CN108303241A - A kind of modularization oil-film damping test device and method - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于结构动态特性测试技术领域，涉及一种模块化油膜阻尼测试装置，本发明还涉及一种模块化油膜阻尼测试方法。The invention belongs to the technical field of structural dynamic characteristic testing, and relates to a modular oil film damping test device, and also relates to a modular oil film damping test method.
背景技术Background technique
当机械设备工作时往往会产生振动，振动对机械设备的工作精度、可靠性、使用寿命等会产生严重影响。结构系统中的阻尼，如油膜阻尼、摩擦阻尼、材料阻尼、粘弹性阻尼等将对机械结构中的振动具有良好的抑制作用，因此合理匹配阻尼对提升机械结构系统的抗振性和保障设备的工作稳定性具有重要意义。Vibration is often generated when mechanical equipment is working, and vibration will have a serious impact on the working accuracy, reliability, and service life of mechanical equipment. The damping in the structural system, such as oil film damping, frictional damping, material damping, viscoelastic damping, etc., will have a good suppression effect on the vibration in the mechanical structure, so reasonable matching of damping will improve the vibration resistance of the mechanical structural system and ensure the safety of equipment. Job stability is important.
油膜阻尼存在于两个具有相对运动的结构件之间的油液中，当这两个结构件做相对往复振动时即可产生油膜阻尼力，从而抑制这两个结构件之间的振动。当这两个结构件沿油膜的切向振动时所产生的阻尼称为切向阻尼；当沿油膜法向振动时所产生的阻尼称为法向阻尼。机械结构系统中，通常利用运动结合面之间形成的油膜来产生油膜阻尼，该方法简便易行，阻尼效果好，在机械装备中应用较为广泛。Oil film damping exists in the oil between two structural parts with relative motion. When the two structural parts reciprocate relative to each other, the oil film damping force can be generated, thereby suppressing the vibration between the two structural parts. When the two structural members vibrate along the tangential direction of the oil film, the damping is called tangential damping; when vibrating along the normal direction of the oil film, the damping is called normal damping. In the mechanical structure system, the oil film formed between the moving joint surfaces is usually used to generate oil film damping. This method is simple and easy to implement, and the damping effect is good, so it is widely used in mechanical equipment.
虽然油膜阻尼在工程中广泛应用，但是对油膜阻尼器的设计依然靠经验，油膜阻尼大小与油膜厚度、粘度、尺寸、振动频率、振动幅值大小等存在什么样的关系，目前从理论到实验仍未有明确的说法，从而使油膜阻尼器的合理设计缺乏有效的科学指导，影响油膜阻尼器有效开发和应用。Although oil film damping is widely used in engineering, the design of oil film dampers still depends on experience. What is the relationship between oil film damping and oil film thickness, viscosity, size, vibration frequency, vibration amplitude, etc. At present, from theory to experiment There is still no clear statement, so that the rational design of the oil film damper lacks effective scientific guidance, which affects the effective development and application of the oil film damper.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是提供一种模块化油膜阻尼测试装置，解决目前缺乏有效的油膜阻尼测试方法与装置的问题，突破经验设计的局限性，为合理设计油膜阻尼器提供科学依据。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a modular oil film damping test device to solve the problem of lack of effective oil film damping test methods and devices, break through the limitations of empirical design, and provide scientific basis for rational design of oil film dampers.
本发明的另一目的是提供一种模块化油膜阻尼测试方法。Another object of the present invention is to provide a modular oil film damping test method.
本发明采用的技术方案是，一种模块化油膜阻尼测试装置，圆柱形的上试件从上向下套装在套筒中，上试件与套筒接触面保持间隙配合，在该间隙注有油液形成油膜，套筒通过外周的台阶法兰支撑固定在底座上；上试件上端面轴心位置固定安装有动态力传感器，动态力传感器向上固定连接有激振杆，在上试件上端面安装有加速度计一；在套筒上端面设置有非接触微位移传感器和加速度计二。The technical solution adopted by the present invention is a modular oil film damping test device, the cylindrical upper test piece is set in the sleeve from top to bottom, the upper test piece and the contact surface of the sleeve keep a gap fit, and the gap is marked with The oil forms an oil film, and the sleeve is supported and fixed on the base by the stepped flange on the outer periphery; a dynamic force sensor is fixedly installed at the axial center of the upper end surface of the upper test piece, and the dynamic force sensor is fixedly connected upward with an exciting rod. The first accelerometer is installed on the end surface; the non-contact micro-displacement sensor and the second accelerometer are arranged on the upper end surface of the sleeve.
