CN108365955A - A kind of device-independent high channel capacity quantum communication system and method - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于信息处理技术领域,公开了一种设备无关的高信道容量量子通信系统及方法,通信方法采用多自由度下的超纠缠态作为量子载体,建立设备无关的超纠缠量子通信模型,进行密集编码;通过计算出每粒子能传输的信息量,并与其他协议中的该信息量对比,验证信道容量;同时本发明公开一种设备无关的高信道容量量子通信系统。本发明通过分发两个粒子完成了两位设备无关密钥的分发,量子效率达到了1;如果采用普通纠缠态如Bell态作为量子载体,通过分发两个粒子只能完成一位设备无关密钥的分发,量子效率只有0.5。
The invention belongs to the technical field of information processing, and discloses a device-independent high-channel-capacity quantum communication system and method. The communication method adopts a super-entangled state under multiple degrees of freedom as a quantum carrier, establishes a device-independent super-entangled quantum communication model, and performs Dense encoding; by calculating the amount of information that can be transmitted by each particle, and comparing it with the amount of information in other protocols, the channel capacity is verified; at the same time, the invention discloses a device-independent high-channel-capacity quantum communication system. The present invention completes the distribution of a two-bit device-independent key by distributing two particles, and the quantum efficiency reaches 1; if an ordinary entangled state such as a Bell state is used as a quantum carrier, only one device-independent key can be completed by distributing two particles distribution, the quantum efficiency is only 0.5.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于信息处理技术领域,尤其涉及一种设备无关的高信道容量量子通信系统及方法。The invention belongs to the technical field of information processing, and in particular relates to a device-independent high channel capacity quantum communication system and method.
背景技术Background technique
目前,业内常用的现有技术是这样的:At present, the existing technologies commonly used in the industry are as follows:
为推进量子通信的实用化,安全性和安全前提下提高信道容量是迫切需要解决的两个关键问题。在以往的研究中,量子通信的安全性由量子力学原理保证,量子态制备源和测量设备都默认为完美。然而在现实条件下,很难实现完美的制备源和测量设备,因而,现实的量子通信系统可能存在各种安全隐患。针对设备的不完美性已有多种攻击方案导致秘密信息泄露,如“时间位移攻击”、“死时间攻击”和“强光致盲攻击”等等。也就是说,理论上绝对安全的量子通信协议,在实际中可能很不安全。因此,在设备不可信任的前提下,研究安全的量子通信协议是推进量子通信的实用化,保证安全性,必须要迈出的第一步。此外,在设备不可信任前提下,实际的信道容量会被大大降低,如果通信中的信道容量过低,就无法真正实现实用的量子安全通信协议。因此研究设备不可信任条件下,安全且有较高容量的量子通信协议既有理论意义,又有实用价值。目前对设备不可信任前提下量子通信的理论和技术研究主要集中在以下五方面:设备无关的量子安全通信研究,屏蔽由于制备源和测量设备不可信任引起的侧信道攻击漏洞。测量设备无关的量子安全通信研究,只屏蔽测量设备不可信任引起的侧信道攻击漏洞。由非可信任第三方对通信双方发送的粒子进行纠缠态测量并公布结果,通信双方通过判断各自输入数据的关联性生成密钥,从而移除探测器侧信道漏洞。然而,无法屏蔽制备源不可信任引起的侧信道攻击漏洞,只能利用诱骗态方法规避非理想光源带来的安全性问题。半设备无关的量子密钥分发研究,该研究假定制备源和测量设备都不可信,但要求通信一方制备已知Hilbert空间维度的量子系统。单边设备无关的量子密钥分发研究,主要研究在通信双方中只有一方设备不可信任的场景前提下,利用EPR-steering不等式违背判定,屏蔽一方测量设备不可信任引起的侧信道攻击漏洞。然而,以上设备不可信任前提下的量子安全通信研究中,均没有考虑任何通信中都必不可少的一个问题:没有考虑编码效率问题,在设备不可信任前提下,实际的信道容量会被大大降低,如果通信中的信道容量过低,就无法真正实现实用的量子安全通信协议。In order to promote the practical application of quantum communication, security and channel capacity improvement under the premise of security are two key issues that need to be solved urgently. In previous studies, the security of quantum communication is guaranteed by the principle of quantum mechanics, and both the quantum state preparation source and the measurement equipment are assumed to be perfect by default. However, under realistic conditions, it is difficult to achieve perfect preparation of source and measurement equipment. Therefore, there may be various security risks in the actual quantum communication system. Aiming at the imperfection of the device, there have been many attack schemes leading to the leakage of secret information, such as "time displacement attack", "dead time attack" and "bright light blinding attack" and so on. That is to say, quantum communication protocols that are absolutely safe in theory may be very insecure in practice. Therefore, under the premise that the equipment cannot be trusted, the study of a secure quantum communication protocol is the first step that must be taken to promote the practical application of quantum communication and ensure security. In addition, under the premise that the device cannot be trusted, the actual channel capacity will be greatly reduced. If the channel capacity in communication is too low, it will not be possible to truly implement a practical quantum-safe communication protocol. Therefore, it is of theoretical significance and practical value to study quantum communication protocols that are safe and have high capacity under the condition of untrustworthy equipment. At present, the theoretical and technical research on quantum communication under the premise of untrustworthy equipment mainly focuses on the following five aspects: research on quantum secure communication independent of equipment, and shielding side channel attack vulnerabilities caused by untrustworthy preparation sources and measurement equipment. The research on quantum secure communication independent of measurement equipment only shields the vulnerability of side channel attacks caused by untrustworthy measurement equipment. An untrusted third party measures the entanglement state of the particles sent by both communication parties and announces the results. The communication parties generate keys by judging the relevance of their input data, thereby removing the detector side channel loopholes. However, it is impossible to shield the vulnerability of side-channel attacks caused by untrustworthy preparation sources, and only the decoy state method can be used to avoid the security problems caused by non-ideal light sources. Research on semi-device-independent quantum key distribution, which assumes that neither the preparation source nor the measurement device can be trusted, but requires the communication party to prepare a quantum system with known Hilbert space dimensions. The research on unilateral device-independent quantum key distribution mainly studies the use of EPR-steering inequality violation judgment to shield the side-channel attack vulnerability caused by the untrustworthy measuring device of one party under the premise that only one of the communication devices is untrustworthy. However, none of the above studies on quantum secure communication under the premise of untrustworthy equipment has not considered a problem that is indispensable in any communication: the problem of coding efficiency has not been considered. Under the premise of untrustworthy equipment, the actual channel capacity will be greatly reduced. , if the channel capacity in communication is too low, a practical quantum-safe communication protocol cannot be truly realized.
