CN108337088B - Single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system and method and related system and method - Google Patents
Single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system and method and related system and method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The application provides a single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system, a method and a related system and method, the single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system comprises: signal synchronization device, wavelength division multiplexer, at least one classical transceiver, at least one quantum key distribution terminal. The classical transceiver of this application utilizes the classic light signal in the signal of gate APD detection wavelength division multiplexer demultiplexing, the classic light signal who will detect converts the signal of telecommunication into, and carry out avalanche amplification to the signal of telecommunication, can realize effectively surveying weak classic light signal, improve classic light signal's detectivity, based on this, under the condition that guarantees that classic optical communication does not make mistakes, can reduce the crosstalk noise that classic signal produced by a wide margin, reduce the influence to quantum signal transmission, quantum signal and classic signal are close the fine transmission of fusing altogether of zero crosstalk in realizing quantum key distribution, make the transmission distance and the security code rate that can not reduce quantum key distribution of the fine transmission altogether of classic signal and quantum signal.
Description
Technical Field
The present application relates to the field of communications technologies, and in particular, to a single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system and method, and a related system and method.
Background
With the acceleration of the practical process of quantum key distribution and the expansion of the application field, providing optical fiber network resources for quantum channels becomes an urgent problem to be solved, however, a large number of user terminals in the existing access network optical fiber resources may only have one optical fiber link, laying a new special optical fiber for the quantum channels requires expensive cost, and the technical application of single-fiber fusion of quantum signals and classical signals is generated in order to reduce the cost of laying corresponding optical fibers for the quantum channels.
The single-fiber fusion of the quantum signal and the classical signal generally adopts a single-fiber wavelength division multiplexing mode, but because the sensitivity of the classical optical detector in the existing optical communication is limited, in order to ensure that the classical communication is not error, the classical optical signal is generally transmitted after the intensity of the classical optical signal is increased, but the increase of the intensity of the classical optical signal can cause that the average photon number of each optical pulse is 6 to 7 orders of magnitude higher than that of the quantum signal, so that the quantum signal is easily submerged by crosstalk noise generated by the classical signal, and therefore, in the single-fiber fusion communication process of the quantum signal and the classical signal, how to reduce the crosstalk noise generated by the classical signal becomes a problem.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the above technical problems, embodiments of the present application provide a single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system, a single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution method, and a related system and method, so as to achieve the purposes of reducing crosstalk noise generated by a classical signal, reducing influence on quantum signal transmission, and realizing common-fiber fusion transmission of a quantum signal and a classical signal with near zero crosstalk in quantum key distribution, so that transmission distance and security code rate of quantum key distribution cannot be reduced by common-fiber transmission of the classical signal and the quantum signal, and the technical scheme is as follows:
a single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system is used for realizing common-fiber fusion transmission of quantum signals and classical signals close to zero crosstalk in quantum key distribution, and comprises the following steps: the system comprises a signal synchronization device, a wavelength division multiplexer, at least one classical transceiver and at least one quantum key distribution terminal;
the wavelength division multiplexer is used for performing single-fiber wavelength multiplexing and outputting on signals sent by the classical transceiver, the quantum key distribution terminal and the signal synchronization device, receiving an external signal, and performing single-fiber wavelength demultiplexing on the external signal;
the classical transceiver is used for detecting a classical optical signal in the signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer by using a gated Avalanche Photodiode (APD), converting the detected classical optical signal into an electrical signal, carrying out avalanche amplification on the electrical signal, and sending the classical optical signal to the wavelength division multiplexer;
the quantum key distribution terminal is used for detecting quantum signals from the signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer, generating the quantum signals and sending the generated quantum signals to the wavelength division multiplexer;
the signal synchronization device is used for performing clock signal synchronization so as to synchronize the clock signals of the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system and another single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system.
Preferably, the classical transceiver comprises: the system comprises a light source and modulator module, an optical adjustable attenuator VOA, a gated APD, a circulator and an Ethernet interface;
the light source and modulator module is used for carrying out return-to-zero code light modulation on a to-be-sent classical data electric signal to obtain a return-to-zero code coded classical optical signal;
the optical adjustable attenuator VOA is used for performing adjustable attenuation on the classical optical signal modulated by the light source and the modulator module;
the circulator is used for transmitting the classical optical signal subjected to the tunable attenuation by the VOA to the wavelength division multiplexer through a single mode optical fiber, and transmitting the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer to the gated APD through the single mode optical fiber;
the gated APD is used for detecting a classical optical signal in the signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer, performing avalanche amplification on the detected classical optical signal, and demodulating the avalanche amplified classical optical signal into an electric signal for Ethernet transmission;
and the Ethernet interface is used for transmitting the electric signal which is demodulated by the gated APD and is used for Ethernet transmission to the outside.
