CN108388696B - Experimental method for representing relaxation characteristic of bolt connection structure - Google Patents
Experimental method for representing relaxation characteristic of bolt connection structure Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an experimental method for representing the relaxation characteristic of a bolt connection structure, which comprises the steps of constructing a finite element model of a single bolt connection test piece based on the three-dimensional rough morphology of the contact surface of the obtained bolt connection structure; performing static strength analysis on the single-bolt connection test piece by adopting ANSYS software, and drawing a deformation curve under the loaded condition; manufacturing a single-bolt connecting axial test piece and a tangential test piece, and analyzing the influence rule of axial external load and tangential external load on the relaxation characteristic of a bolt connecting structure; building an experiment platform, and applying a cyclic load with a certain frequency to a single-bolt test piece clamped on a fatigue testing machine through cyclic load control software; performing modal test on the single-bolt connection test piece by using an LMS vibration system at the same time interval; and extracting the clamping force signals output by the pressure sensor and the rigidity signals in the modal test, and comparing the fitting curves of the clamping force signals and the rigidity signals. The invention provides technical support for determining the looseness and the refastening of the connecting bolt of the key precise complex part.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an experimental method for representing the relaxation characteristic of a bolt connection structure, and belongs to the technical field of threaded fastener design and intelligent assembly of key precise complex parts in the industries of aerospace, rail transit, equipment manufacturing and the like.
Background
The bolt fastener has the advantages of strong universality, convenient assembly and disassembly, high stability under the action of dynamic load and the like, so that the bolt fastener is widely applied to the mechanical/civil engineering fields of aerospace, rail transit, ships, equipment manufacturing, bridges, buildings and the like. Compared with riveting, welding and bonding, the connecting structure is often accompanied by self-relaxation in vibration, alternating load, impact or high-temperature environments, so that the assembling quality and the processing precision of key precise complex parts or equipment manufacturing complete machines are reduced, high-speed equipment is damaged and disassembled, and the personal and property safety is endangered.
The GB/T16823.3-2010 standard establishes a fastening torque-pretightening force functional relation shown in formula (1) on the basis of Kellermann and Klein formulas. Analysis shows that: under the condition that the type of the bolt, the material of the connected piece and the aperture are determined, the assembly quality and the service time of the bolt connecting structure are directly related to the friction coefficient of a bearing surface of a nut or a bolt of the bolt connecting structure, the friction coefficient of a thread screwing surface, the pretightening force of the bolt and other parameters. At present, a torque method and a torque-angle method are fastening methods commonly used in bolt connection structure assembly in the engineering field, and the specific implementation process is to apply fastening torque to a bolt cap or a nut by using a torque wrench so as to obtain the target pretightening force of the bolt connection structure. However, the above method is often influenced by external factors such as the rough appearance of the contact surface, whether the bolt assembly is lubricated or glued, the speed of the fastening process and the like, so that the friction coefficients of the pressure-bearing surface and the thread screwing surface of the bolt connection structure are changed; in addition, the method has an error of 30-40% through a single bolt fastening test. Therefore, the bolt pretightening force and the change rule thereof cannot be accurately controlled and obtained on the basis of not changing the original bolt connection structure, and the loosening characteristic of the bolt connection structure cannot be mastered by adopting the attenuation condition of the bolt pretightening force, so that potential safety hazards are brought.
Wherein F is the pre-tightening force, P is the thread pitch, d2Is the pitch diameter of the thread, D0Is the outer diameter of the bearing surface, dhIs the pore diameter, muthIs the coefficient of thread friction, mubIs the nut or bolt bearing surface coefficient of friction.