综上所述,现有技术存在的问题是:In summary, the problems in the prior art are:
现有技术在实际的通信中,很不安全。现有技术大部分都没有考虑设备不可信任带来的安全隐患,即使有少数技术考虑了设备不可信任的因素,但也还没有考虑设备不可信任带来的编码效率低的问题。The prior art is very insecure in actual communication. Most of the existing technologies do not consider the potential security risks caused by untrustworthy devices. Even if a few technologies consider the factors of untrustworthy devices, they have not yet considered the problem of low coding efficiency caused by untrustworthy devices.
因此,现有技术理论上很安全,实际并不安全,而且效率不高。Therefore, the prior art is safe in theory, but not safe in practice, and the efficiency is not high.
解决上述技术问题的难度和意义:The difficulty and significance of solving the above technical problems:
本发明可以防止(屏蔽)由于制备源设备或测量设备不可信任(由窃听者控制或提供)带来的信息泄露,抵御常见的侧信道攻击漏洞,如“时间位移攻击”、“死时间攻击”和“强光致盲攻击”等等,提供安全可靠的通信;同时也提高了设备无关量子通信的信道容量,以密钥分发为例,量子效率提高1倍。目前,利用现有技术进行密钥分发,量子效率的理论值最高只能达到0.5,而本发明提出的技术,量子效率的理论值最高能达到1。The present invention can prevent (shield) information leakage caused by untrustworthy preparation source equipment or measurement equipment (controlled or provided by eavesdroppers), and resist common side channel attack vulnerabilities, such as "time displacement attack" and "dead time attack" And "strong light blinding attack", etc., provide safe and reliable communication; at the same time, it also improves the channel capacity of device-independent quantum communication. Taking key distribution as an example, the quantum efficiency is doubled. At present, the theoretical value of the quantum efficiency can only reach 0.5 at the highest when using the existing technology for key distribution, but the theoretical value of the quantum efficiency can reach 1 at the highest in the technology proposed by the present invention.
发明内容Contents of the invention
针对现有技术存在的问题,本发明提供了一种设备无关的高信道容量量子通信系统及方法。Aiming at the problems existing in the prior art, the present invention provides a device-independent quantum communication system and method with high channel capacity.
本发明是这样实现的,一种设备无关的高信道容量量子通信方法,包括:The present invention is achieved in this way, a device-independent high-channel-capacity quantum communication method, comprising:
建立与量子态制备源无关的量子通信模型:在最坏情况下,由窃听者制备纠缠态的量子态密度函数模型;然后在所述量子态密度函数描述模型下设计量子协议时,依据Bell不等式的违背原则剔除非纠缠态,保留超纠缠态,并基于超纠缠态通信,依据纠缠的单配性和不超光速原理,使窃听者无法通过控制制备源来获取任何秘密信息;Establish a quantum communication model independent of the quantum state preparation source: in the worst case, the quantum density of state function model of the entangled state is prepared by an eavesdropper; then when designing a quantum protocol under the described quantum state density function description model, according to Bell's inequality The violation of the principle eliminates the non-entangled state, retains the super-entangled state, and communicates based on the super-entangled state. According to the principle of monogamous entanglement and not exceeding the speed of light, the eavesdropper cannot obtain any secret information by controlling the preparation source;
建立与设备无关的量子通信模型:所述设备无关包括制备源无关和测量设备无关;只分析测量输入和输出结果之间的统计概率关系是否违背Bell类不等式,并以此作为考量量子通信中是否有窃听者的判定条件,构建与测量设备无关的量子通信模型;使分发给用户用于通信的量子态处于最大纠缠态,并根据纠缠的单配性原理和不超光速原理,使得窃听者无论采用何种手段都无法通过测量设备获取合法用户的秘密信息;Establish a device-independent quantum communication model: the device-independent includes preparation-source-independent and measurement-equipment-independent; only analyze whether the statistical probability relationship between measurement input and output results violates the Bell-type inequality, and use this as a consideration in quantum communication whether With the judgment condition of the eavesdropper, a quantum communication model independent of the measurement equipment is constructed; the quantum state distributed to the user for communication is in the maximum entangled state, and according to the monogamous principle of entanglement and the principle of not exceeding the speed of light, the eavesdropper no matter It is impossible to obtain the secret information of legal users through the measuring equipment by any means;
建立与设备无关的高信道容量量子通信模型:采用多自由度下的超纠缠态作为量子载体,建立设备无关的超纠缠量子通信模型进行密集编码。Establish a device-independent high-channel-capacity quantum communication model: use multi-degree-of-freedom super-entangled states as quantum carriers, and establish a device-independent super-entangled quantum communication model for dense encoding.
进一步,所述建立与量子态制备源无关的量子通信模型中,包括:Further, the establishment of a quantum communication model independent of the quantum state preparation source includes:
假设由窃听者Eve制备该纠缠态然后再分发给发送端和接收端进行下一步的通信;窃听者Eve为尽可能多的获取发送端和接收端的秘密信息,Eve不制备完美的超纠缠Bell态;相反的,窃听者Eve制备一个超纠缠态和非纠缠态的混合态,混淆发送端和接收端使其不发现自己的窃听行为,又获取发送端和接收端的秘密信息;Assume that the entangled state is prepared by the eavesdropper Eve and then distributed to the sender and receiver for the next communication; the eavesdropper Eve does not prepare a perfect super-entangled Bell state in order to obtain as much secret information as possible from the sender and receiver ;On the contrary, the eavesdropper Eve prepares a mixed state of super-entangled state and non-entangled state, confuses the sending end and the receiving end so that he does not find his eavesdropping behavior, and obtains the secret information of the sending end and the receiving end;
用下面的密度函数模型表示窃听者Eve制备的超纠缠Bell态:The super-entangled Bell state prepared by the eavesdropper Eve is represented by the following density function model:
该密度函数模型表示:窃听者Eve制备的态是一个超纠缠态和非纠缠态I/4的混合态,所述混合态中超纠缠态的可视度为p,非纠缠态I/4的可视度为1–p;The density function model indicates that the state prepared by the eavesdropper Eve is a super-entangled state and a mixed state of the non-entangled state I/4, the super-entangled state in the mixed state The visibility of the unentangled state I/4 is p, and the visibility of the non-entangled state I/4 is 1–p;
根据纠缠的单配性原理,如果窃听者Eve制备纠缠态,将无法获取发送端和接收端的任何秘密信息;而如果窃听者Eve制备非纠缠态,则获取发送端和接收端的部分秘密信息;According to the monogamous principle of entanglement, if the eavesdropper Eve prepares an entangled state, it will not be able to obtain any secret information of the sender and receiver; and if the eavesdropper Eve prepares a non-entangled state, it will obtain part of the secret information of the sender and receiver;
发送端和接收端在分析信道中可能的各种噪音的影响时,接受原本的变换为 When analyzing the impact of various noises in the channel, the sending end and the receiving end accept the original convert to
如果在通信中依据Bell不等式的违背原则剔除非纠缠态,保留超纠缠态,并基于超纠缠态通信,依据纠缠的单配性和不超光速原理,窃听者Eve无法获取发送端和接收端的任何秘密信息。If the non-entangled state is eliminated according to the violation principle of Bell's inequality, and the super-entangled state is retained, and the communication is based on the super-entangled state, the eavesdropper Eve cannot obtain any information between the sender and receiver secret information.