Preferably, the gated APD comprises: the gate control circuit comprises a bias voltage module, a gate control signal module, an avalanche photodiode module, a gate control noise suppression circuit, an amplifier and a decoder;
the bias voltage module is used for generating direct current bias voltage;
the gating signal generating module is used for generating a gating signal;
the avalanche photodiode module is used for detecting a classical optical signal in a signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer in a Geiger mode under the combined action of the direct-current bias voltage and the gate control signal under the condition that the gate control signal module generates the gate control signal, converting the detected classical optical signal into an electric signal and carrying out avalanche amplification on the electric signal;
the gate control noise suppression circuit is used for suppressing capacitive response noise generated by the gate control signal so as to avoid interference on the electric signal after avalanche amplification;
the amplifier is used for amplifying the electric signal after the avalanche amplification;
the decoder is used for decoding the electric signal amplified by the amplifier into an electric signal for Ethernet transmission.
Preferably, the gated APD further comprises:
a shaping circuit for shaping the electrical signal amplified by the amplifier and outputting the shaped electrical signal;
the decoder is also used for decoding the shaped electric signal output by the shaping circuit into an electric signal for Ethernet transmission.
Preferably, the gated noise suppression circuit includes:
gated noise filtering circuits or gated noise self-differentiating circuits.
Preferably, the signal synchronizing device includes: the system comprises a crystal oscillator and reference clock input and output module, a clock signal optical transceiver module and a high-precision signal delay module;
the crystal oscillator and reference clock input-output module is used for generating a reference clock electrical signal;
the clock signal optical transceiver module is used for converting the reference clock signal into a reference clock optical signal, outputting the reference clock optical signal, receiving an external reference clock optical signal and converting the external reference clock optical signal into an external reference clock signal;
the high-precision signal delay module is configured to adjust a clock of the single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system according to the external reference clock electrical signal, so that the clock signal of the single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system is synchronized with a clock signal of another single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system.
A single-fiber fusion system of quantum signals and classical signals comprises a single-mode optical fiber and two single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution systems as described in any one of the above items;
the two single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution systems are respectively used as a sending end and a receiving end;
and the two single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution systems communicate through the single-mode optical fiber.
A single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution method is based on a single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system, and the single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system comprises: the system comprises a signal synchronization device, a wavelength division multiplexer, at least one classical transceiver and at least one quantum key distribution terminal;
the signal synchronization device is used for synchronizing clock signals so as to synchronize the clock signals of the single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system and the clock signals of the other single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system;
the wavelength division multiplexer performs single-fiber wavelength multiplexing on signals sent by the classical transceiver, the quantum key distribution terminal and the signal synchronization device and outputs the signals, receives external signals and performs single-fiber wavelength demultiplexing on the external signals;
the classical transceiver detects a classical optical signal in the signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer by using a gated Avalanche Photodiode (APD), converts the detected classical optical signal into an electrical signal, performs avalanche amplification on the electrical signal, and sends the classical optical signal to the wavelength division multiplexer;
the quantum key distribution terminal detects quantum signals from the signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer, generates quantum signals, and sends the generated quantum signals to the wavelength division multiplexer.
A single-fiber fusion method of quantum signals and classical signals is based on a single-fiber fusion system of quantum signals and classical signals, wherein the single-fiber fusion system of quantum signals and classical signals comprises a single-mode fiber and two single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution systems as described above;
the two single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution systems are respectively used as a sending end and a receiving end;
and the two single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution systems communicate through the single-mode optical fiber.
Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effect of this application is:
in the present application, a classical transceiver detects a classical optical signal among signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer using a gated avalanche photodiode APD, converts the detected classical optical signal into an electrical signal, and avalanche amplifies the electrical signal, can realize the effective detection of weak classical optical signals and improve the detection sensitivity of the classical optical signals, based on the detection, under the condition of ensuring that the classical optical communication does not have errors, the intensity of the classical optical signal can be reduced, so that the magnitude order of the average photon number of each optical pulse is reduced, and further, crosstalk noise generated by classical signals is greatly reduced, the influence on quantum signal transmission is reduced, common-fiber fusion transmission of quantum signals and classical signals close to zero crosstalk in quantum key distribution is realized, and the transmission distance and the safe code rate of quantum key distribution cannot be reduced by common-fiber transmission of the classical signals and the quantum signals.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments are briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on these drawings without inventive labor.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a logical structure of a single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system provided in the present application;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a logic structure of a classical transceiver provided in the present application;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a logical structure of a gated APD as provided herein;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of another logical structure of a gated APD as provided herein;
fig. 5(a) is a schematic diagram of a logic structure of a gated noise filter circuit provided in the present application;
FIG. 5(b) is a schematic diagram of a logic structure of the gated noise self-differential circuit provided in the present application;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a logic structure of the signal synchronization apparatus provided in the present application;
fig. 7 is a flowchart of a single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution method provided in the present application;
fig. 8 is a schematic logical structure diagram of a single-fiber fusion system of quantum signals and classical signals provided by the present application.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.
The embodiment of the application discloses a single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system, which comprises: signal synchronization device, wavelength division multiplexer, at least one classical transceiver, at least one quantum key distribution terminal. The classical transceiver utilizes a gated Avalanche Photodiode (APD) to detect classical optical signals in signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer, converts the detected classical optical signals into electrical signals, performs avalanche amplification on the electrical signals, can realize effective detection on weak classical optical signals, and improves detection sensitivity of the classical optical signals.
