fixed object（Arbitrarily
Object）Identification be even more a difficult point.
Invention content
Against the above deficiency, technical problem to be solved by the present invention lies in provide a kind of efficient data processing method and
System realizes the automatic editor to data；And picture editing method and system, it can realize to picture according to being compiled automatically
Volume.
Data processing method, including, according to rule is subscribed, based on the object in data, according to constraints, to data into
Row operation.And
Constraints is assigned to data；Determine the object in the data；（The object be at least one object, can be
In one or more data, similarly hereinafter）
According to pre-defined rule, according to the object and constraints to the data into edlin.
Or,
Determine the object in data；Constraints is assigned to the data；According to pre-defined rule, according to the object and constraint item
Part is to the data into edlin.
Preferably, the object method of determination further comprises, according to Properties of Objects（Feature）, object is given automatically
It identifies and determines.
Data processing system, including, condition given unit, to assign constraints to data；Object determination unit is used
To determine the object in data；Operating unit, to according to pre-defined rule, according to the object and constraints to the data
Into edlin.
Preferably, the object determination unit further comprises Object Identification Module, to according to the feature of object or spy
Sign, automatically identifies object, and determined to the object by object determination unit.
Picture editing method, including, assign corresponding constraints to picture；Identify the object on picture；According to predetermined
Rule, according to picture described in the Attribute tuning of the object and the picture.
Picture editing method, including, identify the object on picture；Corresponding constraints is assigned to picture；According to predetermined
Rule, according to picture described in the Attribute tuning of the object and the picture.
Preferably, the object method of determination further comprises, according to Properties of Objects or feature, gives automatically object
It identifies and determines.
Preferably, the object method of determination further comprises, receives（Input equipment）The intervention information of input, to described
The object of automatic identification is modified and determines.
Picture editing system comprising, condition given unit, to assign constraints to data；Object determination unit,
To determine the object in data；Picture operating unit, to according to pre-defined rule, according to the object and constraints to institute
Data are stated into edlin.
The present invention realizes the automation editing and processing of picture, is not necessarily to manual intervention, or only need in artificial simple intervention,
It can be realized to data, the editing and processing of picture.The processing method provided is in addition to solving the correlation proposed in background technology
Technical problem is also overcomed including because the environment reasons such as light, the variations such as color of picture adjust it based on identification
Whole, amendment or the nonstandard parasexuality modification adjustment of projection relation etc..The detailed impression that the present invention is realized is in follow-up combination technology
Scheme carries out explanation comprehensive in detail.
Description of the drawings
In order to more clearly describe related art scheme according to the present invention, the attached drawing being related to below gives simply
Explanation, it should be apparent that, drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the invention, for ordinary skill people
For member, without creative efforts, other attached drawings are can also be obtained according to these attached drawings.
The structural schematic diagram of Fig. 1 pictures；
Schematic diagram is arranged in the editing area of Fig. 2 one embodiment of the invention（It can be used for quickly assigning corresponding constraint item to picture
Part）；
The pervious original image schematic diagram of Fig. 3 editing and processing；
Fig. 4 carries out picture the status diagram during editing and processing；
The principle schematic that object in Fig. 5-6 pairs of pictures is identified, boundary determines；
After the first object in Fig. 7 pictures is automatically recognized, receive the principle schematic of manual intervention；
The identification of the second object in Fig. 8 pictures determines principle schematic；
Fig. 9 pictures are by automatic edited design sketch（Schematic diagram）；
The automatic identification schematic diagram of object in Figure 10 pictures；
Figure 11 is the measured data schematic diagram that the picture illustrated in Figure 10 is identified（Object 10 in picture 1 is identified,
The row bound of the object 10 recognized from picture 1 through the present invention is 70,229（10 top boundary of object is the 70th row, object 10
Bottom boundary is the 229th row）, the row boundary of object is 35,174（10 left border of object is the 35th row, 10 right side boundary of object
For the 174th row）, the ranks zero is the upper left quarter of picture 1（The orientation of reader）First pixel, this is common
Picture pixels ranks mark mode）；
The pixel iterative for the cup picture 1 that Figure 12 shoots real handset handles measured drawing（Background image is white, and has folding
The noises such as trace and shade, through object 1 of the present invention（Cup）The x coordinate on boundary is respectively（311,1236）, y-coordinate is respectively
（411,1118）, in figure（b）Auxiliary line 4 be the boundary position that is provided according to above-mentioned coordinate；Above-mentioned coordinate is with common
Picture pixels coordinate system, that is, 1 left upper apex pixel point coordinates of picture（X, y）For（0,0）.In figure（a）For original image,
（b）For the picture of the marked auxiliary line in boundary recognized through the invention, curve graph（1）For picture 1 x to（Column direction is carved
Degree is row number）Pixel iterative curve, curve graph（2）Poor obtained curve, curve graph are asked to start adjacent iterative value since row（3）
It is to ask the curve that difference obtains, curve from center to the adjacent iterative value in both sides（2）（3）Given information is identical, only in part
It is different on the direction of performance）；
Figure 13 is that schematic diagram is arranged in the Edit button of another embodiment of the present invention（It can be used for quickly assigning constraint item to picture
Part）；
Figure 14 is that schematic diagram is arranged in the type Edit button of being dragged in of third embodiment of the invention（It can be used for quickly assigning about picture
Beam condition）；
Figure 15 is that schematic diagram is arranged in the selection type Edit button of fourth embodiment of the invention（It can be used for quickly assigning about picture
Beam condition, which is particularly suitable in the smaller equipment of display output screen, such as personal digital assistant device）；
Figure 16 is the content schematic diagram of table one；
Figure 17 is the content schematic diagram of table two；
Figure 18 is the functional block diagram of system of the present invention；
The schematic diagram of Figure 19 data processings of the present invention.