进一步,所述建立与设备无关的量子通信模型,包括:Further, the establishment of a device-independent quantum communication model includes:
如果窃听者Eve将A粒子发送给发送端,B粒子发送给接收端;发送端和接收端分别随机选取测量输入x和y∈{0,1}测量各自的粒子,其中x=0表示先ZS基测量再ZP基测量,x=1表示先ZS基测量再XP基测量;其中y=0表示先ZS基测量再基测量,y=1表示先ZS基测量再基测量;If the eavesdropper Eve sends A particle to the sender and B particle to the receiver; the sender and the receiver randomly select the measurement input x and y∈{0,1} to measure their respective particles, where x=0 means Z first S -based measurement and then Z P -based measurement, x=1 means Z S- based measurement first and then X P -based measurement; where y=0 means Z S-based measurement first and then X P -based measurement base measurement, y=1 means Z S base measurement first and then base measurement;
发送端和接收端的测量结果分别表示为a和b∈{0l,0u,1l,1u};The measurement results of the sending end and the receiving end are denoted as a and b∈{0l,0u,1l,1u} respectively;
定义CHSH不等式Define the CHSH inequality
P(a0=b0)+P(a0=b1)+P(a1=b0)+P(a1≠b1)≤3,其中P(a 0 =b 0 )+P(a 0 =b 1 )+P(a 1 =b 0 )+P(a 1 ≠b 1 )≤3, where
P(aj=bk)=P(a=b=0l|x=j,y=k)+P(a=b=0u|x=j,y=k)P(a j =b k )=P(a=b=0l|x=j,y=k)+P(a=b=0u|x=j,y=k)
+P(a=b=1l|x=j,y=k)+P(a=b=1u|x=j,y=k)。+P(a=b=11|x=j, y=k)+P(a=b=1u|x=j, y=k).
发送端和接收端选取一些粒子计算条件概率P(a,b|x,y),并判断是否违背CHSH不等式,如果违背,则表示窃听者Eve分发给发送端和接收端的粒子处于超纠缠态。The sending end and the receiving end select some particles to calculate the conditional probability P(a,b|x,y), and judge whether the CHSH inequality is violated. If it is violated, it means that the particles distributed by the eavesdropper Eve to the sending end and the receiving end are in a super-entangled state.
进一步,所述原本的为一个偏振态自由度和路径模式自由度下的超纠缠Bell态;Further, the original is a super-entangled Bell state under a polarization state degree of freedom and a path mode degree of freedom;
其中|0>和|1>分别表示光子的水平偏振态和垂直偏振态;下标A和B分别表示处于超纠缠态的两个光子;l和u表示光子A和B的不同路径模式;下标P表示偏振态自由度,下标S表示路径模式自由度;一个紫外线光泵脉冲穿过一个硼酸钡β水晶BBO就会在模式u产生相互关联的光子对;经过反射后第二次穿过该水晶,又会在模式l产生相互关联的光子对;where |0> and |1> represent the horizontal polarization state and vertical polarization state of the photon respectively; the subscripts A and B represent the two photons in the super-entangled state respectively; l and u represent the different path modes of the photon A and B; The subscript P represents the degree of freedom of the polarization state, and the subscript S represents the degree of freedom of the path mode; an ultraviolet optical pump pulse passing through a barium borate β crystal BBO will generate interrelated photon pairs in the mode u; after reflection, it passes through the The crystal, in turn, will generate interrelated photon pairs in mode l;
对于一个偏振态自由度和路径模式自由度下的两光子超纠缠Bell态量子系统,有16种Bell态,表示为:For a two-photon superentangled Bell state quantum system with polarization state degree of freedom and path mode degree of freedom, there are 16 Bell states, expressed as:
其中|Θ>P表示偏振态自由度下的四种Bell态之一:where |Θ> P represents one of the four Bell states under the polarization state of freedom:
其中|Ξ>S表示路径模式自由度下的四种Bell态之一:where |Ξ> S represents one of the four Bell states under the path mode degree of freedom:
采用CHBSA,区分16种超纠缠Bell态;Using CHBSA to distinguish 16 kinds of super-entangled Bell states;
偏振态自由度下的两个非正交的测量基选取为:ZP={|0>,|1>}和 The two non-orthogonal measurement bases under the degree of polarization state freedom are selected as: Z P ={|0>,|1>} and
路径模式自由度下两个非正交的测量基选取为:ZS={|l>,|u>}和 The two non-orthogonal measurement bases for path mode degrees of freedom are selected as: Z S ={|l>,|u>} and
在偏振态和路径模式两种自由度下的超纠缠态Super-entangled state with two degrees of freedom of polarization state and path mode
时, hour,
Eve制备量子态:Eve prepares the quantum state:
其中表示:Eve制备的态是一个超纠缠态和非纠缠态I/4的混合态,在所述混合态中超纠缠态的可视度为p,非纠缠态I/4的可视度为1-p。in Indicates that the state prepared by Eve is a super-entangled state and a mixed state of the non-entangled state I/4, in which the super-entangled state The visibility of is p, and the visibility of the non-entangled state I/4 is 1-p.
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种所述的设备无关的高信道容量量子通信方法的密钥分发方法,所述密钥分发方法包括:Another object of the present invention is to provide a key distribution method of the device-independent high channel capacity quantum communication method, the key distribution method comprising:
Eve将A粒子发送给发送端,B粒子发送给接收端;发送端和接收端分别随机选取测量输入x和y∈{0,1}测量他们各自的粒子,其中x=0表示先ZS基测量再ZP基测量,x=1表示先ZS基测量再XP基测量;其中y=0表示先ZS基测量再基测量,y=1表示先ZS基测量再基测量;发送端和接收端的测量结果分别表示为a和b∈{0l,0u,1l,1u};Eve sends A particle to the sending end, B particle to the receiving end; the sending end and the receiving end respectively randomly select the measurement input x and y∈{0,1} to measure their respective particles, where x=0 means Z S basis Measurement and then Z P basis measurement, x=1 means first Z S basis measurement and then X P basis measurement; where y=0 means first Z S basis measurement and then base measurement, y=1 means Z S base measurement first and then Base measurement; the measurement results of the sending end and the receiving end are respectively expressed as a and b∈{0l,0u,1l,1u};
定义CHSH不等式Define the CHSH inequality
P(a0=b0)+P(a0=b1)+P(a1=b0)+P(a1≠b1)≤3,其中P(a 0 =b 0 )+P(a 0 =b 1 )+P(a 1 =b 0 )+P(a 1 ≠b 1 )≤3, where
P(aj=bk)=P(a=b=0l|x=j,y=k)+P(a=b=0u|x=j,y=k)P(a j =b k )=P(a=b=0l|x=j,y=k)+P(a=b=0u|x=j,y=k)
+P(a=b=1l|x=j,y=k)+P(a=b=1u|x=j,y=k);+P(a=b=1l|x=j,y=k)+P(a=b=1u|x=j,y=k);
发送端和接收端选取一些粒子计算条件概率P(a,b|x,y),并判断是否违背CHSH不等式,如果违背,则表示Eve分发给发送端和接收端的粒子处于超纠缠态;基于一个超纠缠态,发送端和接收端共享两位安全秘钥0l,0u,1l或1u。The sending end and the receiving end select some particles to calculate the conditional probability P(a,b|x,y), and judge whether the CHSH inequality is violated. If it is violated, it means that the particles distributed by Eve to the sending end and the receiving end are in a super-entangled state; based on a In the super-entangled state, the sender and the receiver share a two-digit security key 0l, 0u, 1l or 1u.
