CN108376996B - Practical power distribution network distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity estimation method - Google Patents
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Abstract
A practical method for estimating the distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity of a power distribution network is characterized in that the distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity is decomposed into the consumption capacity of a cost place for distributed photovoltaic and the delivery capacity of a power grid for distributed photovoltaic; estimating the receptivity of basic unit equipment of low-voltage distribution transformers, medium-voltage lines and high-voltage transformer substations to distributed photovoltaic, and accumulating the voltage grades under the condition of meeting the capacity constraint condition of superior power supply equipment to obtain the whole regional and distributed photovoltaic receptivity of all voltage grades; the method comprises the following steps: (1) calculating the consumption capacity of the distributed photovoltaic locally; (2) calculating the distributed photovoltaic delivery capacity by the power grid; (3) calculating the receiving capacity of the distributed photovoltaic by the basic unit equipment; (4) calculating the regional distributed photovoltaic absorption capacity; (5) the hierarchy describes the regional distributed photovoltaic acceptance. The method can estimate the overall admission capacity of the region without a large amount of data support, and synchronously give the admission scales of all voltage classes.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a practical power distribution network distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity estimation method, and belongs to the technical field of electrical engineering planning.
Background
Along with the implementation of novel town construction and national photovoltaic poverty-relief policies, large-scale distributed photovoltaic is connected into a power distribution network. Compared with the traditional centralized linear power generation, the distributed photovoltaic output has obvious fluctuation and intermittency, and is considered as a power supply which only provides electric quantity value and does not provide capacity value. Distributed photovoltaic large-scale access influences the voltage distribution, the power flow and the power of a power distribution network, and the factors become constraint conditions for restricting access capacity. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate the capability of distributed photovoltaics that can be accepted by a power distribution grid to avoid the disordered development of distributed photovoltaics.
Currently, new energy admission capacity is mainly evaluated by whether the system peak capacity can keep up with the change of the net load. For example, technical literature ("Beijing grid wind power development and absorption capacity") published in Power construction (2015, volume 36, No. 8, pages 49-54); technical literature published in the economics of hydroenergy (vol.16, p.12, 56-57 of 2016) ("research on methods for calculating and evaluating the capacity of electric power grids to absorb new energy"). However, the capability of the distribution network to accommodate the distributed photovoltaic is mainly affected by the node voltage, the exchange power with the previous stage, the short-circuit current, the branch current-carrying capacity, the setting value of the protective equipment and other factors, and is not related to the peak shaving of the unit. Aiming at a power distribution network, the distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity is mainly solved by a simulation calculation or optimization method. Technical literature ("simulation analysis of influence factors of acceptance of distributed wind power generation") as published in Shenyang institute of engineering (Nature's republic of sciences), vol 13, pp 1-5, 2017; technical literature published on electrical measurement and instrumentation (vol 53, pp 21, 65-70, 2016) ("best location and capacity studies for distributed power access to the distribution grid"); a technical document published in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems (2010, volume 25, page 1, 296-304) ("Network distributed generation capacity analysis using OPF with voltage step constraints"). However, distributed photovoltaic is mainly grid-connected from medium and low voltage, access points are many, grid frames are complex, parameters are incomplete, and a method for calculating or optimizing the receiving capacity through building a model does not have practical operability. In addition, the above documents mostly focus on the calculation of the receiving capacity at a certain voltage level, and cannot give the receiving capacity of the entire area and each voltage level. In summary, there is no effective method for evaluating the acceptance of distributed photovoltaic by a power distribution grid. The invention provides a practical distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity estimation method.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a practical method for estimating the distributed photovoltaic receptivity of a power distribution network, aiming at the problems that the existing distributed photovoltaic receptivity estimation is limited to a certain relatively independent area (considering power supply peak shaving) or a certain voltage level (considering power grid side location and constant volume), the calculation is complex and the like.
The technical scheme of the invention is that the practical method for estimating the distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity of the power distribution network decomposes the distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity into the consumption capacity of the distributed photovoltaic and the delivery capacity of the power grid to the distributed photovoltaic; and estimating the receptivity of the low-voltage distribution transformer, the medium-voltage line and the high-voltage substation basic unit equipment to the distributed photovoltaic, and accumulating the voltage grades under the condition of meeting the capacity constraint condition of the superior power supply equipment to obtain the whole regional and distributed photovoltaic receptivity of each voltage grade.