本发明采用的另一技术方案是，一种模块化油膜阻尼测试方法，利用上述的模块化油膜阻尼测试装置，按照以下步骤实施：Another technical solution adopted by the present invention is a modular oil film damping test method, which is implemented according to the following steps by using the above-mentioned modular oil film damping test device:
建立如下动力学方程式：Establish the following kinetic equation:
其中，f为外界激振力，通过动态力传感器测得；fτ为油膜切向阻尼力；m为上试件的质量；为上试件的振动加速度；Cτ为油膜切向阻尼；为上试件与套筒之间的相对振动速度，简称油膜切向振动速度，Among them, f is the external excitation force, measured by the dynamic force sensor; f τ is the tangential damping force of the oil film; m is the mass of the upper specimen; is the vibration acceleration of the upper specimen; C τ is the tangential damping of the oil film; is the relative vibration velocity between the upper specimen and the sleeve, referred to as the oil film tangential vibration velocity,
当外界激振力f为简谐力时，则令：When the external exciting force f is a simple harmonic force, then:
fτ＝Fτcosωt (3)f τ = F τ cosωt (3)
其中，Fτ为油膜切向阻尼力的幅值；ω为激振频率；t为时间变量；xτ为上试件与套筒之间的相对振动位移，简称油膜切向振动位移；Xτ为油膜切向振动位移的幅值；为油膜切向振动位移xτ与油膜切向阻尼力fτ之间的相位差，Among them, F τ is the amplitude of the oil film tangential damping force; ω is the excitation frequency; t is the time variable; x τ is the relative vibration displacement between the upper specimen and the sleeve, referred to as the oil film tangential vibration displacement; X τ is the amplitude of oil film tangential vibration displacement; is the phase difference between the oil film tangential vibration displacement x τ and the oil film tangential damping force f τ ,
由式(4)得油膜切向振动速度 The tangential vibration velocity of the oil film is obtained from formula (4)
将式(3)、(4)、(5)带入式(2)中，得油膜切向阻尼的计算式：Putting equations (3), (4), and (5) into equation (2), the calculation equation of oil film tangential damping is obtained:
式(6)中， In formula (6),
其中，F为外界激振力f的幅值；Among them, F is the amplitude of the external exciting force f;
在式(6)、式(7)中，上试件的质量m和激振频率ω是已知的，通过加速度计一测得，外界激振力幅值F通过动态力传感器测得；油膜切向振动位移Xτ通过非接触微位移传感器测得；通过fτ相对于f的相位差及xτ相对于f的相位差来求得，最终由式(6)计算出油膜的切向阻尼大小。In formulas (6) and (7), the mass m and excitation frequency ω of the upper specimen are known, Measured by the accelerometer 1, the amplitude F of the external excitation force is measured by the dynamic force sensor; the tangential vibration displacement X τ of the oil film is measured by the non-contact micro-displacement sensor; It is obtained by the phase difference of f τ relative to f and the phase difference of x τ relative to f, and finally the tangential damping of the oil film is calculated by formula (6).
本发明的有益效果是，该测试装置易于实现不同油膜尺寸下的阻尼测试，具有模块化特点，而且不受周围结构的影响，可以通过测试计算模型分离出目标油膜的阻尼值，既可以获得油膜的切向阻尼，也可以获得油膜的法向阻尼。本发明测试方法与装置简便易行，可有效识别出不同油膜厚度、粘度、尺寸、振动频率、振动幅值等工况条件下油膜阻尼，对探索研究油膜阻尼机理和油膜阻尼器的推广应用具有重要意义。The beneficial effect of the present invention is that the test device is easy to realize the damping test under different oil film sizes, has the characteristics of modularization, and is not affected by the surrounding structure, and can separate the damping value of the target oil film through the test calculation model, and can obtain the oil film The tangential damping of the oil film can also obtain the normal damping of the oil film. The test method and device of the present invention are simple and easy to operate, and can effectively identify the oil film damping under different working conditions such as oil film thickness, viscosity, size, vibration frequency, vibration amplitude, etc. important meaning.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是油膜切向阻尼测试系统结构示意图；Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the oil film tangential damping test system;
图2为油膜切向阻尼测试计算模型图；Figure 2 is a calculation model diagram of oil film tangential damping test;
图3是油膜法向阻尼测试系统结构示意图；Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of the oil film normal damping test system;
图4为油膜法向阻尼测试计算模型图。Fig. 4 is a calculation model diagram of oil film normal damping test.