Wherein, Fig. 2,13-14 can be the human-computer interaction port of condition given unit simultaneously；The marquee 2, shearing
Frame 22 is also the man-machine interactive interface for intervening information receiving module.
Reference sign：
1. picture；10. object；11. the first object；12. the second object；13. background image；131. background shadow and noise（The back of the body
Shade, the noise of presentation in scape image）；2. marquee；21. direction signs；22. cutting box（The frame is not necessarily shearing
Path）；3. iterativecurve（The abbreviation of pixel iterative curve）；30. object portion curve（It is the abbreviation of object portion iterativecurve）；
301. object portion curve peak bottoms；31. boundary portion curve（It is the abbreviation of boundary portion iterativecurve）；33. background portion curve（System's back of the body
The abbreviation of scape portion iterativecurve includes the pixel superposition of the noise image in background）；331. ambient noise portion curves；3a. iteration
Difference curve；30a. iteration difference curve peak bottoms；332. noise iteration difference curves；4. auxiliary line.
Specific implementation mode
For the ease of those skilled in the art's a further understanding of the present invention, and clearly recognize recorded in the application
Technical solution, the relevant technologies content that is complete, fully disclosing the present invention, below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings to the specific implementation of the present invention
Mode is described in detail, and certainly, described specific implementation mode only gives one of the present invention in a manner of enumerating
Divide embodiment, is used to help understand the present invention and its core concept.
Based on the embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art are obtained without creative efforts
All other embodiment, and/or without deviating from the spirit and substance of the present invention, even if being closed to various pieces position
The execution of system, each step is sequentially changed, and makes various corresponding change and deformations, but these phases according to the present invention
The change and distortion answered should all belong to the scope of protection of the invention.And the relevant portion in the technical solution of each embodiment can
To re-start combination, to form different embodiments, these variations and combinations can be realized without creative work, for this
It is fully apparent from and can unambiguously be understood for field technology personnel.
In order to make it easy to understand, the relational language in the application is described as follows：
Digital picture（Abbreviation picture）It is by figure, image（Word is also a kind of form of figure, image in picture）Etc. members
The print media that element is constituted, content record foreground image and background image, can be the bitmaps constituted with dot matrix, can also
It is polar plot, in this application, the digital picture includes digital picture（Abbreviation image）.In addition, in this application, if
In the case of not specializing, the picture includes digital picture or the picture of other non-digitalizations.
The elements such as object, the related content recorded in picture, such as the figure, the image that are recorded, or perhaps foreground
One in image, background image or certain part are primarily related to make the foreground image in picture usually as application
Can also be other parts as needed as object certainly for object.
Data, including digital document and data flow, data sequence etc..Digital document includes any format, with digital shape
The file that formula is recorded or transmitted, such as text, picture, database, audio, video, data list file.
Attribute information, refers to digital document or the attribute information of data, and different digital documents or data its attribute informations have
Certain difference, but generally comprise file name, file format, file size, store path, establishment and modification date etc.；
For the sample data file --- picture --- in the application, attribute information includes file name, picture format（Such as
jpg）, file size（Such as 286KB）, storage path, dimension of picture（Such as 110 × 150pixels）, image resolution ratio（Such as 72 pictures
Element/inch（DPI）, can also indicate horizontal resolution and vertical resolution respectively certainly）, the total pixel of picture（Such as 48 × 72）, figure
The storage time etc. of piece.
Processing, i.e. data processing, including migration, generation, structure data or digital document, carry out data or digital document
Editor the coding modes of data or data file, the technical specification etc. used such as is adjusted and says the operation carried out.
Editor, is a kind of special circumstances of above-mentioned data processing, for the relevant information of data or digital document or interior
Hold the operations such as modify, adjust, converting, handling comprising to such as so that object therein（It can certainly be picture
It is whole）Meet such as proportionate relationship（For example the object in picture to be made to meet certain proportionate relationship, such as projection ratio is closed
System, specific proportionate relationship etc.）, color, rendering, overturning, rotation, background process, convert, cut out, and including picture name,
Image attribute information including resolution ratio etc. etc. is into edlin.
The present invention basic technical scheme be：
Data processing method, including, assign constraints to data；Determine the object in the data（The object is at least
One object can be in one or more data, similarly hereinafter）；According to pre-defined rule, according to the object and constraints pair
The data are into edlin.
Data processing method, including, determine the object in data；Constraints is assigned to the data；According to pre- set pattern
Then, according to the object and constraints to the data into edlin.
Preferably, the object method of determination further comprises, according to Properties of Objects（Feature）, object is given automatically
It identifies and determines.
Data processing system, including, condition given unit, to assign constraints to data；Object determination unit is used
To determine the object in data；Operating unit, to according to pre-defined rule, according to the object and constraints to the data
Into edlin.
Preferably, the object determination unit further comprises Object Identification Module, to according to the feature of object or spy
Sign, automatically identifies object, and determined to the object by object determination unit.
Picture editing method, including, assign corresponding constraints to picture；Identify the object on picture；According to predetermined
Rule, according to picture described in the Attribute tuning of the object and the picture.
Picture editing method, including, identify the object on picture；Corresponding constraints is assigned to picture；According to predetermined
Rule, according to picture described in the Attribute tuning of the object and the picture.
Preferably, the object method of determination further comprises, according to Properties of Objects or feature, gives automatically object
It identifies and determines.
Preferably, the object method of determination further comprises, receives（Input equipment）The intervention information of input, to described
The object of automatic identification is modified and determines.