The method comprises the following steps:
(1) local calculation of distributed photovoltaic absorption capacity
Maximum load P taken up by elementary unitsmaxAssuming that distributed photovoltaic with the same capacity is installed as a reference value, comparing the load at each moment with the output value of the distributed photovoltaic, and calculating the per unit value C of the absorption capacity at each moment according to the following formulaLTb,t:
In the formula: pLtAnd PDtRespectively representing the output values of the load and the distributed photovoltaic at the moment t;
selecting the minimum value as per-unit value C of the consumption capacity of the local load to the distributed photovoltaicLTb;
CLTb=min{CLTb,t} (t=1,2,…,24) (2)
For net loadIn areas with similar curves, under the condition that the per unit value of the local absorption capacity is known, the local load pair distributed photovoltaic absorption capacity C of the same type of basic unit can be quickly estimated according to the following formulaLT:
CLT=rTTpCLTb (3)
In the formula: t ispThe capacity of the same type of basic unit equipment; r isTTypical daily maximum load rate for the device;
(2) calculation of distributed photovoltaic delivery capacity by power grid
Under the condition of no on-load connection, the maximum access capacity of the distributed photovoltaic under the constraints of transformer capacity, access line capacity, access point voltage deviation and the like is calculated, and the minimum value is selected as the outgoing capacity C of the power supply equipment to the distributed photovoltaicOTAs shown in the following formula:
COT=min{Pvmax,Ptmax,Plmax} (4)
Pvmax=Pv(Udi) (5)
Ptmax=atTp (6)
Plmax=alPl (7)
wherein, Pvmax、PtmaxAnd PlmaxDistributed photovoltaic maximum access capacity determined by node voltage deviation, transformer capacity and line capacity constraints respectively; u shapediIs a common access point voltage, Pv(.) a function of the delivery capacity determined for the bias of the voltage at the public access point; t ispFor changing/distributing equipment capacity, atThe safe transmission capacity coefficient of the transformer is obtained; a islFor safe transmission of the power factor, P, of the linelMaximum transmission power for the line;
(3) capacity calculation of distributed photovoltaics by base unit devices
Adding the local distributed photovoltaic absorption capacity and the power grid distributed photovoltaic delivery capacity to obtain the receiving capacity F of the basic unit equipment to the distributed photovoltaicTAs shown in the following formula:
FT=CLT+CoT (8)
(4) regional distributed photovoltaic power savings calculation
Respectively solving the accepting capacity of basic unit equipment such as all distribution transformers, medium-voltage lines, transformer substations and the like in the jurisdiction according to the method, then performing classified accumulation, and taking the minimum value of the accepting capacity and the capacity of superior power supply equipment, namely the accepting capacity of each voltage level in the jurisdiction:
wherein, FS、FL、FTDistributed photovoltaic receiving capacities of a high-voltage substation, a medium-voltage line and a low-voltage distribution transformer area of a regional power distribution network are respectively set; n, m and k are the numbers of 110kV transformer substations, 10kV trunk lines and low-voltage distribution transformer substation areas in the region respectively; fSi、FLi、FTiDistributed photovoltaic receiving capacities of a transformer substation, a line and a distribution transformer i respectively; t issThe capacity of the substation with the trunk line is taken; t isLThe capacity of a medium-voltage trunk line in a splicing zone area;
(5) hierarchically described regional distributed photovoltaic acceptance
Common receivable distributed photovoltaic F for regional 110kV and below power gridS(ii) a Wherein, the power grid of 10kV and below can accept FLPublic distribution transformer area receivable FT;FS-FLNamely the distributed photovoltaic capacity which can be accessed to the internet through a 10kV special line; fL-FTNamely the distributed photovoltaic capacity which can be accessed to the internet through the special distribution transformer.
The distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity is solved by decomposing into local absorption capacity and delivery capacity; the local absorption capacity refers to the maximum distributed photovoltaic installed capacity which can be absorbed through a local load under the condition that the distributed photovoltaic is not delivered backwards; the outgoing capacity refers to the maximum distributed photovoltaic installed capacity that can be outgoing through the power grid without local loads.