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种实现所述设备无关的高信道容量量子通信方法的计算机程序。Another object of the present invention is to provide a computer program for implementing the device-independent high channel capacity quantum communication method.
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种搭载有所述计算机程序的信息处理终端。Another object of the present invention is to provide an information processing terminal carrying the computer program.
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种计算机可读存储介质,包括指令,当其在计算机上运行时,使得计算机执行所述的设备无关的高信道容量量子通信方法Another object of the present invention is to provide a computer-readable storage medium, including instructions, which, when run on a computer, cause the computer to execute the device-independent high-channel-capacity quantum communication method
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种设备无关的高信道容量量子通信系统,包括:Another object of the present invention is to provide a device-independent high channel capacity quantum communication system, including:
与量子态制备源无关的量子通信模型单元,用于在最坏情况下,由窃听者制备纠缠态的量子态密度函数模型;然后在所述量子态密度函数描述模型下设计量子协议时,依据Bell不等式的违背原则剔除非纠缠态,保留超纠缠态,并基于超纠缠态通信,依据纠缠的单配性和不超光速原理,使窃听者无法通过控制制备源来获取任何秘密信息;A quantum communication model unit that has nothing to do with the quantum state preparation source is used to prepare a quantum density of state function model of an entangled state by an eavesdropper in the worst case; then when designing a quantum protocol under the described quantum state density function description model, according to Bell inequality violates the principle of eliminating non-entangled states, retaining super-entangled states, and communicating based on super-entangled states, based on the monogamy of entanglement and the principle of not exceeding the speed of light, so that eavesdroppers cannot obtain any secret information by controlling the preparation source;
与设备无关的量子通信模型单元,所述设备无关包括制备源无关和测量设备无关;用于只分析测量输入和输出结果之间的统计概率关系是否违背Bell类不等式,并以此作为考量量子通信中是否有窃听者的判定条件,构建与测量设备无关的量子通信模型;使分发给用户用于通信的量子态处于最大纠缠态,并根据纠缠的单配性原理和不超光速原理,使得窃听者无论采用何种手段都无法通过测量设备获取合法用户的秘密信息;A quantum communication model unit that has nothing to do with the device, the device has nothing to do with the preparation source and the measurement device has nothing to do; it is used to only analyze whether the statistical probability relationship between the measurement input and output results violates the Bell class inequality, and use it as a consideration for quantum communication Whether there is an eavesdropper in the judgment condition, construct a quantum communication model that has nothing to do with the measurement equipment; make the quantum state distributed to the user for communication in the maximum entangled state, and according to the monogamous principle of entanglement and the principle of not exceeding the speed of light, make the eavesdropping No matter what method is used, the user cannot obtain the secret information of the legal user through the measuring equipment;
与设备无关的高信道容量量子通信模型单元,用于采用多自由度下的超纠缠态作为量子载体,建立设备无关的超纠缠量子通信模型进行密集编码。The device-independent high-channel-capacity quantum communication model unit is used to use the super-entangled state under multiple degrees of freedom as a quantum carrier to establish a device-independent super-entangled quantum communication model for dense encoding.
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种搭载有所述设备无关的高信道容量量子通信系统的信息处理终端。Another object of the present invention is to provide an information processing terminal equipped with the device-independent high channel capacity quantum communication system.
综上所述,本发明的优点及积极效果为:In summary, the advantages and positive effects of the present invention are:
本发明可以防止(屏蔽)由于制备源设备或测量设备不可信任(由窃听者控制或提供)带来的信息泄露,抵御常见的侧信道攻击漏洞,如“时间位移攻击”、“死时间攻击”和“强光致盲攻击”等等,提供安全可靠的通信;同时也提高了设备无关量子通信的信道容量,以密钥分发为例,量子效率提高1倍。现有量子通信技术,大部分都存在由于制备源设备或测量设备不可信任带来的信息泄露问题,即使有少数技术提出了一些防止制备源设备或测量设备不可信任引起信息泄露的方法,但却不能保证信道容量,主要是因为,他们还没有考虑到设备不可信任也是引起信道容量降低的一个主要原因。目前,利用现有技术进行密钥分发,量子效率的理论值最高只能达到0.5,而本发明提出的技术,量子效率的理论值最高能达到1。The present invention can prevent (shield) information leakage caused by untrustworthy preparation source equipment or measurement equipment (controlled or provided by eavesdroppers), and resist common side channel attack vulnerabilities, such as "time displacement attack" and "dead time attack" And "strong light blinding attack", etc., provide safe and reliable communication; at the same time, it also improves the channel capacity of device-independent quantum communication. Taking key distribution as an example, the quantum efficiency is doubled. Most of the existing quantum communication technologies have the problem of information leakage caused by untrustworthy preparation source equipment or measurement equipment. Even a few technologies have proposed some methods to prevent information leakage caused by untrustworthy preparation source equipment or measurement equipment. The channel capacity cannot be guaranteed, mainly because they have not considered that untrustworthy equipment is also a major cause of channel capacity reduction. At present, the theoretical value of the quantum efficiency can only reach 0.5 at the highest when using the existing technology for key distribution, but the theoretical value of the quantum efficiency can reach 1 at the highest in the technology proposed by the present invention.
本发明针对如何提高设备无关量子通信的信道容量(量子效率)问题,采用多自由度下的超纠缠态作为量子载体,建立设备无关的超纠缠量子通信模型,实现密集编码。通过计算出每粒子能传输的信息量,并与其他协议中的该信息量对比,证明本发明提出的方法能达到较高的信道容量(量子效率)。本发明通过分发两个粒子完成了两位设备无关密钥的分发,量子效率达到了1。如果采用普通纠缠态如Bell态|φ+>AB作为量子载体,通过分发两个粒子只能完成一位设备无关密钥的分发,量子效率只有0.5。Aiming at the problem of how to improve the channel capacity (quantum efficiency) of device-independent quantum communication, the present invention adopts a super-entangled state under multiple degrees of freedom as a quantum carrier, establishes a device-independent super-entangled quantum communication model, and realizes dense coding. By calculating the amount of information that can be transmitted by each particle and comparing it with the amount of information in other protocols, it is proved that the method proposed by the present invention can achieve higher channel capacity (quantum efficiency). The present invention completes the distribution of two device-independent keys by distributing two particles, and the quantum efficiency reaches 1. If an ordinary entangled state such as the Bell state |φ + > AB is used as the quantum carrier, only one device-independent key can be distributed by distributing two particles, and the quantum efficiency is only 0.5.