图中，1.激振杆，2.动态力传感器，3.加速度计一，4.上试件，5.加速度计二，6.非接触微位移传感器，7.套筒，8.底座，9.下试件。In the figure, 1. Exciting rod, 2. Dynamic force sensor, 3. Accelerometer 1, 4. Upper specimen, 5. Accelerometer 2, 6. Non-contact micro-displacement sensor, 7. Sleeve, 8. Base, 9. Lower the test piece.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细说明。The present invention will be described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
参照图1，本发明装置的结构是，圆柱形的上试件4从上向下套装在套筒7中，上试件4与套筒7接触面保持间隙配合，在该间隙注有油液形成油膜，在套筒7上端面内沿(靠近间隙一侧)开有环形油槽，其中灌注有油液以保持对油膜持续供油；套筒7通过外周的台阶法兰支撑固定在底座8上；上试件4上端面轴心位置固定安装有动态力传感器2，动态力传感器2向上固定连接有激振杆1，在上试件4上端面安装有加速度计一3；在套筒7上端面设置有非接触微位移传感器6和加速度计二5。Referring to Fig. 1, the structure of the device of the present invention is that the cylindrical upper test piece 4 is set in the sleeve 7 from top to bottom, and the contact surface of the upper test piece 4 and the sleeve 7 maintains a clearance fit, and oil is injected into the gap An oil film is formed, and an annular oil groove is formed on the inner edge of the upper end surface of the sleeve 7 (near the gap side), in which oil is filled to maintain continuous oil supply to the oil film; the sleeve 7 is supported and fixed on the base 8 by the stepped flange on the outer periphery A dynamic force sensor 2 is fixedly installed at the axial center position of the upper end surface of the upper test piece 4, and the dynamic force sensor 2 is fixedly connected upward with an exciting rod 1, and an accelerometer-3 is installed on the upper end surface of the upper test piece 4; on the sleeve 7 The end face is provided with a non-contact micro-displacement sensor 6 and an accelerometer 2 5 .
当激振杆1通过动态力传感器2给上试件4施加一定频率的激振力时，上试件4与套筒7之间发生相对振动，这时上试件4与套筒7内壁之间的油膜产生切向阻尼力，以阻止该振动。通过动态力传感器2测出上试件4的外界激振力大小，通过加速度计一3测出上试件4的振动加速度，通过非接触微位移传感器6测试出上试件4与套筒7之间的振动位移，通过加速度计二5测试出套筒7的振动加速度。When the excitation rod 1 applies an exciting force of a certain frequency to the upper test piece 4 through the dynamic force sensor 2, relative vibration occurs between the upper test piece 4 and the sleeve 7. At this time, the distance between the upper test piece 4 and the inner wall of the sleeve 7 The oil film between them produces a tangential damping force to stop the vibration. The external excitation force of the upper test piece 4 is measured by the dynamic force sensor 2, the vibration acceleration of the upper test piece 4 is measured by the accelerometer 3, and the upper test piece 4 and the sleeve 7 are tested by the non-contact micro-displacement sensor 6 Between the vibration displacement, the vibration acceleration of the sleeve 7 is tested by the accelerometer 25.