The local consumption capability of the basic unit device is obtained by the product of the device capacity, the device load rate and the local consumption capability per unit value, and the local consumption capability per unit value can directly adopt the same type of device values with similar net load curves without calculation one by one.
The regional distributed photovoltaic absorption capacity is described in 3 levels of a low-voltage transformer area, a medium-voltage line and a high-voltage transformer substation, not only can the distributed photovoltaic absorption capacity of public equipment of each level be given, but also the capacity which can be absorbed through special equipment can be calculated.
a)110kV and below power grid acceptance capacity
Assuming that n transformer substations exist in an area, calculating the distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity F of each 110kV transformer substation in the areaS1,FS2,…,FSn(ii) a The following grid acceptance capacity of the area 110kV is the cumulative sum of the acceptance capacities of the substations, as shown in the following formula:
b)10kV and below power grid absorption capacity
Assuming that m 10kV trunk lines exist in the region, calculating the distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity F of each trunk line in the regionL1,FL2,…,FLm(ii) a The minimum value of the sum of the admission capacity of each trunk line and the capacity of a superior substation is taken from the admission capacity of the power grid in the region of 10kV and below as follows:
wherein, TsAnd carrying the transformer substation capacity constraint of the line.
c) Low voltage platform area absorption capacity
Assuming that k transformer areas exist in the area, calculating the distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity F of each low-voltage transformer area in the areaT1,FT2,…,FTk(ii) a The area low-voltage station area admission capacity is the minimum value of the sum of the admission capacities of the stations and the capacity of the upper-level line, and is shown as the following formula:
wherein, TLTo meet the medium voltage trunk capacity constraints of the above-mentioned bays.
According to the calculation result, the regional distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity is described in a voltage hierarchy mode as follows:
common receivable distributed photovoltaic F for regional 110kV and below power gridS. Wherein, the power grid of 10kV and below can accept FLPublic distribution transformer area receivable FT;FS-FLNamely the distributed photovoltaic capacity which can be accessed to the internet through a 10kV special line; fL-FTNamely the distributed photovoltaic capacity which can be accessed to the internet through the special distribution transformer.
Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the method can estimate the whole receiving capacity of the area without a large amount of data support and developing complex simulation and optimization calculation, and synchronously gives the receiving scale of each voltage grade.
The method is suitable for simply estimating the scale of the receivable distributed photovoltaic cells in the region, and guiding the distributed photovoltaic cells where and with which voltage level to adopt for grid connection.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of steps of a distributed photovoltaic admission capacity estimation method for a power distribution network according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a typical daily load and distributed photovoltaic output curve;
FIG. 3 is a typical daily consumption per unit value curve of a red bayberry pond platform area at each time;
FIG. 4 is a typical daily consumption per unit value curve of a red bayberry pond line at each time;
FIG. 5 is a plot of the per unit value of the absorptive power at each time of a typical day of park change.
Detailed Description
The specific embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig. 1.
The method comprises the steps of firstly estimating the accepting capacity of a power grid of each voltage class to distributed photovoltaic, and then giving the accepting capacity of the whole area.
This example was carried out by the following steps:
I. calculating low-voltage area acceptance
Calculating according to the formulas (1) to (3) to obtain the local load absorbing capacity of the single station area; calculating according to the formulas (4) to (7) to obtain the sending capacity of the distributed power supply of the single distribution area; the overall receiving capacity of the area low-pressure platform area is obtained according to the formula (11).
II. Calculating medium voltage line acceptance
Calculating according to the formulas (1) to (3) to obtain the local load absorbing capacity of the single trunk line; calculating according to the formulas (4) to (7) to obtain the sending capacity of the distributed power supply of the single trunk line; the overall acceptance of the regional medium voltage line is obtained according to equation (10).
III, calculating the acceptance capacity of the high-voltage transformer substation
Calculating according to the formulas (1) to (3) to obtain the local load absorbing capacity of the single transformer substation; calculating according to the formulas (4) to (7) to obtain the sending capacity of the distributed power supply of the single substation; and (4) obtaining the integral receiving capacity of the regional high-voltage substation according to the formula (9).