Next, a single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system disclosed in an embodiment of the present application is introduced, please refer to fig. 1, where the single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system is used to implement common-fiber fusion transmission in which a quantum signal and a classical signal are close to zero crosstalk in quantum key distribution, and the single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system of the present application includes: signal synchronization means 11, a wavelength division multiplexer 12, at least one classical transceiver 13, at least one quantum key distribution terminal 14.
The wavelength division multiplexer 12 is configured to perform single-fiber wavelength multiplexing on and output signals sent by the classical transceiver 13, the quantum key distribution terminal 14, and the signal synchronization apparatus 11, receive an external signal, and perform single-fiber wavelength demultiplexing on the external signal.
The classical transceiver 13 is configured to detect a classical optical signal in the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer 12 by using a gated APD (avalanche photodiode), convert the detected classical optical signal into an electrical signal, avalanche amplify the electrical signal, and transmit the classical optical signal to the wavelength division multiplexer 12.
A classical optical signal can be understood as: based on classical bit data transmitted over optical fiber.
In this embodiment, the classical optical signal may include, but is not limited to: the method comprises the following steps of classical data in the processes of authentication, basis pairing, error correction, secret amplification and the like in quantum key distribution, ciphertext data after quantum key encryption and other classical data needing to be transmitted.
The classical transceiver 13 detects the classical optical signals in the signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer 12 by using gated APD, converts the detected classical optical signals into electrical signals, and performs avalanche amplification on the electrical signals, so that effective detection of weak classical optical signals can be realized, and the detection sensitivity of the classical optical signals is improved.
The Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) terminal 14 is configured to detect a quantum signal from the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer 12, generate a quantum signal, and transmit the generated quantum signal to the wavelength division multiplexer 12.
In this embodiment, the generation of the quantum key by the quantum key distribution terminal 14 may be understood as: the quantum key distribution terminal 14 implements remote quantum key distribution.
The present embodiment does not limit the specific implementation protocol and method for quantum key distribution, and may specifically include, but is not limited to: polarization encoding BB84QKD, phase encoding BB84QKD, differential phase shift QKD, continuous variable QKD, device-independent QKD and measurement device-independent QKD.
To further reduce the effects of classical channel crosstalk noise, quantum key distribution terminal 14 may use gated single photon detectors.
The quantum signals received and transmitted by the quantum key distribution terminal 14 are in optical quantum states, and the classical transceiver 13 is designated for classical data in the processes of authentication, basis pairing, error correction, secret amplification and the like in the QKD to transmit.
After the quantum key distribution terminal 14 detects a quantum signal from the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer 12, the detected quantum signal may be demodulated.
Accordingly, the quantum key distribution terminal 14 generating a quantum signal and sending the generated quantum signal to the wavelength division multiplexer 12 can be understood as: the quantum key distribution terminal 14 generates a quantum signal, modulates the generated quantum signal, and transmits the modulated quantum signal to the wavelength division multiplexer 12.
The signal synchronization device 11 is configured to perform clock signal synchronization, so that the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system synchronizes with a clock signal of another single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system.
It should be noted that each classical transceiver 13, each quantum key distribution terminal 14, and the signal synchronization apparatus 11 occupy one wavelength channel, and since the coding rate of the quantum key distribution terminal 14 is very sensitive to channel loss, the transmission channel of each quantum key distribution terminal 14 is set to the wavelength channel with the lowest loss.
In the application, the classical transceiver 13 utilizes the gated avalanche photodiode APD to detect the classical optical signal in the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer 12, converts the detected classical optical signal into an electrical signal, and performs avalanche amplification on the electrical signal, so that the weak classical optical signal can be effectively detected, the detection sensitivity of the classical optical signal is improved, and based on the detection sensitivity, the classical optical communication is ensured not to be in error (the error rate is lower than 10)-9) In the case of (2), the intensity of the classical optical signal can be reduced (specifically, the intensity of the classical optical signal received by the gated avalanche photodiode can be reduced by more than 3 orders of magnitude, and only 200 photons per pulse are needed), so that the order of magnitude of the average photon number per optical pulse is reduced, and the crosstalk noise generated by the classical signal is reduced. Meanwhile, the quantum channel can still be a low-loss channel, and the crosstalk noise can be reduced to the dark counting level of the single-photon detector of the quantum key distribution system only through the wavelength division multiplexer 12, so that the crosstalk problem in single-fiber fusion of the quantum signal and the classical signal is effectively solved, and the optical fiber resource is savedMeanwhile, the performance of the quantum key distribution system can be guaranteed not to be affected.
In this application, classic transceiver utilizes the gate APD to survey classic light signal in the signal that wavelength division multiplexer de-multiplexed, the classic light signal that will detect converts the signal into the signal of telecommunication into, and right the signal of telecommunication carries out avalanche amplification, can realize effectively surveying weak classic light signal, the detectivity of classic light signal has been improved, based on this, under the circumstances that guarantees that classic optical communication does not make mistakes, can reduce the intensity of classic light signal, thereby reduce the order of magnitude of every light pulse average photon number, and then reduce the crosstalk noise that classic signal produced by a wide margin, reduce the influence to quantum signal transmission, realize that quantum signal and classic signal are close to the transmission of the fine fusion of sharing of zero crosstalk in the quantum key distribution, make the transmission distance and the safe code rate that the transmission of the fine can not reduce quantum key distribution of sharing of classic signal and quantum signal.