本发明在窃听者控制或提供制备源设备的情况下,对制备源制备的超纠缠Bell态进行数学建模或者数学描述,针对量子态(特别是纠缠态,超纠缠态)制备源不可信任问题,提出构造最坏情况下——由窃听者制备纠缠态的量子态密度函数描述模型,然后在该模型下设计量子通信协议,并分析量子通信的安全性,保证窃听者无法通过控制制备源来获取秘密信息。In the case that the eavesdropper controls or provides the preparation source equipment, the invention performs mathematical modeling or mathematical description on the super-entangled Bell state prepared by the preparation source, aiming at the untrustworthy problem of the preparation source of the quantum state (especially entangled state, super-entangled state) , proposed to construct the worst-case scenario—an entangled quantum state density function description model prepared by an eavesdropper, and then design a quantum communication protocol based on this model, and analyze the security of quantum communication to ensure that the eavesdropper cannot control the prepared source. Obtain secret information.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明实施例提供的设备无关的高信道容量量子通信系统结构示意图。FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a device-independent high-channel-capacity quantum communication system provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
图中:1、与量子态制备源无关的量子通信模型单元;2、与设备无关的量子通信模型单元;3、与设备无关的高信道容量量子通信模型单元。In the figure: 1. The quantum communication model unit independent of the quantum state preparation source; 2. The quantum communication model unit independent of the device; 3. The high channel capacity quantum communication model unit independent of the device.
图2是本发明实施例提供的设备无关高容量量子通信方法流程图。Fig. 2 is a flowchart of a device-independent high-capacity quantum communication method provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下结合实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。In order to make the object, technical solution and advantages of the present invention more clear, the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the examples. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described here are only used to explain the present invention, not to limit the present invention.
现有技术在实际的通信中,很不安全。现有技术大部分都没有考虑设备不可信任带来的安全隐患,即使有少数技术考虑了设备不可信任的因素,但也还没有考虑设备不可信任带来的编码效率低的问题。The prior art is very insecure in actual communication. Most of the existing technologies do not consider the potential security risks caused by untrustworthy devices. Even if a few technologies consider the factors of untrustworthy devices, they have not yet considered the problem of low coding efficiency caused by untrustworthy devices.
如图1所示,本发明实施例提供的设备无关的高信道容量量子通信系统,包括:As shown in Figure 1, the device-independent high channel capacity quantum communication system provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes:
与量子态制备源无关的量子通信模型单元1,用于在最坏情况下,由窃听者制备纠缠态的量子态密度函数模型;然后在所述量子态密度函数描述模型下设计量子协议时,依据Bell不等式的违背原则剔除非纠缠态,保留超纠缠态,并基于超纠缠态通信,依据纠缠的单配性和不超光速原理,使窃听者无法通过控制制备源来获取任何秘密信息;The quantum communication model unit 1 independent of the quantum state preparation source is used to prepare the quantum density of state function model of the entangled state by the eavesdropper in the worst case; then when designing the quantum protocol under the described quantum state density function description model, Eliminate the non-entangled state according to the violation principle of Bell's inequality, keep the super-entangled state, and communicate based on the super-entangled state, and make it impossible for eavesdroppers to obtain any secret information by controlling the preparation source according to the monogamous and non-superluminal principle of entanglement;
与设备无关的量子通信模型单元2,所述设备无关包括制备源无关和测量设备无关;用于只分析测量输入和输出结果之间的统计概率关系是否违背Bell类不等式,并以此作为考量量子通信中是否有窃听者的判定条件,构建与测量设备无关的量子通信模型;使分发给用户用于通信的量子态处于最大纠缠态,并根据纠缠的单配性原理和不超光速原理,使得窃听者无论采用何种手段都无法通过测量设备获取合法用户的秘密信息;Device-independent quantum communication model unit 2, the device-independent includes preparation-source-independent and measurement-equipment-independent; it is used to only analyze whether the statistical probability relationship between the measurement input and output results violates the Bell-like inequality, and use this as a consideration for quantum The judgment condition of whether there is an eavesdropper in the communication, constructs a quantum communication model independent of the measurement equipment; makes the quantum state distributed to the user for communication in the maximum entangled state, and according to the monogamous principle of entanglement and the principle of not exceeding the speed of light, so that Eavesdroppers cannot obtain the secret information of legitimate users through measuring equipment no matter what means they use;
与设备无关的高信道容量量子通信模型单元3,用于采用多自由度下的超纠缠态作为量子载体,建立设备无关的超纠缠量子通信模型进行密集编码。The device-independent high-channel-capacity quantum communication model unit 3 is used to use the super-entangled state under multiple degrees of freedom as the quantum carrier, and establish a device-independent super-entangled quantum communication model for dense encoding.
下面结合具体分析对本发明作进一步描述。The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific analysis.
图2所示,本发明实施例提供的设备无关高容量量子通信方法,包括:As shown in Figure 2, the device-independent high-capacity quantum communication method provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes:
建立与量子态制备源无关的量子通信模型:在最坏情况下,由窃听者制备纠缠态的量子态密度函数模型;然后在所述量子态密度函数描述模型下设计量子协议时,依据Bell不等式的违背原则剔除非纠缠态,保留超纠缠态,并基于超纠缠态通信,依据纠缠的单配性和不超光速原理,使窃听者无法通过控制制备源来获取任何秘密信息;Establish a quantum communication model independent of the quantum state preparation source: in the worst case, the quantum density of state function model of the entangled state is prepared by an eavesdropper; then when designing a quantum protocol under the described quantum state density function description model, according to Bell's inequality The violation of the principle eliminates the non-entangled state, retains the super-entangled state, and communicates based on the super-entangled state. According to the principle of monogamous entanglement and not exceeding the speed of light, the eavesdropper cannot obtain any secret information by controlling the preparation source;
建立与设备无关的量子通信模型:所述设备无关包括制备源无关和测量设备无关;只分析测量输入和输出结果之间的统计概率关系是否违背Bell类不等式,并以此作为考量量子通信中是否有窃听者的判定条件,构建与测量设备无关的量子通信模型;使分发给用户用于通信的量子态处于最大纠缠态,并根据纠缠的单配性原理和不超光速原理,使得窃听者无论采用何种手段都无法通过测量设备获取合法用户的秘密信息;Establish a device-independent quantum communication model: the device-independent includes preparation-source-independent and measurement-equipment-independent; only analyze whether the statistical probability relationship between measurement input and output results violates the Bell-type inequality, and use this as a consideration in quantum communication whether With the judgment condition of the eavesdropper, a quantum communication model independent of the measurement equipment is constructed; the quantum state distributed to the user for communication is in the maximum entangled state, and according to the monogamous principle of entanglement and the principle of not exceeding the speed of light, the eavesdropper no matter It is impossible to obtain the secret information of legal users through the measuring equipment by any means;
建立与设备无关的高信道容量量子通信模型:采用多自由度下的超纠缠态作为量子载体,建立设备无关的超纠缠量子通信模型进行密集编码。Establish a device-independent high-channel-capacity quantum communication model: use multi-degree-of-freedom super-entangled states as quantum carriers, and establish a device-independent super-entangled quantum communication model for dense encoding.