IV, giving the overall receiving capacity of the area
And according to the calculation result, giving out the regional distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity by the partial voltage level.
In this embodiment, the validity of the proposed method is verified through the actual distribution network in a certain area, and the verification environment is set as: the area has 3 110kV transformer substations, 17 medium-voltage lines and 180 distribution transformers.
1. Low-voltage platform area admission capacity calculation
Taking a red bayberry pond district as an example, the maximum load of the district in a typical load day is 57.61kW, the transformer capacity is 125kVA, and the load rate is 46.09%; the model of the low-voltage main line is LGJ-120, and the length of the main line is 400 meters.
1) Local absorption capability estimation
According to typical daily load and distributed photovoltaic output conditions, a load-photovoltaic output curve is given, as shown in fig. 2. And calculates per unit value C of the digestion capability at each time according to equation (1)LTb,tAs shown in fig. 3. As can be seen from the figure, the per unit value of the local absorptive power is the minimum value at the moment (13 points) when the photovoltaic output is maximum, namely CLTb0.85. Therefore, the local digestion capacity of the common variables in the waxberry pond CL=rTpCLb=0.4609*125*0.85=49kW。
2) Calculation of delivery capabilities
Constraints such as low-voltage line capacity, distribution capacity and low-voltage access point voltage fluctuation are considered.
The model of the myrica pool public low-voltage main line is LGJ-120, and the maximum delivery capacity P of the distributed power supply under the constraint of current-carrying capacitylmax=250kW。
The allowable fluctuation range of the low-voltage three-phase voltage is +/-7% of the standard voltage, the length of the common low-voltage main line of the myrica pool is 400 meters, and the maximum delivery capacity P of the distributed power supply under the voltage constraintvmax=74.8kW。
Transformer capacity 125kVA, maximum delivery capacity P of distributed power supply under constraint of distribution transformer capacitytmax=125kW。
According to the formula (4), selecting the minimum value as the delivery capacity C of the common change of the waxberry pondOT=75kW。
3) Base unit device admission capability calculation
According to the formula (8), the distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity F of the common variation of the waxberry pondT=49+75=124kW。
4) Area overall low-voltage distribution area admission capacity calculation
For convenience of calculation, the station areas are classified and statistically estimated according to the low-voltage trunk lines. The low-voltage main lines in the region are divided into 3 types such as JKLYJ-120, JKLYJ-240 and YJV 22-3-300, the total number of corresponding transformer regions is 120, 40 and 20 respectively, the distribution and transformation capacity is 15.25MVA, 7.2MVA and 3.64MVA respectively, and the average value of typical daily load rates is 42.79%, 45% and 48% respectively. Obtaining the distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity F of the low-voltage transformer area according to the formula (11)TThe results are shown in the table below, when the MW is 29.27 MW.
Table 1 calculation result of distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity of low-voltage distribution room in area
2. Medium voltage line admission capability calculation
Taking 10kV waxberry pond line as an example, the maximum load P of the line is typical load daymax4250 kW; the line model JKLYJ-240 (ampacity is 8.7MW), the line length is 4 km, and the load factor is 48.8%.
1) Local absorption capability estimation
According to the typical daily load and the distributed photovoltaic output situation, a load-photovoltaic output curve is given, and a per unit value C of the consumption capacity at each moment is calculated according to the formula (1)LTb,tAs shown in fig. 4. As can be seen from the figure, the per unit value of the local absorptive power is the minimum value at the moment (13 points) when the photovoltaic output is maximum, namely CLTb0.76. Therefore, the local absorption capacity C of the myrica pool lineL=rTpCLb=8.7*0.488*0.76=3.23MW。
2) Calculation of delivery capabilities
Constraints such as medium voltage line capacity and access point voltage fluctuations are considered.