In another embodiment of the present application, referring to fig. 2, a classical transceiver 13 is described, classical transceiver 13 comprising: a light source and modulator module 131, a tunable optical attenuator (VOA)132, the gated APD133, a circulator 134, and an ethernet interface 135.
The light source and modulator module 131 is configured to perform return-to-zero code light modulation on a to-be-transmitted classical data electrical signal to obtain a return-to-zero code encoded classical optical signal.
Specifically, the light source and modulator module 131 is configured to modulate a return-to-zero code of a to-be-transmitted classical data electrical signal bit stream to obtain a return-to-zero code encoded classical optical signal bit stream.
The optical adjustable attenuator VOA132 is configured to perform adjustable attenuation on the classical optical signal modulated by the light source and modulator module 131.
The optical adjustable attenuator VOA132 performs adjustable attenuation on the classical optical signal modulated by the light source and modulator module 131, so that the optical signal intensity of the classical optical signal is attenuated to the lowest level on the premise of meeting the sensitivity of the gated APD133 of the opposite party, thereby ensuring that the classical optical signal does not generate fatal crosstalk on the quantum optical signal transmitted by the optical fiber.
The circulator 134 is configured to transmit the VOA-tunable-attenuation classical optical signal to the wavelength division multiplexer 12 through a single-mode optical fiber, and transmit the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer 12 to the gated APD133 through a single-mode optical fiber.
The gated APD133 is configured to detect a classical optical signal in the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer 12, perform avalanche amplification on the detected classical optical signal, and demodulate the avalanche amplified classical optical signal into an electrical signal for ethernet transmission.
Specifically, the gated APD133 is configured to detect a classical optical signal bitstream in the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer 12, perform avalanche amplification on the detected classical optical signal bitstream, and demodulate the avalanche amplified classical optical signal bitstream into an electrical signal bitstream for ethernet transmission.
The ethernet interface 135 is configured to transmit the electrical signal demodulated by the gated APD133 for ethernet transmission to the outside.
The ethernet interface 135 is configured to transmit the electrical signal demodulated by the gated APD133 for ethernet transmission to the outside, which can be understood as: the ethernet interface 135 is configured to transmit the electrical signal demodulated by the gated APD133 and used for ethernet transmission to external devices such as an external computer, a classical optical communication switch, a classical optical communication repeater, and other devices or systems in the classical transceiver 13 and single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system.
In another embodiment of the present application, a gated APD133 is described, and referring to fig. 3, the gated APD133 includes: bias voltage module 1331 gates signal module 1332, avalanche photodiode module 1333, gated noise suppression circuit 1334, amplifier 1335, and decoder 1336.
The bias voltage module 1331 is configured to generate a dc bias voltage.
Specifically, the bias voltage module 1331 may be adjusted and controlled by a potentiometer, a digital-to-analog converter, etc., to generate an adjustable dc voltage with high precision and stability as the dc bias voltage of the avalanche photodiode module 1333.
The gating signal generating module is used for generating a gating signal.
In this embodiment, the gate control signal generated by the gate control signal generation module can enable the avalanche photodiode module 1333 to operate in the gate control mode, that is, the avalanche photodiode module 1333 alternately operates in the linear mode and the geiger mode through the gate control signal, so that the contradiction between the gain factor and the dark current can be effectively solved, and the detection sensitivity of the gate-controlled APD133 is greatly improved.
The gate control signal generating module can generate a sine wave signal with high stable frequency by a phase-locked loop frequency synthesis circuit, and then obtain the sine wave signal or the periodic pulse gate control signal with stable frequency and amplitude by a shaping amplifying circuit, wherein the phase-locked loop frequency synthesis circuit can be composed of a phase-locked loop chip or an FPGA or a crystal oscillator, a phase discriminator, a loop filter, a voltage-controlled oscillator and the like.
The avalanche photodiode module 1333 is configured to, when the gate signal module 1332 generates a gate signal, detect a classical optical signal in the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer 12 in the geiger mode under the combined action of the dc bias voltage and the gate signal, convert the detected classical optical signal into an electrical signal, and perform avalanche amplification on the electrical signal.
Specifically, in the avalanche photodiode module 1333, when the gate signal module 1332 generates the gate signal, under the combined action of the dc bias voltage and the gate signal, the reverse voltage across the gated APD133 exceeds the avalanche breakdown voltage thereof, and the gated APD133 operates in the geiger mode (in the geiger mode, the gated APD133 will generate self-sustaining avalanche, and the gain factor of the gated APD133 will approach infinity), at which time the avalanche gain is very large and can reach 106As described above, even a single photon may generate an avalanche breakdown output avalanche signal when a weak optical signal is incident, and the avalanche signal may be output with certainty when the optical signal intensity is higher than a certain level (for example, 500 photons per pulse).