Picture editing system comprising, condition given unit, to assign constraints to data；Object determination unit,
To determine the object in data；Picture operating unit, to according to pre-defined rule, according to the object and constraints to institute
Data are stated into edlin.
The specific implementation mode of the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with concrete application.
In the signal that the structure chart and Figure 19 that Figure 18 is provided provide, shown in system can be data processing system, also may be used
It is picture processing system, is illustrated by taking data processing system as an example below, condition given unit constrains to be assigned to data
Condition；Object determination unit, to determine the object in data；Operating unit, to according to pre-defined rule, according to the object
And constraints operates the data.Shown object determination unit specifically includes Object Identification Module, intervention information connects
Receive module.The Object Identification Module is identified and is determined to object according to Properties of Objects in data or feature, automatically.It is dry
Pre-information receiving module, for receiving（Input equipment）The intervention information of input, is modified the object of the automatic identification
And determine, realize the machine learning of human-computer interaction and system.Data after operating unit operates are given defeated by output unit
Go out.
Include object 10 shown in Figure 19, in the first data, by identifying object 10, and the corresponding constraint item of acquisition
Part operates the second data according to scheduled rule.The operation includes one or a combination set of following manner：It is counted to first
According into edlin, the second data are formed；By the first data, the second data are generated；It is carried out by first the second data of data pair
Processing.
As a kind of specific application, it is specifically described for digital picture below, but the offer
Technical solution is suitable for nonnumeric picture, if the information, content in its picture can be converted into the signals such as any light, electricity, root
The processing under following thought can be also carried out according to the power of the signal, size etc., can equally carry out editing and processing, only specifically
Processing means can be different according to the difference of the type of picture and be realized using the tool adapted to therewith（Such as machine tool pair
Common shearing etc.）, the concrete signal object of operation is variant, and technological thought is identical or close with technical solution.
Certainly, can also the picture of nonnumeric format be converted to digital picture to handle.The technological thought is also adapted to other classes
The data or digital document of type repeat no more as space is limited.
In schematic diagram shown in Fig. 2, each editing area（Such as rearview editing area）All correspond to corresponding constraints.
The editing area is dragged in or is imported into picture under the control of input equipment and realizes that the mapping to picture controls（Or according to need
Automatically it to be identified the picture for needing to import, and be operated, for example identify the filename of picture, it is corresponding in image content
Feature etc.）, can show that the content of picture, object determine in the editing area, by the editing area to importing or being dragged in
Picture 1 assign constraints.
Certainly, the position of each editing area, distribution and relative position relation can change, the mode provided in figure
The view arranged relative relationship during mechanical drawing is used to set, in order to which user uses.
The present invention is set by the boundary of object in each picture of determination according to the proportionate relationship of each object of setting
The adjustment of the scaling, resolution ratio or even background image of each image, to carry out size, resolution ratio tune to each picture
Whole equal editor, so that the object of each picture meets the requirement of proportionate relationship of setting etc..
The above method is equally applicable to multiple objects on same picture and is adjusted according to set proportion, to meet phase
The proportionate relationship answered.At this point, it is only adjusted the size of object.
Certainly, in said program, in order to keep the globality of picture, it may be used and extended outward one fixed width with boundary,
By in the width background image and object be adjusted correspondingly, edit together.
As a kind of specific application, i.e., it is required that each object 10（Including multiple first objects 11, the second object
12）Ratio having the same, as each view of design patent application meets same ratio relationship.Preset each view
Editing area（As shown in Figure 2）, each view picture is dragged in respectively（Or import, similarly hereinafter）Each editing area（As shown in figure 3,
The signal of view editing area is omitted in Fig. 3, is only indicated with the position corresponding diagram 2 of each view）, the direction of each view
It may be arbitrary（For example tilt, is reverse etc.）.It determines object 11 in each view picture, 12 boundaries, and carries out frame choosing, really
Make its corresponding coordinate（As seen in figures 3-6, in Fig. 4, each element is indicated for clarity, shown marquee 2 does not have and object
11,12 overlapping margins and have separation, in practical application, the relationship of marquee 2 and object is as viewed in figures 5-8）, due to each view
Position, angle of possible object etc. be not proper or not exclusively accurate, therefore, the shown frame for selecting frame to select view（Marquee 21, figure
In chain-dotted line）With directionality（Top is indicated with triangle in figure）, object is selected come correct frame by the rotation of marquee 2
（It also can be by the top feature of identification object 11,12, to determine its top）.The corresponding marquee of length, width and height of object 11,12
LWH, identical proportionate relationship is met by each same letter side（Namely same area or characteristic information, in difference
View in have the same size or ratio.The present embodiment is to realize that each view meets for the adjustment of equal proportion relationship
It is bright, for other proportionate relationship all fours）, determine that every width picture is respectively necessary for the ratio of adjustment, thus by each view tune
It is whole, rotate to be effect adjustment as shown in Figure 9, with triangle（Direction signs 21）Corresponding partial adjustment be upward, acquisition
Each view picture all has identical proportionate relationship, that is, same characteristic element or position are etc. big in each view
's.When adjustment, basis of the view as adjustment can be selected, can also preferably be adjusted according to the case where each view picture
Minimum adjustment relationship adjusts basis to determine, the mode of the adjustment includes being compressed to the pixel of picture 1, amplifying behaviour
Make, the amplification, compression are realized using general technical solution.For beauty, picture can also be sheared, be sheared
When, in addition to stereogram and state reference map（These figures can also be reduced to use mode of operation identical with other views）, all
With 2 outside extension certain proportion of marquee（The 2%-10% of such as overall width）Or width（Such as 2-10mmm）It is cut out
It cuts.It should be noted that since (processing mode of view may be used in partial status reference chart to state reference map, as needed
To determine) and/or stereogram need to be used as the basis of size adjusting with a face（Close reader one side in figure, i.e., just
Face, front view one side）, and use and cut out frame 22（Dotted line in figure）Determine that other parts and frame select whole stereogram, to cut out frame
It is cut based on 22（Frame 22, the overlapping positioning of 2 lower extreme point of marquee are cut out when initial）.It certainly, equally can be with when cutting
It cuts out frame 22 to be cut, or is extended outward based on it and be cut out, concrete mode is same as above.In fact, for other
The marquee 2 and cutting box 22 of view can be understood as coincidence status, and separable state is just in stereogram etc..