(1)建立与量子态制备源无关的量子通信模型,功能原理:(1) Establish a quantum communication model independent of the quantum state preparation source, the functional principle:
针对量子态(特别是纠缠态)制备源不可信任问题,提出构造最坏情况下——由窃听者制备纠缠态的量子态密度函数描述模型,然后在该模型下设计量子通信协议,并分析量子通信的安全性,保证窃听者无法通过控制制备源来获取秘密信息。Aiming at the untrustworthy problem of quantum state (especially entangled state) preparation source, it is proposed to construct the worst case-the quantum state density function description model of entangled state prepared by an eavesdropper, and then design a quantum communication protocol under this model, and analyze the quantum The security of communication ensures that eavesdroppers cannot obtain secret information by controlling the preparation source.
以一个偏振态自由度和路径模式自由度下的超纠缠Bell态为例,假设由窃听者Eve制备该纠缠态然后再分发给发送端(Alice)和接收端(Bob)进行下一步的通信,那么Eve为了能够尽可能多的获取发送端和接收端的秘密信息,Eve将不会制备完美的超纠缠Bell态,相反的,Eve会尽可能制备一个超纠缠态和非纠缠态的混合态,既可以混淆发送端和接收端以免他们发现自己的窃听行为,又可以帮助自己获取发送端和接收端的秘密信息。那么本发明可以用下面的密度函数模型来表示Eve可能制备的超纠缠Bell态:Super-entangled Bell states with one polarization state degree of freedom and path mode degree of freedom For example, assuming that the entangled state is prepared by the eavesdropper Eve and then distributed to the sender (Alice) and the receiver (Bob) for the next communication, then in order for Eve to obtain as much secret information as possible from the sender and receiver, Eve will not prepare a perfect super-entangled Bell state. On the contrary, Eve will try to prepare a mixed state of super-entangled state and non-entangled state, which can confuse the sending end and the receiving end to prevent them from discovering their eavesdropping behavior. Help yourself to the secret information on the sending and receiving ends. Then the present invention can represent the super-entangled Bell state that Eve may prepare with the following density function model:
该密度函数表示:Eve制备的态是一个超纠缠态和非纠缠态I/4的混合态,所述混合态中超纠缠态的可视度为p,非纠缠态I/4的可视度为1-p。根据纠缠的单配性原理,如果Eve制备纠缠态(包括超纠缠态),那么他将无法获取发送端和接收端的任何秘密信息,而如果Eve制备非纠缠态,那么他可以获取发送端和接收端的部分秘密信息。对于发送端和接收端而言,由于考虑到信道中可能的各种噪音的影响,他们可以接受原本的态由于噪音的影响变为了态如果本发明在通信中依据Bell不等式的违背原则剔除非纠缠态,保留超纠缠态,并基于超纠缠态通信,那么依据纠缠的单配性和不超光速原理,Eve将无法获取发送端和接收端的任何秘密信息。The density function indicates that the state prepared by Eve is a super-entangled state and a mixed state of the non-entangled state I/4, the super-entangled state in the mixed state The visibility of is p, and the visibility of the non-entangled state I/4 is 1-p. According to the monogamous principle of entanglement, if Eve prepares an entangled state (including a super-entangled state), then he will not be able to obtain any secret information of the sender and receiver, and if Eve prepares a non-entangled state, then he can obtain the secret information of the sender and receiver. Part of the secret information on the terminal. For the sending end and the receiving end, they can accept the original The state becomes the state due to the influence of the noise If the present invention eliminates non-entangled states in communication based on the violation principle of Bell’s inequality, retains super-entangled states, and communicates based on super-entangled states, then Eve will not be able to obtain the sending end and receiving any confidential information on the terminal.
由此可见,如果将用于通信的量子载体描述为由窃听者制备的量子态密度函数模型(最坏情况下),然后在设计量子协议时,依据Bell不等式的违背原则剔除非纠缠态,保留超纠缠态,并基于超纠缠态通信,依据纠缠的单配性和不超光速原理,就可以保证窃听者无法通过控制制备源来获取任何秘密信息。It can be seen that if the quantum carrier used for communication is described as a quantum density of state function model prepared by an eavesdropper (in the worst case), then when designing a quantum protocol, the non-entangled state is eliminated according to the violation principle of Bell's inequality, and the remaining Super-entangled state, and communication based on super-entangled state, based on the principle of monogamous entanglement and no faster than the speed of light, can ensure that eavesdroppers cannot obtain any secret information by controlling the preparation source.
(2)建立与设备无关(包括制备源无关和测量设备无关)的量子通信模型,功能原理:(2) Establish a quantum communication model independent of equipment (including independent of preparation source and independent of measurement equipment), functional principle:
在制备源无关基础上,屏蔽测量设备不可信任问题,建立设备无关(包括制备源无关和测量设备无关)量子通信模型,提出不考虑测量设备的内部实现和运行细节(即把测量设备当作黑盒子来处理),只观察测量输入和输出结果之间的统计概率关系是否违背Bell类不等式,并以此作为考量量子通信中是否有窃听者的判定条件,构建与测量设备无关的量子通信模型,保证分发给用户用于通信的量子态处于最大纠缠态(非局域关系),从而根据纠缠的单配性原理和不超光速原理,使得窃听者无论采用何种手段都无法通过测量设备获取合法用户的秘密信息。On the basis of preparation source-independence, the problem of untrustworthiness of measurement equipment is shielded, a device-independent (including preparation source-independent and measurement equipment-independent) quantum communication model is established, and the internal implementation and operation details of the measurement equipment are not considered (that is, the measurement equipment is treated as a black box). box), and only observe whether the statistical probability relationship between the measurement input and output results violates the Bell-type inequality, and use this as a judgment condition to consider whether there is an eavesdropper in the quantum communication, and build a quantum communication model that is independent of the measurement equipment. Ensure that the quantum state distributed to users for communication is in the maximum entanglement state (non-local relationship), so that according to the principle of monogamous entanglement and the principle of not exceeding the speed of light, eavesdroppers cannot obtain legal data through measuring equipment no matter what means they use. User's confidential information.