The trunk line model of the waxberry pond line is JKLYJ-240, and the maximum delivery capacity P of the distributed power supply under the current-carrying capacity constraintlmax=8.7MW。
The allowable fluctuation range of the medium-voltage three-phase voltage is +/-7% of the standard voltage, the medium-voltage main line in the waxberry pond is 4 kilometers in length, and the maximum delivery capacity P of the distributed power supply under the voltage constraintvmax=13.3MW。
According to the formula (4), selecting the minimum value as the delivery capacity C of the common change of the waxberry pondOT=8.7MW。
3) Base unit device admission capability calculation
According toFormula (8), bayberry pond middling pressure line distributed photovoltaic accepting ability FT=3.23+8.7=11.93MW。
4) Regional global medium voltage line admission capacity calculation
The medium voltage in the region has 17 common lines, and the models are all JKLYJ-240. According to equation (10), a medium voltage line distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity F is obtainedLThe results are shown in the table below for 172.6 MW.
TABLE 2 results of Medium Voltage line distributed photovoltaic Admission Capacity calculation in area
3. High voltage substation acceptance calculation
Taking a 110kV park as an example, the station has the maximum load of 27.1MW at a typical load day, the transformer capacity of 100MVA and the load rate of 27.1%; the 110kV front round line of the power supply circuit is LGJ-240, the length of the line is 3.1 kilometers, and the current-carrying capacity is 116 MW.
1) Local absorption capability estimation
According to the typical daily load and the distributed photovoltaic output situation, a load-photovoltaic output curve is given, and a per unit value C of the consumption capacity at each moment is calculated according to the formula (1)LTb,tAs shown in fig. 5. As can be seen from the figure, the per unit value of the local absorptive power is the minimum value at the moment (13 points) when the photovoltaic output is maximum, namely CLTb0.84. Thus, the park variant local absorption capacity CL=rTpCLb=0.271*100*0.84=22.8MW。
2) Calculation of delivery capabilities
Constraints such as high-voltage power line capacity, substation capacity and high-voltage line access point voltage fluctuation are considered.
The model of the front round line is LGJ-240, and the maximum outgoing capacity P of the distributed power supply under the current-carrying capacity constraintlmax=116MW。
The allowable fluctuation range of the high-voltage three-phase voltage is +/-5% of the standard voltage, the length of the front round wire is 3.1 kilometers, and the maximum outgoing capacity P of the distributed power supply under the voltage constraintvmax=1478MW。
Maximum outgoing capacity P of distributed power supply with transformer substation capacity of 100MVA and transformer substation capacity constrainttmax=100MW。
According to the formula (4), selecting the minimum value as the delivery capacity C of the common change of the waxberry pondOT=100MW。
3) Base unit device admission capability calculation
According to the formula (8), the distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity F of the common variation of the waxberry pondT=22.8+100=122.8MW。
4) Regional overall high-voltage substation acceptance calculation
The number of the 110kV transformer stations is 3, the main transformer capacity is 100MVA, and the load rates are 50.9%, 27.1% and 2.71% respectively. Obtaining the distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity F of the high-voltage transformer substation according to the formula (9)SThe results are shown in the table below, 367.8 MW.
Table 3 results of calculation of distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity of high-voltage transformer substation in area
4. Regional global receptivity calculation
According to the calculation result, the overall distributed photovoltaic receiving capacity of the area is described as follows: the power grid below 110kV can absorb distributed photovoltaic 367.8 MW. The power grid of 10kV or below can absorb 172.6MW, and the distributed photovoltaic power of 195.2MW is networked through a 10kV special line; the public distribution transformer area can absorb 29.27MW, and the distributed photovoltaic quantity which can be connected to the internet through the special distribution transformer is 143.33 MW.