It should be noted that above-mentioned adjustment further includes image resolution ratio（Unit can be DPI etc.）, size（Referred to only
Geometric dimension, such as centimetre, inch, what it is in this document includes Pixel Dimensions, that is, picture pixels ranks quantity elsewhere）
Deng adjustment, to be required as defined in satisfaction.Since resolution ratio is related to geometric dimension, after being amplified, compressing, make
Each view has the big effect such as visual, two kinds of sides when indicating, may be used when this effect needs geometric dimension
Formula is realized：First, adjustment compression or amplification Pixel Dimensions so that each scheme each direction resolution ratio having the same；Second is that logical
It crosses and does not adjust Pixel Dimensions, can also realize that the adjustment of geometric dimension, this mode may cause not by the adjustment of resolution ratio
It is different with the resolution ratio of picture, but it is visually identical in its size, and advantage is that arithmetic speed is fast, and can significantly subtract
Compression, the amplification etc. of reply picture lead to the reduction of picture quality less.
Above-mentioned marquee 2 is cut out frame 22 and can be determined by hand, either automatically generate and carry out frame choosing and positioning again or
Frame choosing and positioning are automatically generated and carried out, manual setting is coordinated；For the ease of adjustment, part may be used and be put into show use
Family.When automatically generate and carry out frame select position when, using image recognition technology, the object 10 in picture 1 is identified, and
It is operated accordingly under the limitation of constraints.Existing technical solution may be used in described image identification method, meanwhile,
Present invention provides a kind of efficient identification technology schemes, will be explained in the following.
Similarly, multiple marquees 2 etc. are set on same picture to realize to multiple objects 10 according to set proportion
It is adjusted, to meet corresponding proportionate relationship.At this point, it is only adjusted the size of object 10（Because of resolution ratio phase
Together）.
The target image（Object 10）Existing method may be used to realize, such as background skill in the determination of profile and border
Technical solution mentioned by art and other corresponding technical solutions, or by a filter, filter out the low frequency portion in image
Point, remaining high frequency section is the profile and border of object 10, by the coordinate for identifying the boundary pixel point, you can realization pair
The determination of its profile and border.And apply wavelet algorithm, it is also possible to obtain the boundary of image；Even by each on picture 1
Pixel line by line, scan by column, compare pixel pixel value situation of change to determine profile and border.
Further, in order to realize efficient, the automatic identification of object 10 in picture 1, the present invention also provides one kind simply,
Efficient object outline automatic identifying method and system, to another step ground be the identification of object 10 or realize to picture 1 from
It moves adjustment or cuts out and lay the foundation.Certainly, described method and system can also be applied to other field and realize other purposes.Institute
The technical solution for stating offer is suitable for the automatic identification of digital picture, for nonnumeric picture, if information in its picture, interior
Appearance can be converted into the signals such as any light, electricity, and the place under following thought can be also carried out according to the power of the signal, size etc.
Reason, can equally be identified, only the difference of the concrete signal object of its operation, technological thought and the complete phase of technical solution
It is same or close.It is specifically described by taking digital picture as an example below.It should be noted that can be as needed to picture in
1 is handled using different components, for example, RGB, YUV and hsv color spatial model channel components（Or it is channel）
It is handled, is in this application illustrated by taking RGB models as an example.
Since above-mentioned object outline boundary only needs the maximum boundary of acquisition object, without obtaining the seat of all boundary
Mark, therefore, Figure 10 provide on a kind of determining picture to as 10 boundary coordinates（It is with first, picture upper left side pixel
（0,0）Point is used as to the right abscissa x（As unit of pixel, scale indicates the row of corresponding picture pixels, that is, arranges
Number）, downwards be ordinate y（As unit of pixel, scale indicates the row of corresponding picture pixels, that is, line number）, with picture
Vegetarian refreshments is the coordinate system for the picture 1 that unit is established）Technical solution.By taking black white image as an example, pixel value is bigger in real image,
It shows as more being biased to white, i.e., ater is 0, and white is 255（8 black white images）.Should in figure, for ease of description,
The pixel value of background image 13 will be set greater than to the pixel value as 10 in simulating schematic diagram（Practical survey to true picture
Examination, is described, therefore occur seeming the opposite form of expression on attached drawing using true color space, but essence still phase
Together）.Certainly, method provided by the present invention is suitable for any picture, can be with if picture is the multichannel images such as RGB or YUV
Subchannel is implemented, and is iterated；The pixel that a channel can also only be chosen is handled.