参照图2，本发明方法，基于上述的装置，建立如下动力学方程式：With reference to Fig. 2, the inventive method, based on above-mentioned device, establishes following kinetic equation:
其中，f为外界激振力，通过动态力传感器2测得；fτ为油膜切向阻尼力；m为上试件4的质量；为上试件4的振动加速度；Cτ为油膜切向阻尼；为上试件4与套筒7之间的相对振动速度，简称油膜切向振动速度。Among them, f is the external excitation force, measured by the dynamic force sensor 2; f τ is the tangential damping force of the oil film; m is the mass of the upper test piece 4; is the vibration acceleration of the upper specimen 4; C τ is the oil film tangential damping; is the relative vibration velocity between the upper test piece 4 and the sleeve 7, referred to as the oil film tangential vibration velocity.
当外界激振力f为简谐力时，则令：When the external exciting force f is a simple harmonic force, then:
fτ＝Fτcosωt (3)f τ = F τ cosωt (3)
其中，Fτ为油膜切向阻尼力的幅值；ω为激振频率；t为时间变量；xτ为上试件4与套筒7之间的相对振动位移，简称油膜切向振动位移；Xτ为油膜切向振动位移的幅值；为油膜切向振动位移xτ与油膜切向阻尼力fτ之间的相位差。Among them, F τ is the amplitude of the oil film tangential damping force; ω is the excitation frequency; t is the time variable; x τ is the relative vibration displacement between the upper specimen 4 and the sleeve 7, referred to as the oil film tangential vibration displacement; X τ is the amplitude of oil film tangential vibration displacement; is the phase difference between the oil film tangential vibration displacement x τ and the oil film tangential damping force f τ .
由式(4)得油膜切向振动速度 The tangential vibration velocity of the oil film is obtained from formula (4)
将式(3)、(4)、(5)带入式(2)中，得油膜切向阻尼的计算式：Putting equations (3), (4), and (5) into equation (2), the calculation equation of oil film tangential damping is obtained:
式(6)中， In formula (6),
其中，F为外界激振力f的幅值；Among them, F is the amplitude of the external exciting force f;
在式(6)、式(7)中，上试件4的质量m和激振频率ω是已知的，通过加速度计一3测得，外界激振力幅值F通过动态力传感器2测得；油膜切向振动位移Xτ通过非接触微位移传感器6测得；通过fτ相对于f的相位差及xτ相对于f的相位差来求得，因此基于实施例1的装置及检测的数值，最终由式(6)计算出油膜的切向阻尼大小。In formula (6) and formula (7), the mass m and excitation frequency ω of the upper specimen 4 are known, Measured by the accelerometer-3, the amplitude F of the external exciting force is measured by the dynamic force sensor 2; the oil film tangential vibration displacement X τ is measured by the non-contact micro-displacement sensor 6; It is obtained by the phase difference of f τ relative to f and the phase difference of x τ relative to f. Therefore, based on the device and detected values in Example 1, the tangential damping of the oil film is finally calculated by formula (6).
参照图3，在前述图1所示的装置基础上，在底座8的内台阶孔中套装有下试件9，下试件9上端面与上试件4的下端面之间注入油液形成平面油膜，当上试件4做上下振动时，该平面油膜即可产生法向阻尼力；在下试件9上端面沿圆周开设有带凸缘的环形油槽，其中灌注有油液以保持对法向油膜持续供油；上试件中产生切向油膜的圆柱面与其下端产生法向油膜的下端面保持垂直状态。该结构状态下，在上试件4振动过程中将同时产生由上试件4与套筒7之间油膜所形成的切向阻尼力，同时由上试件4与下试件9之间油膜所形成的法向阻尼力，故需要将前述已测得的油膜切向阻尼扣除后才能得到油膜的法向阻尼大小。Referring to Figure 3, on the basis of the device shown in Figure 1 above, a lower test piece 9 is set in the inner step hole of the base 8, and oil is injected between the upper end surface of the lower test piece 9 and the lower end surface of the upper test piece 4 to form a Plane oil film, when the upper test piece 4 vibrates up and down, the plane oil film can generate normal damping force; the upper end surface of the lower test piece 9 is provided with a ring-shaped oil groove with a flange along the circumference, which is filled with oil to maintain alignment. Continuous oil supply to the oil film; the cylindrical surface of the upper test piece that produces a tangential oil film and the lower end surface of the lower end that produces a normal oil film are kept in a vertical state. Under this structural state, the tangential damping force formed by the oil film between the upper test piece 4 and the sleeve 7 will be generated simultaneously during the vibration of the upper test piece 4 and the oil film between the upper test piece 4 and the lower test piece 9. Therefore, it is necessary to subtract the measured tangential damping of the oil film to obtain the normal damping value of the oil film.