If the sensitivity and the response bandwidth are further improved, for example, the rise time of detecting the optical signal of 100 photons per pulse is less than 100ps, the gated APD133 can be selected, wherein the gated APD133 with low dark current and few material defects needs to be selected for further improvement of the sensitivity, the temperature control needs to be considered, the high-bandwidth APD needs to be selected for further improvement of the response bandwidth, and other components of the classical transceiver 13, such as the gated signal generation module, the gated noise suppression circuit 1334, and the like, need to be matched with the gated APD.
It should be noted that, when the gating signal module 1332 does not generate the gating signal, the voltage across the gated APD133 is lower than the avalanche breakdown voltage, and the gated APD133 operates in the linear mode, so that avalanche breakdown does not occur and the dark current is low.
The gating noise suppression circuit 1334 is configured to suppress capacitive response noise generated by the gating signal to avoid interference with the avalanche amplified electrical signal.
Due to the existence of parasitic junction capacitance of the gated APD133, the gate control signal acts on the junction capacitance to generate capacitive response noise, the amplitude of the noise is tens or hundreds of times larger than that of the avalanche amplified electrical signal, and the noise is directly superposed on the avalanche amplified electrical signal, so that the infinitesimal avalanche amplified electrical signal is completely submerged in the noise, and the gate control noise suppression circuit 1334 can effectively suppress the capacitive response noise caused by the junction capacitance of the gated APD133 and extract the infinitesimal avalanche amplified electrical signal in strong noise.
The amplifier 1335 is configured to amplify the avalanche amplified electrical signal.
Specifically, the amplifier 1335 is used for performing broadband low-noise amplification on the avalanche amplified electrical signal.
The decoder 1336 is configured to decode the electrical signal amplified by the amplifier 1335 into an electrical signal for ethernet transmission.
In another embodiment of the present application, another gated APD133 is introduced, and referring to fig. 4, the gated APD133 shown in fig. 3 may further include: a shaping circuit 1337.
A shaping circuit 1337, configured to shape the electrical signal amplified by the amplifier 1335, and output the shaped electrical signal.
Specifically, the shaping circuit 1337 is configured to compare and discriminate the electrical signal amplified by the amplifier 1335, precisely extract a bit stream signal, shape the pulse width and amplitude of the extracted bit stream signal, and output a return-to-zero bit stream with fixed width and amplitude.
Accordingly, the decoder 1336 may be further configured to decode the shaped electrical signal output by the shaping circuit into an electrical signal for ethernet transmission.
In another embodiment of the present application, the introduction of the gated noise suppression circuit 1334 may specifically include: gated noise filtering circuits or gated noise self-differentiating circuits.
It should be noted that the electrical characteristics of the noise are mainly determined by the gate control signal of the avalanche photodiode module 1333, and when a high-stable dot-frequency sine wave is used as the gate control signal of the avalanche photodiode module 1333, the noise caused by the junction capacitance is also a sine wave and its higher harmonics, and can be suppressed by using a gate control noise filter circuit; when a high stable periodic pulse is used as a gate signal of the avalanche photodiode module 1333, noise caused by junction capacitance thereof can be suppressed by the gate noise self-differential circuit.
The gate control noise filter circuit is configured to suppress noise caused by junction capacitance when the dot frequency sine wave is used as a gate control signal of the avalanche photodiode module 1333. The gated noise filtering circuit may be composed of a band-stop filter and a low-pass filter, as shown in fig. 5 (a). The stopband central frequency of the stopband filter comprises a dot-frequency sine wave frequency f and higher harmonic frequencies 2f, 3f and 4f thereof, the width of the stopband is 10MHz, the stopband rejection ratio is greater than 60dB, the cut-off frequency of the lowpass filter is 4f, and the stopband rejection ratio of the lowpass filter which is greater than or equal to 5f is greater than 60 dB.
The gate noise self-differential circuit, which is used to suppress noise caused by junction capacitance when the periodic pulse is used as the gate signal of the avalanche photodiode module 1333, may be composed of a beam splitter, a delay line, and a differential circuit, as shown in fig. 5 (b). The bandwidth of the beam splitter covers 100MHz to 3 times of gating repetition frequency, the degree of unbalance is less than 0.5dB, the delay time of the delay line is one gating pulse period, and the bandwidth of the differential circuit covers 100MHz to 3 times of the gating repetition frequency and can be realized by a 180-degree combiner or a differential amplifier 1335.
In another embodiment of the present application, the signal synchronization apparatus 11 is described, and referring to fig. 6, the signal synchronization apparatus 11 includes: a crystal oscillator and reference clock input-output module 111, a clock signal optical transceiver module 112 and a high-precision signal delay module 113.
The crystal oscillator and reference clock input/output module 111 is configured to generate a reference clock signal.
The clock optical transceiver module 112 is configured to convert the reference clock optical signal into a reference clock optical signal, output the reference clock optical signal, receive an external reference clock optical signal, and convert the external reference clock optical signal into an external reference clock optical signal.