As described in Figure 10, ordinate direction, longitudinal projection to abscissa are summed into using by the projection of the pixel of picture
Direction, two curves after being projected（It can also be the adding up that corresponding each pixel pixel value is lateral respectively, longitudinal
After indicate to obtain curve on corresponding coordinate system）--- iterativecurve 3, the characteristics of according to object 10, waveform on iterativecurve 3
The related content of picture 1, such as recessed portion in Figure 10 are reacted（Object portion curve 30）Corresponding is the object in picture 1
10；Object pixel iterativecurve 30 is towards wave crest direction in the figure；The background portion curve 33 of background image 13, ideally
The curve should be 0, but due to the impression of noise etc. in background image 13, be more than 0, may to the identification of object 10
Bring certain influence, but as a result of stacked system, the interference of the noise is completely below the superposition of object 10 and strong
Change, therefore, effective filtering has been carried out to the noise in background image 13.It in this way can be in wiping out background image 13
The influence of uniform noise.Further, in, can according to the different bulk for needing to be equipped with object 10 again, color,
The elements such as structure filter out other possible ambient noises, and corresponding wave crest or trough side as threshold value and reference
It is the geometric center of objects in images to central point, the peak dot of object portion curve 30 or valley point are different other positions of object
Profile sideline etc.（It is that may be used to protect in the peak dot or the i.e. neighbouring pixel value of valley point ranks central point carrying out compression amplification
Hold it is constant in the case of compressed or amplified, so that it is guaranteed that the contour line in ranks direction will not be caused because of compression or amplification
The reduction of image quality）.Correspondingly from curve both sides（Background portion curve 31）To 10 position of image（Object portion curve 30）It draws close
Local curve Curvature varying is maximum or point of maximum curvature --- boundary portion curve 31 --- be object boundary coordinate（Certainly
Given threshold can also be used to be judged）, such as a, b, c, d point in figure, a rectangle frame can be drawn out according to the coordinate
（The marquee 2 that object 10 is chosen）, it is based on a, b, c, d point, you can and the coordinate on the side A, B, C, D of rectangle frame is obtained,
The as boundary of object.This method is simple, efficient, strong robustness.It can also be by bent by object portion curve 30 and background portion
Meet corresponding threshold value relationship between line 31 to be judged, then alternatively, by the way that the difference of adjacent ranks iterative value is met one
Fixed threshold value relationship is realized to 30 boundary of object portion curve（The namely boundary of object 10）It is accurately positioned.
It is of course also possible to use obtaining the profile of object 10 after being filtered to picture 1（It is typically expressed as binary picture
Piece, profile or lines are white 255, and other parts low frequency part is black 0）, then using the picture formed after filtering as figure
Piece 1 is superimposed using aforesaid way, is obtaining boundary in conjunction with the cumulative mode, the density for obtaining edge.Certainly, also
It can obtain curve first to picture 1 using being superimposed, then can obtain boundary position at filtering mode（The position of maximum curvature
It is exactly high frequency position）.
Figure 11 gives the technical principle based on Figure 10 to a certain black and white picture pixel iterative（The iteration of summing mode）It is real
Survey result figure.The technical program is drawn corresponding bent by the way that the ranks pixel value of image pixel is carried out summation process successively
Line is realized two-dimensional complicated image information, is converted to simple one-dimensional data information, and the identification application of computer is convenient for.When
So, can also be as needed, the pixel iterative in other directions is carried out, to which the analyzing processing of picture material be better achieved.In the hope of
The technical program is explained with for.With 1 row of picture, field（Row）Coordinate system is established in direction, wherein（0,0）For a left side for picture
The pixel of top（It is of course also possible to use other modes establish coordinate system, coordinate system progress is all made of in present specification
Explanation）, as unit of pixel；Abscissa x（X=0,1,2 ... i）For line direction, scale is the row number of picture, ordinate
y（Y=0,1,2 ... j）For field direction, scale is the line number of picture.
The pixel pixel value that picture 1 is often gone successively adds up and sums successively, projects on the ordinate y of pixel coordinate,
The scale of ordinate y corresponds to line number at this time, also just obtains the sum of the pixel value of every row；Similarly, successively by the pixel of 1 each column of picture
Point pixel value adds up successively sums, and projects on the abscissa x of pixel coordinate, the scale of abscissa x corresponds to row number at this time, also
Obtain the sum of the pixel value of each column.Since 1 each pixel of picture is generally made of multiple channel values（Concrete condition with used
Coding protocol it is related, such as rgb format, each pixel includes 3 channel values, and when summation distinguishes each channel and carries out operation,
Or multiple channel values are subjected to summation process according to certain operation relation, for the present invention, can according to different needs come
If selection can be met the requirements for sun detection, positioning using single pass black and white picture）Due to different figures on picture 1
The pixel value of picture is different, the case where therefore, after summation intuitively reacting row, column pixel value.The value that summation obtains is depicted as song
Line 30, therefore, the peak of iterativecurve 30, paddy correspond to different target images, meanwhile, using cumulative mode, background image it is equal
Even noise is submerged, and the feature of target image is amplified, and can be identified well.The effect illustrated with Fig. 8（Assume in figure
Circular target image 10 is white, and background image is black）, the peak value of iterativecurve 30 corresponds to the peak value of target image 10, institute
It is exactly its location of pixels on picture to state the corresponding ranks number of peak value, to quickly obtain the position letter of target image 10
Breath.
The time iteration effect for the true picture 1 that Figure 11 is provided, picture 1 is black and white picture, the target figure on picture in figure
As 10 be identical black, background is white, and row, column direction pixel value is summed to obtain curve as shown in the figure.In figure, iterativecurve
3 include background portion curve 33（White, numerical value is maximum, and 8 single channel numerical value are 255）, target portion curve 30（Black, numerical value is small,
Ater is 0）, wherein target portion curve paddy 301 is the maximum position of size in target image 10, the boundary bit of target image 10
It is set to boundary portion curve 31, is herein the catastrophe point of iterativecurve 3.By it can be seen from the figure that, pass through point to iterativecurve 3
Analysis is handled, and can directly obtain the pixel coordinates such as the boundary of target image 10, peak value on picture 1（Corresponding ranks number）.Specifically answer
Used time can be arranged with peak value, or with target portion curve 30 meet certain threshold value relationship to determine whether for target image,
Or the width of combining target Figure 10 obtains to be defined.