Eve将A粒子发送给发送端,B粒子发送给接收端。发送端和接收端分别随机选取测量输入x和y∈{0,1}测量他们各自的粒子,其中x=0表示先ZS基测量再ZP基测量,x=1表示先ZS基测量再XP基测量;其中y=0表示先ZS基测量再基测量,y=1表示先ZS基测量再基测量。发送端和接收端的测量结果分别表示为a和b∈{0l,0u,1l,1u}。Eve sends the A particle to the sender, and the B particle to the receiver. The sending end and the receiving end randomly select the measurement input x and y∈{0,1} to measure their respective particles, where x=0 means that the Z S basis is measured first and then the Z P basis is measured, and x=1 means that the Z S basis is measured first Then X P base measurement; where y=0 means first Z S base measurement and then base measurement, y=1 means Z S base measurement first and then base measurement. The measurement results at the transmitter and receiver are denoted as a and b∈{0l,0u,1l,1u}, respectively.
定义CHSH不等式Define the CHSH inequality
P(a0=b0)+P(a0=b1)+P(a1=b0)+P(a1≠b1)≤3,其中P(a 0 =b 0 )+P(a 0 =b 1 )+P(a 1 =b 0 )+P(a 1 ≠b 1 )≤3, where
P(aj=bk)=P(a=b=0l|x=j,y=k)+P(a=b=0u|x=j,y=k)P(a j =b k )=P(a=b=0l|x=j,y=k)+P(a=b=0u|x=j,y=k)
+P(a=b=1l|x=j,y=k)+P(a=b=1u|x=j,y=k)。+P(a=b=11|x=j, y=k)+P(a=b=1u|x=j, y=k).
发送端和接收端选取一些粒子计算条件概率P(a,b|x,y),并判断是否违背CHSH不等式,如果违背,则表示Eve分发给发送端和接收端的粒子处于超纠缠态。The sender and receiver select some particles to calculate the conditional probability P(a,b|x,y), and judge whether the CHSH inequality is violated. If it is violated, it means that the particles distributed by Eve to the sender and receiver are in a super-entangled state.
(3)建立与设备无关的高信道容量量子通信模型。(3) Establish a device-independent high channel capacity quantum communication model.
针对如何提高设备无关量子通信的信道容量(量子效率)问题,采用多自由度下的超纠缠态作为量子载体,建立设备无关的超纠缠量子通信模型,实现密集编码。通过计算出每粒子能传输的信息量,并与其他协议中的该信息量对比,证明本发明提出的方法能达到较高的信道容量(量子效率)。Aiming at how to improve the channel capacity (quantum efficiency) of device-independent quantum communication, a super-entangled state with multiple degrees of freedom is used as the quantum carrier, and a device-independent super-entangled quantum communication model is established to realize dense coding. By calculating the amount of information that can be transmitted by each particle and comparing it with the amount of information in other protocols, it is proved that the method proposed by the present invention can achieve higher channel capacity (quantum efficiency).
在建立与量子态制备源无关的量子通信模型,以及建立与设备无关(包括制备源无关和测量设备无关)的量子通信模型的基础上,发送端和接收端基于一个超纠缠态,可以共享两位安全秘钥0l,0u,1l或1u。显然,在上述的密钥分发过程中,如果除去用于CHSH不等式检测的粒子,通过分发两个粒子完成了两位设备无关密钥的分发,量子效率达到了1。如果采用普通纠缠态如Bell态|φ+>AB作为量子载体,通过分发两个粒子只能完成一位设备无关密钥的分发,量子效率只有0.5。On the basis of establishing a quantum communication model independent of the quantum state preparation source and a quantum communication model independent of the device (including preparation source independent and measurement device independent), the sending end and the receiving end are based on a super-entangled state, and can share two bit security key 0l, 0u, 1l or 1u. Obviously, in the above key distribution process, if the particle used for CHSH inequality detection is removed, the two-bit device-independent key distribution is completed by distributing two particles, and the quantum efficiency reaches 1. If an ordinary entangled state such as the Bell state |φ + > AB is used as the quantum carrier, only one device-independent key can be distributed by distributing two particles, and the quantum efficiency is only 0.5.
本发明实施例提供的设备无关高容量量子通信方法中,超纠缠是一种同时在多个自由度纠缠的状态。光子具有多种量子自由度,每个量子自由度在合适的条件下都有可能定义一个量子比特,理论上这些不同的自由度之间也可以形成纠缠,即所谓的超纠缠。例如:某个光子的两个自由度可以同时与另外某个光子的两个自由度纠缠起来,从而可以把一个光子当成两个量子比特用。In the device-independent high-capacity quantum communication method provided by the embodiment of the present invention, super-entanglement is a state of entanglement in multiple degrees of freedom at the same time. Photons have multiple quantum degrees of freedom, and each quantum degree of freedom may define a qubit under suitable conditions. In theory, these different degrees of freedom can also form entanglement, which is the so-called super-entanglement. For example, the two degrees of freedom of a certain photon can be entangled with the two degrees of freedom of another photon at the same time, so that one photon can be used as two qubits.
一个偏振态自由度和路径模式自由度下的超纠缠Bell态可以描述为:The super-entangled Bell state with one polarization state degree of freedom and path mode degree of freedom can be described as:
其中|0>和|1>分别表示光子的水平偏振态和垂直偏振态。下标A和B分别表示处于超纠缠态的两个光子。l和u表示光子A和B的不同路径模式。下标P表示偏振态自由度,下标S表示路径模式自由度。一个紫外线光泵脉冲穿过一个硼酸钡β水晶(BBO)就会在模式u产生相互关联的光子对;经过反射后第二次穿过该水晶,又会在模式l产生相互关联的光子对。where |0> and |1> denote the horizontal polarization state and vertical polarization state of the photon, respectively. The subscripts A and B denote the two photons in the super-entangled state, respectively. l and u represent the different path patterns of photons A and B. The subscript P indicates the degree of freedom of the polarization state, and the subscript S indicates the degree of freedom of the path mode. A UV optical pump pulse passing through a barium borate beta crystal (BBO) produces correlated photon pairs in mode u; a second reflection through the crystal produces correlated photon pairs in mode l.
对于一个偏振态自由度和路径模式自由度下的两光子超纠缠Bell态量子系统,有16种Bell态,可以表示为:For a two-photon superentangled Bell state quantum system with polarization state degree of freedom and path mode degree of freedom, there are 16 Bell states, which can be expressed as:
其中|Θ>P表示偏振态自由度下的四种Bell态之一:where |Θ> P represents one of the four Bell states under the polarization state of freedom:
其中|Ξ>S表示路径模式自由度下的四种Bell态之一:where |Ξ> S represents one of the four Bell states under the path mode degree of freedom:
采用CHBSA,可以完全区分16种超纠缠Bell态。Using CHBSA, 16 super-entangled Bell states can be completely distinguished.