The high-precision signal delay module 113 is configured to adjust a clock of the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system according to the external reference clock signal, so that the clock signal of the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system is synchronized with a clock signal of another single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system.
Next, a single-fiber fused quantum key distribution method provided in the present application is described, and the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution method described below and the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system described above may be referred to each other.
It should be noted that, the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution method provided in the present application is based on the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution systems described in the foregoing embodiments, please refer to fig. 7, and the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution method may specifically include:
step S11, the signal synchronization device performs clock signal synchronization to synchronize the clock signals of the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system and another single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system.
Step S12, the wavelength division multiplexer performs single-fiber wavelength multiplexing and outputting on the signals sent by the classical transceiver, the quantum key distribution terminal, and the signal synchronization device, receives an external signal, and performs single-fiber wavelength demultiplexing on the external signal.
And step S13, the classical transceiver detects a classical optical signal in the signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer by using a gated Avalanche Photodiode (APD), converts the detected classical optical signal into an electrical signal, performs avalanche amplification on the electrical signal, and sends the classical optical signal to the wavelength division multiplexer.
Step S14, the quantum key distribution terminal detects a quantum signal from the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer, generates a quantum signal, and sends the generated quantum signal to the wavelength division multiplexer.
In another embodiment of the present application, the classical transceiver may comprise: the method for detecting the classical optical signal in the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer by the classical transceiver through the gated avalanche photodiode APD, converting the detected classical optical signal into an electrical signal, performing avalanche amplification on the electrical signal, and sending the classical optical signal to the wavelength division multiplexer may specifically include:
a11, the light source and modulator module performs return-to-zero code light modulation on the to-be-sent classical data electric signal to obtain a return-to-zero code coded classical light signal.
And A12, the optical adjustable attenuator VOA performs adjustable attenuation on the classical optical signal modulated by the light source and modulator module.
A13, the circulator transmits the VOA tunable attenuation classical optical signal to the wavelength division multiplexer through a single mode optical fiber, and transmits the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer to the gated APD through a single mode optical fiber.
And A14, the gated APD detects the classical optical signal in the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer, performs avalanche amplification on the detected classical optical signal, and demodulates the avalanche amplified classical optical signal into an electric signal for Ethernet transmission.
A15, the Ethernet interface, is used to transmit the electric signal for Ethernet transmission after the gated APD demodulation to the outside.
In another embodiment of the present application, the gated APD based on the gating comprises: the step a14 of detecting a classical optical signal in the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer, performing avalanche amplification on the detected classical optical signal, and demodulating the avalanche amplified classical optical signal into an electrical signal for ethernet transmission may specifically include:
b11, the bias voltage module generates a direct current bias voltage.
And B12, the gating signal generating module generates a gating signal.
B13, the avalanche photodiode module detects a classical optical signal in the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer in a Geiger mode under the combined action of the direct current bias voltage and the gate control signal under the condition that the gate control signal module generates the gate control signal, converts the detected classical optical signal into an electric signal, and performs avalanche amplification on the electric signal.
B14, the gating noise suppression circuit suppresses the capacitive response noise generated by the gating signal to avoid interfering the avalanche amplified electrical signal.
B15, amplifying the avalanche amplified electric signal by the amplifier.
B16, the decoder decodes the electric signal amplified by the amplifier into an electric signal for Ethernet transmission.
In another embodiment of the present application, another process is introduced that the gated APD detects a classical optical signal in the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer, performs avalanche amplification on the detected classical optical signal, and demodulates the avalanche amplified classical optical signal into an electrical signal for ethernet transmission, and specifically includes:
c11, the bias voltage module generates a direct current bias voltage.
C12, the gating signal generating module generates a gating signal.
And C13, the avalanche photodiode module detects a classical optical signal in the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer in a Geiger mode under the combined action of the DC bias voltage and the gate control signal under the condition that the gate control signal module generates the gate control signal, converts the detected classical optical signal into an electrical signal, and performs avalanche amplification on the electrical signal.
C14, the gating noise suppression circuit suppresses the capacitive response noise generated by the gating signal to avoid interference with the avalanche amplified electrical signal.
And C15, the amplifier amplifies the electric signal after the avalanche amplification.
And C16, shaping the electric signal amplified by the amplifier by a shaping circuit, and outputting the shaped electric signal.
And C17, the decoder decodes the shaped electric signal output by the shaping circuit into an electric signal for Ethernet transmission.
In another embodiment of the present application, referring to the gated noise suppression circuit, the gated noise suppression circuit may include: gated noise filtering circuits or gated noise self-differentiating circuits.
The device for synchronizing based on the signal comprises: in another embodiment of the present application, a process of synchronizing clock signals by the signal synchronization device to synchronize clock signals of the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system and another single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system may specifically include:
d11, the crystal oscillator and the reference clock input-output module generate a reference clock signal.
And D12, the clock signal optical transceiver module is used for converting the reference clock signal into a reference clock optical signal, outputting the reference clock optical signal, receiving an external reference clock optical signal, and converting the external reference clock optical signal into an external reference clock signal.