In terms of the differentiation to iterativecurve 3, pass through its bent curvature of a curve（It can also be frequency or gradient）Situation of change, with
Maximum curvature during being drawn close from two sides to center, or as boundary when meeting certain condition.The following provide a kind of low operations
The realization method of amount, that is, adjacent iterative value ask poor successively, have just reacted bent curvature of a curve, because consecutive points interval is homogeneous
Together, it is 1；Certain intervals can certainly be used（Such as 2-5, but use same intervals）Mode, but this mode precision
The influence for reducing, and receiving noise etc., and it is not accurate enough.
It is to ask poor from based on maximum peak bottom, and ask poor based on image center ranks below（It gives
Corresponding row/column pixel coordinate）, this can reduce operation（Without the tendency of judgment curves, and further judge maximum peak bottom
It is worth and obtains corresponding ranks coordinate）Although operand very little above-mentioned, benefit.Moreover it is this adjustment for
Application in terms of design picture adjustment does not influence（General object 10 is all at the middle part of picture 1）, there is picture centre seat
It is few that mark, which entirely falls within object with exterior domain, if there is then similar to the effect based on 0.Pass through above-mentioned technology
Scheme can make the both sides boundary difference tendency of most images be in the same direction（Above or below horizontal axis）, and it is right
Title property is stronger, error also symmetry having the same, convenient for being modified using identical means.This version software is former using this
Reason is designed, and recognizer is relatively easy.
The poor formula is asked to be：
（1）I=m, Pic=Pzc=0, PzcCenter（Or maximum peak/minimum valley）Row/column, centered on m（Or maximum peak/minimum valley
Value）Row/column number；
（2）0≤i<M, Pic=Pi- PI+1, in formula,
Pic：The corresponding adjacent difference of i column/rows, centered on i=m-1, m-2, m-3 ... 0, m（Or maximum peak/minimum valley
Value）Row/column number；
Pi：The corresponding pixel value summation of i column/rows；
PI+1：The corresponding pixel value summation of i+1 column/rows.
（3）i>m,Pic=Pi- PI-1, in formula,
Pic：The corresponding adjacent difference of i column/rows, i=m+1, m+2, m+3 ..., centered on m（Or maximum peak/minimum valley
Value）Row/column number；
Pi：The corresponding pixel value summation of i column/rows；
PI-1：The corresponding pixel value summation of i-1 column/rows.
Following operation is taken turns doing from two sides to centre：
1. calculating P successivelyicPeak value, valley, and record corresponding coordinate（Row/column number）PicM
2. since both sides or up and down（Namely handled from image border to center m row/columns）P is extracted successivelyicM, PicMWith
It is to image both sides（I.e. before or after it, since 0 then with the average specific of front, since end, then with subsequent average specific；
Namely close to edge direction）Several（Such as 16）Pixel or whole pixel difference P before or after iticAverage value
Compare（If less than 16 points, can supply with 0）, current peak bottom value PicMMore than average（Can just, can bear, or using exhausted
To being worth average）F times of absolute value, is recorded；Judge the adjacent other S P of peak valueicWhether it is more than before or after it
PicIt is worth X times of average absolute value, if set up, records the peak, valley and respective coordinates；
3. recording the corresponding coordinate of above-mentioned peak, paddy as object bounds coordinate.
If without meeting F times, S, X times simultaneously, peak, the conduct pair of valley coordinate of one maximum absolute value of side draw are taken
As boundary.
During use, F times, S, X times may be used input mode assignment, in order to sets itself and debug determining reason
The value range thought also may be set to preset parameter value, or correct above-mentioned parameter value according to subsequent human-computer interaction.
Described F times（Take 2-15）, S（Take the integer of 0-10）, X times（0-14.5）, general F>X.For example, can take as follows
The other numerical value of group.The selection of the parameter is selected according to the precision for being image recognition the characteristics of image etc..
| Group | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
| F | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5.5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 12.4 | 14 | 15 |
| S | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| X | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 3.5 | 8 | 3.5 | 8 | 14.5 |
It is to seek difference operation since 0 row/column below（Abscissa is image pixel coordinates --- row/column number, ordinate are
Pixel value accumulated value）, the boundary difference peak bottom of this mode object both sides is generally just on the contrary（Unless the few cases, just
There is interference information near border（Noise）, cause curve tendency because noise is abnormal variation, a glass bottle is just in lower example
It is such）, it is located at the both sides of axis of abscissas（As shown below）.
The poor formula is asked to be：
Pic=Pi- Pi-1, in formula,
PicThe corresponding adjacent difference of-i column/rows, i=1,2,3 ...
PiThe corresponding pixel value summation of-i column/rows.
Pi-1The corresponding pixel value summation of-i-1 column/rows.
Subsequent processing mode asks poor processing similar to aforementioned centered on center or peak, paddy.
It includes background shadow and noise 131 to background image 13 that Figure 12, which gives using above-mentioned technical proposal,（It is object
10 --- the folding line of white paper on the shade and background that cup is formed by ambient reason）Actual test is carried out to obtain
Result（In figure（b））, obtained cup（Object 10）Boundary x coordinate be respectively 311,1236, y-coordinate is respectively 411,
1118, and delineate in figure whereby（b）Shown on auxiliary line 4, the bounds of cup have been precisely determined.
In addition, set forth below is a kind of improvement project to above-mentioned object outline boundary determining method, pass through following proposal
The boundary coordinate of object can preferably be obtained.