As the loose characteristic of the bolt connecting structure is an inherent attribute during the service period of the bolt connecting structure, the loose characteristic can only be reduced as much as possible and can not be completely eliminated, so that at the aim of solving the problem, domestic and foreign scholars and engineers mainly carry out experimental and theoretical researches on the loose mechanism and the anti-loosening measure of the bolt connecting structure, and the reliability of the bolt connecting structure is improved. The loosening mechanism of the bolt connection structure mostly describes the loosening characteristic of the bolt connection structure by taking the clamping force of the connection bolt (such as a file CN 103630282A) as a characteristic parameter, so that the original structure of the bolt connection is changed, and the obtained loosening characteristic curve has no universal applicability. In addition, the existing anti-loosening methods for connecting bolts at home and abroad have defects, such as unstable reliability of friction anti-loosening (provided with spring washers, double nuts, locking washers, fastening nuts, nylon inserts, chemical glue coating and the like) under heavy load, severe vibration or severe environment conditions; mechanical anti-loosening (slotted nut, cotter pin, stop washer and steel wire series connection and the like) is limited by a connecting structure, so that the reusability is poor; the structural looseness prevention (eccentric nut looseness prevention, down looseness prevention, spring-press looseness prevention and the like) cannot be widely applied to the engineering field due to the complex manufacturing process and high cost. The anti-loosening method is mostly related to pretightening force, the probability of the phenomena of breakage and damage of the main body is possibly increased when the fastening torque is increased, the workload is increased by the implementation of the anti-loosening method, and the problem of loosening of a bolt connection structure cannot be fundamentally solved.
In conclusion, on the basis of carrying out deep research on a characterization method of the loosening characteristic of the bolt connection structure, the experimental method for characterizing the loosening characteristic of the bolt connection structure by using rigidity attenuation is invented.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: an experimental method for representing the relaxation characteristic of a bolt connection structure is characterized in that the manufacture of a single-bolt connection axial test piece and a tangential test piece is completed on the basis of taking a single-bolt connection test piece with a real rough surface morphology into consideration to perform finite element analysis; and the built experiment platform and the LMS vibration system are applied to realize the acquisition and fitting of the clamping force and the rigidity signal.
The experimental method comprises the following steps:
s1, constructing a finite element model of the single-bolt connection test piece based on the obtained three-dimensional rough shape of the contact surface of the bolt connection structure;
s2, performing static strength analysis on the single-bolt connection test piece by adopting ANSYS software, and drawing a deformation curve under the loaded condition;
s3, manufacturing a single-bolt connecting axial test piece and a tangential test piece, and analyzing the influence rule of the axial external load and the tangential external load on the relaxation characteristic of the bolt connecting structure;
s4, building an experiment platform, and applying a cyclic load with a certain frequency to a single-bolt test piece clamped on the fatigue testing machine through cyclic load control software;
s5, performing modal test on the single-bolt connection test piece by using an LMS vibration system at the same time interval;
and S6, extracting the clamping force signal output by the pressure sensor and the rigidity signal in the modal test, and comparing the fitted curves.
Compared with the prior art, the experimental method for representing the loosening characteristic of the bolt connection structure by using the rigidity attenuation provided by the invention has the advantages that the original structure of the bolt connection is not changed, the problems of potential safety hazards caused by the loosening behavior of the bolt connection structure, high material cost of equipment manufacturing industry and the like are solved, and the technical support is provided for the loosening judgment and the re-fastening of the connection bolt of the key precise complex part.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an experimental method for characterizing the relaxation behavior of a bolted joint.
FIG. 2 is a finite element contact model that accounts for true rough surface topography.
FIG. 3 is a single bolt connection axial and tangential test piece.
FIG. 4 is a relaxation behavior test of a single-bolt-joined test piece.
Fig. 5 is a modal test of a single bolt connection specimen.
In the figure: 1-first axial test piece upper connecting piece, 2-first axial test piece lower connecting piece, 3-second axial test piece upper connecting piece, 4-second axial test piece lower connecting piece, 5-bolt, 6-nut, 7-fatigue testing machine, 8-upper connected piece, 9-bolt, 10-lower connected piece, 11-nut, 12-pressure sensor, 13-data acquisition system, 14-data analysis system, 15-computer, 16-acquisition instrument, 17-force hammer and 18-acceleration sensor.
Detailed Description
In order to make the experimental method and the advantages thereof proposed by the present invention more clear to designers and maintainers in the engineering field of machinery/civil engineering and the like, the present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings in specific embodiments. FIG. 1 shows the general experimental scheme of the present invention, and the specific implementation steps are described as follows.