And D13, the high-precision signal delay module is configured to adjust a clock of the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system according to the external reference clock signal, so that the clock signal of the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system is synchronized with a clock signal of another single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system.
In another embodiment of the present application, a single-fiber fusion system of a quantum signal and a classical signal is provided, and referring to fig. 8, the single-fiber fusion system of the quantum signal and the classical signal includes: a single mode optical fiber 21 and two single fibers fused to a quantum key distribution system 22.
For the structure and related functions of the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system 22, please refer to the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system described in the foregoing embodiments, which is not described herein again.
In this embodiment, the two single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution systems 22 are respectively used as a sending end and a receiving end.
The two single-fiber fused quantum key distribution systems 22 communicate over the single-mode optical fiber.
Next, a single-fiber fusion method of a quantum signal and a classical signal provided by the present application is introduced, where the single-fiber fusion method of a quantum signal and a classical signal is based on the single-fiber fusion system of a quantum signal and a classical signal introduced in the foregoing embodiment, and the two single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution systems are respectively used as a sending end and a receiving end, and specifically may include:
and the two single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution systems communicate through the single-mode optical fiber.
It should be noted that, in the present specification, the embodiments are all described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments may be referred to each other. For the device-like embodiment, since it is basically similar to the method embodiment, the description is simple, and for the relevant points, reference may be made to the partial description of the method embodiment.
Finally, it should also be noted that, herein, relational terms such as first and second, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Also, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
For convenience of description, the above devices are described as being divided into various units by function, and are described separately. Of course, the functionality of the units may be implemented in one or more software and/or hardware when implementing the present application.
From the above description of the embodiments, it is clear to those skilled in the art that the present application can be implemented by software plus necessary general hardware platform. Based on such understanding, the technical solutions of the present application may be essentially or partially implemented in the form of a software product, which may be stored in a storage medium, such as a ROM/RAM, a magnetic disk, an optical disk, etc., and includes several instructions for enabling a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, or a network device, etc.) to execute the method according to the embodiments or some parts of the embodiments of the present application.
The above describes in detail a single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system and method, and related systems and methods provided by the present application, and a specific example is applied in the present application to explain the principle and implementation of the present application, and the description of the above embodiments is only used to help understand the method and core ideas of the present application; meanwhile, for a person skilled in the art, according to the idea of the present application, there may be variations in the specific embodiments and the application scope, and in summary, the content of the present specification should not be construed as a limitation to the present application.
Claims (8)
1. A single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system is characterized in that the system is used for realizing the common-fiber fusion transmission of quantum signals and classical signals close to zero crosstalk in quantum key distribution and comprises the following components: the system comprises a signal synchronization device, a wavelength division multiplexer, at least one classical transceiver and at least one quantum key distribution terminal;
the wavelength division multiplexer is used for performing single-fiber wavelength multiplexing and outputting on signals sent by the classical transceiver, the quantum key distribution terminal and the signal synchronization device, receiving an external signal, and performing single-fiber wavelength demultiplexing on the external signal;
the classical transceiver is used for detecting a classical optical signal in the signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer by using a gated Avalanche Photodiode (APD), converting the detected classical optical signal into an electrical signal, carrying out avalanche amplification on the electrical signal, and sending the classical optical signal to the wavelength division multiplexer; the classical transceiver comprises: the system comprises a light source and modulator module, an optical adjustable attenuator VOA, a gated APD, a circulator and an Ethernet interface; the light source and modulator module is used for carrying out return-to-zero code light modulation on a to-be-sent classical data electric signal to obtain a return-to-zero code coded classical optical signal; the optical adjustable attenuator VOA is used for performing adjustable attenuation on the classical optical signal modulated by the light source and the modulator module; the circulator is used for transmitting the classical optical signal subjected to the tunable attenuation by the VOA to the wavelength division multiplexer through a single mode optical fiber, and transmitting the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer to the gated APD through the single mode optical fiber; the gated APD is used for detecting a classical optical signal in the signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer, performing avalanche amplification on the detected classical optical signal, and demodulating the avalanche amplified classical optical signal into an electric signal for Ethernet transmission; the Ethernet interface is used for transmitting the electric signal which is demodulated by the gated APD and is used for Ethernet transmission to the outside;
the quantum key distribution terminal is used for detecting quantum signals from the signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer, generating the quantum signals and sending the generated quantum signals to the wavelength division multiplexer;
the signal synchronization device is used for performing clock signal synchronization so as to synchronize the clock signals of the single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system and another single-fiber fused quantum key distribution system.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the gated APD comprises: the gate control circuit comprises a bias voltage module, a gate control signal module, an avalanche photodiode module, a gate control noise suppression circuit, an amplifier and a decoder;
the bias voltage module is used for generating direct current bias voltage;
the gating signal generating module is used for generating a gating signal;
the avalanche photodiode module is used for detecting a classical optical signal in a signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer in a Geiger mode under the combined action of the direct-current bias voltage and the gate control signal under the condition that the gate control signal module generates the gate control signal, converting the detected classical optical signal into an electric signal and carrying out avalanche amplification on the electric signal;
the gate control noise suppression circuit is used for suppressing capacitive response noise generated by the gate control signal so as to avoid interference on the electric signal after avalanche amplification;
the amplifier is used for amplifying the electric signal after the avalanche amplification;
the decoder is used for decoding the electric signal amplified by the amplifier into an electric signal for Ethernet transmission.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the gated APD further comprises:
a shaping circuit for shaping the electrical signal amplified by the amplifier and outputting the shaped electrical signal;
the decoder is also used for decoding the shaped electric signal output by the shaping circuit into an electric signal for Ethernet transmission.