It is superimposed using pixel spot projection（Iteration）Mode, since ambient noise or edge are because of the factor of image real time transfer
The pixel pixel value of formation may be bigger（Can certainly be small, this explanation is only to illustrate）, to close to wherein
The pixel value of target image, after causing row, column pixel value to be superimposed, image section is flooded by ambient noise, is unable to get result.Mirror
In this, it may be used and binary conversion treatment acquisition binary image is carried out to carry out the superposition of pixel pixel value, in this way to image
The position where target image can effectively be obtained.It can also be used and realized after being weighted mode operation to the pixel value of pixel
Reinforcement to the image of target（The pixel value of target image and background etc. are obviously distinguished, margi n pulls big）, following table one, table
Two, which use pixel pixel value, does indexation operation（Specific ranking operation is temporarily defined as weighting certainly）Result signal,
Preferably improve effect.Wherein, it in order to simplify chart, only simulates and gives 20 rows, the image that 3 row pixels are constituted.Its
In it is above-mentioned to pixel carry out indexation operation include：1 power, 2 power ... n are carried out to pixel value（N is positive integer）It is secondary
Square operation, and using itself pixel value as index（" index " in following tables, if pixel value is 5, operation mode is 55）Into
Row operation.
In addition, table one（It is shown in Figure 16）, table two（It is shown in Figure 17）The method can also be realized to image
Reinforcement processing so that the low picture contrast of contrast is improved, so that the difference between target image and background
It increasing, the pixel value variation of various pieces becomes apparent, and the enhancing to image boundary in picture 1 may be implemented in same following manner,
It is worth pixel value therein（Or correlated components value）Diversity factor bigger, effect becomes apparent from so that the high frequency section letter in picture 1
Breath can be preferably presented.
It is, of course, also possible to realize the place to go to picture background and modification, by the ranking operation, all data are subtracted
Go the maximum value in background, you can dispose background, then doing from weighting inverse operation, or even 1/m directly is done to data（m≥
2,3,4 ... n）The operation of power.Or will be less than whole pixel values of a certain numerical value and be replaced, the clear of background may be implemented
It removes or replaces, then doing from weighting inverse operation, or even 1/m directly is done to data（M >=2,3,4 ... n）The operation of power.
Table one（It is shown in Figure 16）, the original image data stated in table is the pixel pixel value of image, in upper table
The image that 4 pixels are constituted is illustrated altogether, with（Row, row）The pixel point coordinates of expression is as follows：（15,1）、（15、2）、（16,
1）、（16、2）, original pixel value is 5.
Table two（It is shown in Figure 17）, the original image data stated in table is the pixel pixel value of image, in upper table
The image that 4 pixels are constituted is illustrated altogether, with（Row, row）The pixel point coordinates of expression is as follows：（15,1）、（15、2）、（16,
1）、（16、2）, original pixel value is 10.
In addition, if by being used for image intensification from ranking operation mode, for numerical value no more than 255 (8), 32 can
With very big；Certain enhancing is first carried out, is allowed to maximum and is less than or equal to corresponding maximum value as enhanced pixel, then adopt
Take foregoing manner to filter out noise enhances again.Since the numerical value of each location of pixels obtained using the above scheme is entirely possible big
In the range of corresponding picture coding protocol defined（Such as 8 0-255）, number, available result is according to existing skill
Art is mapped to the numberical range in corresponding normal pictures space（Such as by 0-10000, it is mapped to the space of 0-255）；Or according to
The coordinate information of the high frequency section on the boundary or relative elements that are obtained after said program enhancing, and to normal pictures（The two coordinate
It is identical）On to being modified with the picture of coordinate, realize the extraction of relevant border image, or increase to pictorial information
By force.
It should be pointed out that be mainly illustrated by taking digital picture as an example in present specification, but it is same by the present invention
Sample is suitable for the picture of other nonnumeric formats and the frame image in video image, i.e., each frame video image is exactly a width
Picture.In addition, technical scheme of the present invention applies also for including the digital documents such as audio, text or the automatic business processing of data,
For these data, the object in data is to meet specified conditions（The condition can be set as needed）Number
According to the combination of string or multiple serial datas, specific implementation those skilled in the art can be according to technology disclosed in this invention
Scheme directly and unambiguously obtains and presented, and as space is limited, it will not be described here.
The present invention is suitable for using in all equipment with data-handling capacity, such as various computers, microcontroller, insertion
Formula system, ARM system, industrial personal computer etc., and such as Intelligent mobile information terminal（Such as smart mobile phone, PDA, tablet computer）
Deng.The technical solution and each component part therein that above-mentioned each example provides do not generate correlation without prejudice to the natural law
Under the premise of contradictory, mutual displacement, combination can be carried out, and forms the invention think of that corresponding technical solution meets the present invention
Think.Obviously, those skilled in the art should be understood that based on the technical information for above stating exposure, each mould of the above-mentioned present invention
Block or each step with general computing device or can have the device of corresponding data-handling capacity（Including all kinds of intelligence are eventually
End equipment, embedded system data processing equipment etc. are known as data processing equipment in the application）It realizes, they can concentrate
It on single computing device, or is distributed on network constituted by multiple computing devices, optionally, they can use and calculate
Device executable program code is realized, is performed by computing device it is thus possible to be stored in storage device, or
They are fabricated to each integrated circuit modules by person, or by them multiple modules or step be fabricated to it is single integrated
Circuit module is realized.In this way, the present invention is not limited to any specific hardware and softwares to combine.
Claims (10)
1. data processing method, including,
According to rule is subscribed, data are operated according to constraints based on the object in data.
2. the method as described in claim 1,
Determine the object in data；
Constraints is assigned to the data；
According to pre-defined rule, the data are operated according to the object and constraints；
Or,
Assign constraints；
Determine the object in the data；（The object be at least one object, can be in one or more data, under
Together）
According to pre-defined rule, the data are handled according to the object and constraints.