Step 1: constructing a finite element model of the single-bolt connection test piece;
the contact surface in the bolt connection structure is measured by adopting a three-dimensional surface topography instrument to obtain the three-dimensional rough surface topography, and a finite element model of the single-bolt connection axial test piece and the tangential test piece is constructed on the basis of establishing a finite element contact model taking the real rough surface topography into account as shown in figure 2.
Step 2: drawing a load-deformation curve of the single-bolt connection test piece;
applying pretightening force to the single-bolt connection structure by adopting ANSYS software, analyzing the stress distribution state of the contact surface in the finite element model, and constructing the normal stiffness K of the contact surface based on the fractal theorynThe mathematical model of (2):
wherein E is the elastic modulus of the part material,
is a domain expansion factor, a'1Is the maximum cross-sectional area of a single microprotrusion, a'cIs the critical cross-sectional area for elastic to plastic transition, and D is the fractal dimension.
According to the rigidity K of the bolted connectionpThe mathematical model is combined with the rigidity calculation of the bolt and draws the axial test piece connected with the single bolt in the pre-tightening stateLoad-deformation curve of tangential specimen.
In the formula (d)hIs the diameter of the bolt hole, dwIs the diameter of the bearing surface of the gasket, dmIs the outer diameter of the connected piece, L is the total thickness of the connected piece, theta is the half apex angle, and the expression is
In the formula, a1，a2，a3，a4，a5To experimental factor, a1，a2，a3，a4，a5A linear regression algorithm was applied to determine from the experimental data that C/d is the relative gap, L/d is the relative total thickness, and R is the thickness ratio of the connected pieces.
And step 3: manufacturing a single-bolt connecting axial test piece and a tangential test piece;
as shown in fig. 3, in order to analyze the influence of the axial cyclic load and the tangential cyclic load on the relaxation characteristics of the bolted connection, a single-bolt connection axial test piece and a tangential test piece were manufactured. The axial test piece consists of a first axial test piece upper connecting piece (1) and a first axial test piece lower connecting piece (2), and the tangential test piece consists of a second axial test piece upper connecting piece (3) and a second axial test piece lower connecting piece (4).
The first axial test piece upper connecting piece (1) and the first axial test piece lower connecting piece (2) as well as the second axial test piece upper connecting piece (3) and the second axial test piece lower connecting piece (4) are connected by bolts (5) and nuts (6).
And 4, step 4: building an experiment platform and carrying out cyclic load test;
the experimental platform shown in fig. 4 comprises a fatigue testing machine (7), a single-bolt connection test piece, a pressure sensor (12), a data acquisition system (13), a data analysis system (14) and cyclic load control software. A pressure sensor (12) is installed between the bolt and the contact surface of the connected member; the assembled single-bolt connection test piece is clamped on an upper clamp and a lower clamp of the fatigue testing machine (7); wave Matrix software is installed in the computer (15), and the Wave Matrix software is adopted to apply cyclic loads under the same conditions to the single-bolt axial test piece and the tangential test piece; the clamping force of the single-bolt connection test piece is monitored in real time by using the pressure sensor (12) and the data acquisition system (13), and the data of the clamping force is filtered by using the data analysis system (14).
And 5: a modal test based on an LMS vibration system;
respectively carrying out 8 groups of cyclic load tests on the single-bolt connecting axial test piece and the tangential test piece under the same condition; when the test time is 30min, 60min, … min and 240min, performing a modal test on the taken test piece by using an LMS vibration system; the LMS vibration system is composed of a computer (15), an acquisition instrument (16), a force hammer (17) and an acceleration sensor (18), wherein the force hammer (17) and the acceleration sensor (18) are connected with the acquisition instrument (16), and the acquisition instrument (16) is connected with the computer (15), as shown in fig. 5.