4. The system of claim 2 or 3, wherein the gated noise suppression circuit comprises:
gated noise filtering circuits or gated noise self-differentiating circuits.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the signal synchronization device comprises: the system comprises a crystal oscillator and reference clock input and output module, a clock signal optical transceiver module and a high-precision signal delay module;
the crystal oscillator and reference clock input-output module is used for generating a reference clock electrical signal;
the clock signal optical transceiver module is used for converting the reference clock signal into a reference clock optical signal, outputting the reference clock optical signal, receiving an external reference clock optical signal and converting the external reference clock optical signal into an external reference clock signal;
the high-precision signal delay module is configured to adjust a clock of the single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system according to the external reference clock electrical signal, so that the clock signal of the single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system is synchronized with a clock signal of another single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system.
6. A single-fiber fusion system of quantum signals and classical signals, comprising a single-mode optical fiber and two single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution systems according to any one of claims 1 to 5;
the two single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution systems are respectively used as a sending end and a receiving end;
and the two single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution systems communicate through the single-mode optical fiber.
7. A single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution method is characterized in that based on a single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system, the single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system comprises: signal synchronization device, wavelength division multiplexer, at least one classic transceiver, at least one quantum key distribution terminal, the classic transceiver includes: the device comprises a light source and modulator module, a light adjustable attenuator VOA, a gated avalanche photodiode APD, a circulator and an Ethernet interface;
the signal synchronization device is used for synchronizing clock signals so as to synchronize the clock signals of the single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system and the clock signals of the other single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution system;
the wavelength division multiplexer performs single-fiber wavelength multiplexing on signals sent by the classical transceiver, the quantum key distribution terminal and the signal synchronization device and outputs the signals, receives external signals and performs single-fiber wavelength demultiplexing on the external signals;
the classical transceiver detects a classical optical signal in the signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer using the gated APD, converts the detected classical optical signal into an electrical signal, performs avalanche amplification on the electrical signal, and sends the classical optical signal to the wavelength division multiplexer; the classical transceiver detecting a classical optical signal in the signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer using the gated APDs, converting the detected classical optical signal to an electrical signal and avalanche amplifying the electrical signal, and transmitting a classical optical signal to the wavelength division multiplexer, comprising: the light source and modulator module performs return-to-zero code light modulation on a to-be-transmitted classical data electric signal to obtain a return-to-zero code coded classical optical signal; the optical adjustable attenuator VOA is used for carrying out adjustable attenuation on the classical optical signals modulated by the light source and the modulator module; the circulator transmits the VOA tunable and attenuated classical optical signal to the wavelength division multiplexer through a single mode fiber, and transmits the signal demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer to the gated APD through the single mode fiber; the gated APD detects a classical optical signal in the signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer, performs avalanche amplification on the detected classical optical signal, and demodulates the avalanche amplified classical optical signal into an electric signal for Ethernet transmission; the Ethernet interface transmits the electric signal which is demodulated by the gated APD and is used for Ethernet transmission to the outside;
the quantum key distribution terminal detects quantum signals from the signals demultiplexed by the wavelength division multiplexer, generates quantum signals, and sends the generated quantum signals to the wavelength division multiplexer.
8. A single-fiber fusion method of quantum signals and classical signals is characterized in that based on a single-fiber fusion system of quantum signals and classical signals, the single-fiber fusion system of quantum signals and classical signals comprises a single-mode optical fiber and two single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution systems according to any one of claims 1 to 5;
the two single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution systems are respectively used as a sending end and a receiving end;
and the two single-fiber fusion quantum key distribution systems communicate through the single-mode optical fiber.
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| CN111431702A (en) * | 2020-02-28 | 2020-07-17 | 南昌大学 | Quantum encryption circuit system and method based on coincidence time |
| CN112953639B (en) * | 2020-12-30 | 2023-04-28 | 华南师范大学 | Quantum and classical fusion system and method based on low-crosstalk few-mode-multi-core optical fiber |
| CN113008392B (en) * | 2021-02-04 | 2022-05-31 | 中国人民解放军战略支援部队信息工程大学 | Gated superconducting single photon detection device and method |
| CN113037391A (en) * | 2021-02-04 | 2021-06-25 | 中国人民解放军战略支援部队信息工程大学 | Optical communication receiving device and method based on gated avalanche photodiode |
| CN113645027B (en) * | 2021-07-21 | 2023-03-28 | 上海交通大学 | Key distribution system and method for air-sea cross-medium wireless quantum communication |
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