3. method as claimed in claim 2, which is characterized in that the object method of determination further comprises, according to object
Characteristic（Feature）, object is identified and is determined automatically；
It is characterized in that, the operation includes, to the first data into edlin, the second data are formed；And/or pass through the first number
According to the second data of generation；And/or it is handled by first the second data of data pair.
4. picture editing method, including,
Corresponding constraints is assigned to picture；
Identify the object on picture；
According to pre-defined rule, according to picture described in the Attribute tuning of the object and the picture；
Or,
Identify the object on picture；
Corresponding constraints is assigned to picture；
According to pre-defined rule, according to picture described in the Attribute tuning of the object and the picture.
5. the method for claim 7, which is characterized in that the object method of determination further comprises, according to object
Characteristic or feature are identified and are determined to object automatically；
It is characterized in that, the object method of determination further comprises, receive（Input equipment）The intervention information of input, to described
The object of automatic identification is modified and determines；
Each image is set according to the proportionate relationship of each object of setting by the boundary of object in each picture of determination
Scaling, to carry out size adjusting to each picture, so that the object of each picture meets the proportionate relationship of setting；
Extended outward one fixed width with boundary it is characterized in that, may be used, the background of the width and object are subjected to ruler together
Very little adjustment；
It is characterized in that, each object ratio having the same, presets the editing area of each view, by each view picture
It is dragged in each editing area respectively, the direction of each view can be arbitrary；Determine the object bounds in each view picture, and
Frame choosing is carried out, its corresponding coordinate is determined, object is selected come correct frame by the rotation of marquee；
It is characterized in that, the LWH of the corresponding marquee of the length, width and height of the object, is closed by the ratio on each same letter side
System determines the ratio for being respectively necessary for adjustment, to by the adjustment of each view, rotate to be；When adjustment, a view can be selected and made
For the basis of adjustment, minimum adjustment relationship can also be preferably adjusted according to the case where each view picture to determine adjustment base
Plinth；
It is characterized in that, with marquee, extension certain proportion or width are cut outward；
It is characterized in that, state reference map and/or stereogram need the basis for being used as size adjusting with a face, and uses and cut
It cuts out frame and selects whole stereogram to determine other parts and frame, one cuts out and cut based on frame（It is left that frame, marquee are cut out when startup
Lower extreme point overlapping positioning）, when cutting, can equally be cut with cutting out frame, or is extended outward based on it and cut
It cuts out, concrete mode is same as above；
It is characterized in that, the target image（Object）The determination of profile and border may be used existing method to realize, such as carry on the back
Technical solution mentioned by scape technology and other corresponding technical solutions, or by a filter, filter out low in image
Frequency part, remaining high frequency section are the profile and border of object, by the coordinate for identifying the boundary pixel point, you can are realized
Determination to its profile and border；And apply wavelet algorithm, it is also possible to obtain the boundary of image；Even by each on picture
Pixel line by line, scan by column, compare pixel pixel value situation of change to determine profile and border.
6. a kind of determination method of image boundary, is arrived using by the transverse projection of the pixel of picture to ordinate, longitudinal projection
Abscissa, two curves after being projected, according to the specific of image, the corresponding wave crest or trough of image are picture
In object；It in this way can be with the influence of uniform ultrasound in wiping out background；Further, then being equipped with image diameter etc. wants
Element is used as threshold value, is filtered out to other possible ambient noises, corresponding wave crest or trough central point are objects in images
In；It is correspondingly the side of object from the local curve Curvature varying maximum or maximum curvature that two side of curve is drawn close to image
Boundary's coordinate（Certainly given threshold can also be used to be judged）, a rectangle frame can be drawn out according to the coordinate, you can obtain
The coordinate for obtaining the side of rectangle frame, is the boundary of object；
It is characterized in that, using pixel spot projection stacked system, due to ambient noise or edge because image real time transfer because
The pixel pixel value that element is formed may be bigger（Can certainly be small, this explanation is only to illustrate）, thus close to it
The pixel value of middle target image, after causing row, column pixel value to be superimposed, image section is flooded by ambient noise, is unable to get result；
The superposition of pixel pixel value is carried out to image progress binary conversion treatment acquisition binary image in consideration of it, may be used, this
Sample can effectively obtain the position where target image；It can also be used and the pixel value of pixel is weighted after mode operation in fact
Now to the reinforcement of the image of target（The pixel value of target image and background etc. are obviously distinguished, margi n pulls big）, with pixel
Pixel value does indexation operation（Specific ranking operation is temporarily defined as weighting certainly）Result signal, preferably improve
Effect；Wherein, it in order to simplify chart, only simulates and gives 20 rows, the image that 3 row pixels are constituted；It is wherein above-mentioned to pixel
Clicking through row index operation includes：1 power, 2 power ... n are carried out to pixel value（N is positive integer）Power operation, and with certainly
Body pixel value carries out operation as index.
7. data processing system, including,
Condition given unit, to assign constraints to data；
Object determination unit, to determine the object in data；
Operating unit, to according to pre-defined rule, according to the object and constraints to the data into edlin.
8. system as claimed in claim 5, which is characterized in that the object determination unit further comprises Object identifying mould
Block according to the feature or feature of object, to be identified automatically to object, and gives the object by object determination unit
It determines.
9. picture editing system comprising,
Condition given unit, to assign constraints to data；
Object determination unit, to determine the object in data；
Picture operating unit, to according to pre-defined rule, according to the object and constraints to the data into edlin.
10. data processing equipment, which is characterized in that the equipment realizes the method described in claim 1-6, or, including right
It is required that the system described in 1-9.
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