Step 6: extracting and fitting a clamping force signal and a rigidity signal;
fitting the clamp force data obtained after filtering, and drawing a clamp force change curve of the single-bolt connection test piece; extracting rigidity signals of the single-bolt connecting axial test piece and the tangential test piece based on the following frequency response function model:
in which superscripts 1, 2 denote bolted structural subsystems, subscripts a, c denote regions other than the bolted specimen contact surface,
is the displacement of the non-contact surface area of the sub-structure 1,
is the displacement of the non-contact surface area of the sub-structure 2,
and
are the frequency response functions of the homographic responses of the substructure 1 and the substructure 2 respectively under the homographic excitation,
is a frequency response function of the p-point excitation a-point response in the substructure 1,
is a frequency response function of the a-point excitation p-point response in the substructure 1,
is a frequency response function of the c-point excitation q-point response in the substructure 2,
is a frequency response function of the q-point excitation c-point response in the substructure 2,
is an external force acting on the non-contact surface area of the sub-structure 1,
is the external force acting on the non-contact surface area of the substructure 2, and α' is a coefficient related to the frequency response function, i.e.
HiIs a function of the frequency response of the contact surface in relation to stiffness and damping, i.e.
And
respectively, are frequency response functions of the same-point excitation same-point response at the contact surface of the substructure 1 and the substructure 2.
And fitting the obtained rigidity value, comparing the obtained rigidity value with a clamping force change curve, and verifying the accuracy of representing the loosening characteristic of the bolt connection structure by adopting rigidity change.
The material of the first axial test piece upper connecting piece (1), the first axial test piece lower connecting piece (2), the second axial test piece upper connecting piece (3) and the second axial test piece lower connecting piece (4) is 45# steel.
The specification of the bolt (5) is M16 multiplied by 80, and the material is A-70 stainless steel.
And the bolt (5) penetrates through the bolt hole to be matched with the nut (6), and is fastened by adopting a torque method to complete the assembly of the test piece.
In addition to the above embodiments, other embodiments not described should also be within the scope of the present invention. The embodiments described herein are merely exemplary of the inventive concept and those skilled in the art may modify, supplement, or substitute the embodiments described herein without departing from the inventive concept or exceeding the scope defined by the claims that follow. Recitation of certain terms herein do not exclude the possibility of using other terms, and such terms are merely intended to serve as a shorthand and convenient recitation of the substance of the present invention, and should not be interpreted as any additional limitation.
Claims (3)
1. An experimental method for representing the relaxation characteristic of a bolt connection structure is characterized in that:
step 1: constructing a finite element model of the single-bolt connection test piece;
measuring a contact surface in the bolt connection structure by using a three-dimensional surface topography instrument to obtain a three-dimensional rough surface topography, and constructing a finite element model of a single-bolt connection axial test piece and a single-bolt connection tangential test piece on the basis of establishing a real rough surface topography finite element contact model;
step 2: drawing a load-deformation curve of the single-bolt connection test piece;
applying pretightening force to the single-bolt connection structure by adopting ANSYS software, analyzing the stress distribution state of the single-bolt connection shaft to the contact surface in the finite element model of the test piece and the tangential test piece, and constructing a contact table based on a fractal theoryNormal plane stiffness KnThe mathematical model of (2):
wherein E is the elastic modulus of the part material,
is a domain expansion factor, a'1Is the maximum cross-sectional area of a single microprotrusion, a'cIs the critical cross-sectional area of the elastic to plastic transition, D is the fractal dimension;
according to the rigidity K of the connected piece in the bolt connection structurepThe mathematical model of (2) is calculated and drawn by combining the rigidity of the bolt per se, and load-deformation curves of the single-bolt connecting axial test piece and the single-bolt connecting tangential test piece in a pre-tightening state are drawn;
in the formula (d)hIs the diameter of the bolt hole, dwIs the diameter of the bearing surface of the gasket, dmIs the outer diameter of the connected piece, L is the total thickness of the connected piece, theta is the half apex angle, and the expression is
In the formula, a1，a2，a3，a4，a5To experimental factor, a1，a2，a3，a4，a5Determining by applying a linear regression algorithm, wherein C/d is relative clearance, L/d is relative total thickness, and R is the thickness ratio of the connected piece;
and step 3: manufacturing a single-bolt connecting axial test piece and a single-bolt connecting tangential test piece;