Claims (2)
1. A distributed photovoltaic admission capacity estimation method for a power distribution network is characterized in that the method decomposes the distributed photovoltaic admission capacity into cost-based capacity for the distributed photovoltaic and delivery capacity of a power grid for the distributed photovoltaic; estimating the receptivity of basic unit equipment of low-voltage distribution transformers, medium-voltage lines and high-voltage transformer substations to distributed photovoltaic, and accumulating the voltage grades under the condition of meeting the capacity constraint condition of superior power supply equipment to obtain the whole regional and distributed photovoltaic receptivity of all voltage grades; the method comprises the following steps:
(1) local calculation of distributed photovoltaic absorption capacity
Maximum load P taken up by elementary unitsmaxAssuming that distributed photovoltaic with the same capacity is installed as a reference value, comparing the load at each moment with the output value of the distributed photovoltaic, and calculating the per unit value C of the absorption capacity at each moment according to the following formulaLTb,t:
In the formula: pLtAnd PDtRespectively representing the output values of the load and the distributed photovoltaic at the moment t;
selecting the minimum value as per unit value C of the consumption capacity of the local distributed photovoltaicLTb;
CLTb=min{CLTb,t}t=1,2,…,24
For areas with similar net load curves, under the condition that the per unit value of the distributed photovoltaic absorption capacity is known locally, the local distributed photovoltaic absorption capacity C of the same type of basic unit equipment can be quickly estimated according to the following formulaLT:
CLT=rTTpCLTb
In the formula: t ispThe capacity of the same type of basic unit equipment; r isTTypical daily maximum load rate for the device;
(2) calculation of distributed photovoltaic delivery capacity by power grid
Under the condition of no on-load connection, calculating the maximum access capacity of the distributed photovoltaic under the constraints of the transformer capacity, the access line capacity and the access point voltage deviation, and selecting the minimum value as the outgoing capacity C of the power grid to the distributed photovoltaicOTAs shown in the following formula:
COT=min{Pvmax,Ptmax,Plmax}
Pvmax=Pv(Udi)
Ptmax=atTp
Plmax=alPl
wherein, Pvmax、PtmaxAnd PlmaxDistributed photovoltaic maximum access capacity determined by access point voltage deviation, transformer capacity and access line capacity constraints respectively; u shapediIs a common access point voltage, Pv(.) a function of the delivery capacity determined for the bias of the voltage at the public access point; t ispTo allocate and transform equipment capacity, atThe safe transmission capacity coefficient of the transformer is obtained; a islFor safe transmission of the power factor, P, of the linelMaximum transmission power for the line;
(3) capacity calculation of distributed photovoltaics by base unit devices
Adding the local distributed photovoltaic absorption capacity and the power grid distributed photovoltaic delivery capacity to obtain the receiving capacity F of the basic unit equipment to the distributed photovoltaicTAs shown in the following formula:
FT=CLT+COT
(4) regional distributed photovoltaic power savings calculation
Respectively solving the receptivity of all low-voltage distribution transformer, medium-voltage lines and high-voltage transformer substation basic unit equipment to the distributed photovoltaic in the jurisdiction according to the method, then performing classified accumulation, and taking the minimum value of the receptivity of the distributed photovoltaic and the capacity of the superior power supply equipment, namely the receptivity of each voltage level in the jurisdiction:
wherein, FS、FL、FTDistributed photovoltaic receiving capacities of a high-voltage substation, a medium-voltage line and a low-voltage distribution transformer of a regional power distribution network respectively; n, m and k are the numbers of 110kV transformer substations, 10kV main lines and low-voltage distribution transformers in the region respectively; fsi、FLi、FTiDistributed photovoltaic receiving capacities of a high-voltage substation, a medium-voltage line and a low-voltage distribution transformer i respectively; t isSThe capacity of the substation with the trunk line is taken; t isLThe capacity of a medium-voltage main line for connecting a low-voltage distribution transformer;
(5) hierarchically described regional distributed photovoltaic acceptance
Common receivable distributed photovoltaic F for regional 110kV and below power gridS(ii) a Wherein, the power grid of 10kV and below can accept FLLow voltage distribution transformer receivable FT;FS-FLNamely the distributed photovoltaic capacity which can be accessed to the internet through a 10kV special line; fL-FTNamely the distributed photovoltaic capacity which can be accessed to the internet through the special distribution transformer.
2. The method for estimating the distributed photovoltaic receptivity of the power distribution network according to claim 1, wherein the distributed photovoltaic receptivity is solved by decomposing into a local distributed photovoltaic receptivity and a power grid distributed photovoltaic outgoing capacity; the local distributed photovoltaic absorption capacity refers to the maximum distributed photovoltaic installed capacity which can be absorbed through a local load under the condition that the distributed photovoltaic is not delivered backwards; the power grid-to-distributed photovoltaic delivery capacity refers to the maximum distributed photovoltaic installed capacity that can be delivered through the power grid without local load.
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