参照图4，建立如下动力学方程式：With reference to Figure 4, the following kinetic equations are established:
其中，f为外界激振力；fτ为油膜切向阻尼力；fn为油膜法向阻尼力；Cn为油膜法向阻尼；为上试件4与下试件9之间的相对振动速度，简称油膜法向振动速度，Among them, f is the external excitation force; f τ is the tangential damping force of the oil film; f n is the normal damping force of the oil film; C n is the normal damping of the oil film; is the relative vibration velocity between the upper specimen 4 and the lower specimen 9, referred to as the oil film normal vibration velocity,
当外界激振力f为简谐力时，由于套筒7与下试件9固定在同一个底座上，并通过上试件4的上下振动同时产生切向阻尼和法向阻尼，因此产生切向阻尼与法向阻尼的振动位移是相同的，统一用油膜振动位移x表示，则得到如下表达式：When the external exciting force f is a simple harmonic force, since the sleeve 7 and the lower test piece 9 are fixed on the same base, and the tangential damping and normal damping are simultaneously generated by the up and down vibration of the upper test piece 4, the shear The vibration displacement of directional damping and normal damping is the same, and they are uniformly represented by oil film vibration displacement x, then the following expression is obtained:
fτ+fn＝(Fn+Fτ)cosωt (10)f τ +f n ＝(F n +F τ )cosωt (10)
由式(11)得油膜振动速度 The oil film vibration velocity can be obtained from formula (11)
其中，Fτ、Fn分别为油膜切向与法向阻尼力幅值；ω为激振频率；t为时间变量；X为油膜振动位移幅值；为油膜振动位移x与油膜阻尼力(fn+fτ)之间的相位差；Among them, F τ and F n are the tangential and normal damping force amplitudes of the oil film respectively; ω is the excitation frequency; t is the time variable; X is the vibration displacement amplitude of the oil film; is the phase difference between oil film vibration displacement x and oil film damping force (f n +f τ );
将式(2)、式(9)、式(12)带入到式(10)中，得到油膜法向阻尼计算式：Put formula (2), formula (9) and formula (12) into formula (10) to get the calculation formula of oil film normal damping:
式(13)中， In formula (13),
其中，F为外界激振力f的幅值；Among them, F is the amplitude of the external exciting force f;
在式(13)、式(14)中，上试件4的质量m和激振频率ω是已知的，通过加速度计一3测得，外界激振力幅值F通过动态力传感器2测得；油膜振动位移X通过非接触微位移传感器6测得；通过(fτ+fn)相对于f的相位差及x相对于f的相位差来求得，因此基于实施例2的装置及检测的数值，由式(13)计算出油膜的法向阻尼大小。In formula (13) and formula (14), the mass m and excitation frequency ω of the upper specimen 4 are known, Measured by the accelerometer-3, the amplitude F of the external exciting force is measured by the dynamic force sensor 2; the oil film vibration displacement X is measured by the non-contact micro-displacement sensor 6; It is obtained by the phase difference of (f τ +f n ) relative to f and the phase difference of x relative to f, so based on the device and detected values in Example 2, the normal damping of the oil film is calculated by formula (13) size.
本发明的装置，通过更换具有不同配合尺寸的上试件4与套筒7能够灵活组合出不同油膜厚度和不同尺寸油膜阻尼测试实验方案。具有切向阻尼的油膜是通过两个间隙配合圆柱面之间加入油液来形成，通过改变间隙大小、圆柱面尺寸实现不同油膜厚度和不同尺寸油膜阻尼的测试分析。The device of the present invention can flexibly combine different oil film thicknesses and different sizes of oil film damping test experimental schemes by replacing the upper test piece 4 and the sleeve 7 with different matching sizes. The oil film with tangential damping is formed by adding oil between two gap-fit cylindrical surfaces, and the test and analysis of different oil film thicknesses and different sizes of oil film damping can be realized by changing the size of the gap and the size of the cylindrical surface.
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