in order to analyze the influence of the axial circulating load and the tangential circulating load on the relaxation characteristic of the bolt connecting structure, a single-bolt connecting axial test piece and a single-bolt connecting tangential test piece are manufactured; the single-bolt connection axial test piece consists of a first axial test piece upper connecting piece (1) and a first axial test piece lower connecting piece (2), and the single-bolt connection tangential test piece consists of a second axial test piece upper connecting piece (3) and a second axial test piece lower connecting piece (4);
the first axial test piece upper connecting piece (1) and the first axial test piece lower connecting piece (2) as well as the second axial test piece upper connecting piece (3) and the second axial test piece lower connecting piece (4) are connected by bolts (5) and nuts (6);
and 4, step 4: building an experiment platform and carrying out cyclic load test;
the experimental platform comprises a fatigue testing machine (7), a single-bolt connection axial test piece, a single-bolt connection tangential test piece, a pressure sensor (12), a data acquisition system (13), a data analysis system (14) and cyclic load control software; a pressure sensor (12) is installed between the bolt and the contact surface of the connected member; the assembled single-bolt connecting axial test piece and the single-bolt connecting tangential test piece are clamped on an upper clamp and a lower clamp of a fatigue testing machine (7); wave Matrix software is installed in the computer (15), and the Wave Matrix software is adopted to apply cyclic loads under the same conditions to the single-bolt axial test piece and the single-bolt connection tangential test piece; monitoring the clamping force of the single-bolt connecting shaft to the test piece and the single-bolt connecting tangential test piece in real time by using a pressure sensor (12) and a data acquisition system (13), and filtering the clamping force data by using a data analysis system (14);
and 5: a modal test based on an LMS vibration system;
respectively carrying out 8 groups of cyclic load tests on the single-bolt connecting axial test piece and the single-bolt connecting tangential test piece under the same condition; when the test time is 30min, 60min, 90min, 120min, 150min, 180min, 210min and 240min, performing modal test on the removed single-bolt connecting axial test piece and tangential test piece by adopting an LMS vibration system; the LMS vibration system is composed of a computer (15), an acquisition instrument (16), a force hammer (17) and an acceleration sensor (18), the force hammer (17) and the acceleration sensor (18) are connected with the acquisition instrument (16), and the acquisition instrument (16) is connected with the computer (15);
step 6: extracting and fitting a clamping force signal and a rigidity signal;
fitting the clamp force data obtained after filtering, and drawing a clamp force change curve of the single-bolt connection test piece; extracting rigidity signals of the single-bolt connection axial test piece and the single-bolt connection tangential test piece based on the following frequency response function model:
in which superscripts 1, 2 denote bolted structural subsystems, subscripts a, c denote regions other than the bolted specimen contact surface,
is the displacement of the non-contact surface area of the sub-structure 1,
is the displacement of the non-contact surface area of the sub-structure 2,
and
are the frequency response functions of the homographic responses of the substructure 1 and the substructure 2 respectively under the homographic excitation,
is a frequency response function of the p-point excitation a-point response in the substructure 1,
is a frequency response function of the a-point excitation p-point response in the substructure 1,
is a frequency response function of the c-point excitation q-point response in the substructure 2,
is a frequency response function of the q-point excitation c-point response in the substructure 2,
is an external force acting on the non-contact surface area of the sub-structure 1,
is the external force acting on the non-contact surface area of the substructure 2, and α' is a coefficient related to the frequency response function, i.e.
HiIs a function of the frequency response of the contact surface in relation to stiffness and damping, i.e.
And
respectively is a frequency response function of the same-point excitation same-point response at the contact surface of the substructure 1 and the substructure 2;
and fitting the obtained rigidity value, comparing the obtained rigidity value with a clamping force change curve, and verifying the accuracy of representing the loosening characteristic of the bolt connection structure by adopting rigidity change.
2. An experimental method for characterizing the relaxation behavior of bolted structures according to claim 1, characterized in that: the first axial test piece upper connecting piece (1), the first axial test piece lower connecting piece (2), the second axial test piece upper connecting piece (3) and the second axial test piece lower connecting piece (4) are all made of No. 45 steel.
3. An experimental method for characterizing the relaxation behavior of bolted structures according to claim 1, characterized in that: and the bolt (5) penetrates through the bolt hole to be matched with the nut (6), and is fastened by adopting a torque method, so that the assembly of the single-bolt connection axial test piece and the single-bolt connection tangential test piece is completed.
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