偏振态自由度下的两个非正交的测量基可选取为:ZP={|0>,|1>}和 路径模式自由度下两个非正交的测量基可选取为:ZS={|l>,|u>}和 Two non-orthogonal measurement bases under polarization state of freedom can be selected as: Z P ={|0>,|1>} and Two non-orthogonal measurement bases under path mode degrees of freedom can be selected as: Z S ={|l>,|u>} and
以偏振态和路径模式两种自由度下的超纠缠态为例。Eve制备量子态:Super-entangled state with two degrees of freedom of polarization state and path mode as an example. Eve prepares the quantum state:
其中表示:Eve制备的态是一个超纠缠态(即非局域关系)和非纠缠态I/4(即局域关系)的混合态,在该混合态中超纠缠态的可视度为p,非纠缠态I/4的可视度为1-p。in Indicates that the state prepared by Eve is a super-entangled state (i.e. non-local relation) and a non-entangled state I/4 (i.e. local relation), in which super-entangled state The visibility of is p, and the visibility of the non-entangled state I/4 is 1-p.
下面结合密钥分发为例对本发明作进一步描述。The present invention will be further described below in combination with key distribution as an example.
本发明以密钥分发为例,来说明设备无关条件下,利用超纠缠态进行通信的过程,以及证明信道容量(量子效率)被有效提高了。Eve将A粒子发送给发送端,B粒子发送给接收端。发送端和接收端分别随机选取测量输入x和y∈{0,1}测量他们各自的粒子,其中x=0表示先ZS基测量再ZP基测量,x=1表示先ZS基测量再XP基测量;其中y=0表示先ZS基测量再基测量,y=1表示先ZS基测量再基测量。发送端和接收端的测量结果分别表示为a和b∈{0l,0u,1l,1u}。The present invention takes key distribution as an example to explain the process of using super-entangled state for communication under the condition of device-independence, and proves that the channel capacity (quantum efficiency) is effectively improved. Eve sends the A particle to the sender, and the B particle to the receiver. The sending end and the receiving end randomly select the measurement input x and y∈{0,1} to measure their respective particles, where x=0 means that the Z S basis is measured first and then the Z P basis is measured, and x=1 means that the Z S basis is measured first Then X P base measurement; where y=0 means first Z S base measurement and then base measurement, y=1 means Z S base measurement first and then base measurement. The measurement results at the transmitter and receiver are denoted as a and b∈{0l,0u,1l,1u}, respectively.
定义CHSH不等式Define the CHSH inequality
P(a0=b0)+P(a0=b1)+P(a1=b0)+P(a1≠b1)≤3,其中P(a 0 =b 0 )+P(a 0 =b 1 )+P(a 1 =b 0 )+P(a 1 ≠b 1 )≤3, where
P(aj=bk)=P(a=b=0l|x=j,y=k)+P(a=b=0u|x=j,y=k)P(a j =b k )=P(a=b=0l|x=j,y=k)+P(a=b=0u|x=j,y=k)
+P(a=b=1l|x=j,y=k)+P(a=b=1u|x=j,y=k)。+P(a=b=11|x=j, y=k)+P(a=b=1u|x=j, y=k).
发送端和接收端选取一些粒子计算条件概率P(a,b|x,y),并判断是否违背CHSH不等式,如果违背,则表示Eve分发给发送端和接收端的粒子处于超纠缠态。此时基于一个超纠缠态,发送端和接收端可以共享两位安全秘钥0l,0u,1l或1u。The sender and receiver select some particles to calculate the conditional probability P(a,b|x,y), and judge whether the CHSH inequality is violated. If it is violated, it means that the particles distributed by Eve to the sender and receiver are in a super-entangled state. At this time, based on a hyper-entangled state, the sender and receiver can share the two-bit security key 0l, 0u, 1l or 1u.
本发明证明了采用上述通信方式,利用超纠缠态分发设备无关的密钥能得到比普通纠缠态更高的量子效率。显然,在上述的密钥分发过程中,如果除去用于CHSH不等式检测的粒子,本发明通过分发两个粒子完成了两位设备无关密钥的分发,量子效率达到了1。如果采用普通纠缠态如Bell态|φ+>AB作为量子载体,通过分发两个粒子只能完成一位设备无关密钥的分发,量子效率只有0.5。The present invention proves that by adopting the above-mentioned communication mode, using the super-entangled state to distribute the device-independent key can obtain higher quantum efficiency than the ordinary entangled state. Obviously, in the above key distribution process, if the particles used for CHSH inequality detection are removed, the present invention completes the distribution of two-bit device-independent keys by distributing two particles, and the quantum efficiency reaches 1. If an ordinary entangled state such as the Bell state |φ + > AB is used as the quantum carrier, only one device-independent key can be distributed by distributing two particles, and the quantum efficiency is only 0.5.
在上述实施例中,可以全部或部分地通过软件、硬件、固件或者其任意组合来实现。当使用全部或部分地以计算机程序产品的形式实现,所述计算机程序产品包括一个或多个计算机指令。在计算机上加载或执行所述计算机程序指令时,全部或部分地产生按照本发明实施例所述的流程或功能。所述计算机可以是通用计算机、专用计算机、计算机网络、或者其他可编程装置。所述计算机指令可以存储在计算机可读存储介质中,或者从一个计算机可读存储介质向另一个计算机可读存储介质传输,例如,所述计算机指令可以从一个网站站点、计算机、服务器或数据中心通过有线(例如同轴电缆、光纤、数字用户线(DSL)或无线(例如红外、无线、微波等)方式向另一个网站站点、计算机、服务器或数据中心进行传输)。所述计算机可读取存储介质可以是计算机能够存取的任何可用介质或者是包含一个或多个可用介质集成的服务器、数据中心等数据存储设备。所述可用介质可以是磁性介质,(例如,软盘、硬盘、磁带)、光介质(例如,DVD)、或者半导体介质(例如固态硬盘SolidState Disk(SSD))等。In the above embodiments, all or part of them may be implemented by software, hardware, firmware or any combination thereof. When implemented wholly or partly in the form of a computer program product, said computer program product comprises one or more computer instructions. When the computer program instructions are loaded or executed on the computer, the processes or functions according to the embodiments of the present invention will be generated in whole or in part. The computer can be a general purpose computer, a special purpose computer, a computer network, or other programmable devices. The computer instructions may be stored in or transmitted from one computer-readable storage medium to another computer-readable storage medium, for example, the computer instructions may be transmitted from a website, computer, server or data center Transmission to another website site, computer, server or data center by wired (eg coaxial cable, fiber optic, digital subscriber line (DSL) or wireless (eg infrared, wireless, microwave, etc.)). The computer-readable storage medium may be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer, or a data storage device such as a server or a data center integrated with one or more available media. The available medium may be a magnetic medium (for example, a floppy disk, a hard disk, or a magnetic tape), an optical medium (for example, DVD), or a semiconductor medium (for example, a Solid State Disk (SSD)).
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。The above descriptions are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent replacements and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the protection of the present invention. within range.
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