CN108269693B - Dye-sensitized solar cell based on optimized photo-anode - Google Patents

Dye-sensitized solar cell based on optimized photo-anode Download PDF

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CN108269693B
CN108269693B CN201810172925.2A CN201810172925A CN108269693B CN 108269693 B CN108269693 B CN 108269693B CN 201810172925 A CN201810172925 A CN 201810172925A CN 108269693 B CN108269693 B CN 108269693B
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CN108269693A (en
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杨林
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Xiaoxian Yida Information Technology Co., Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
    • H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
    • H01G9/2036—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising mixed oxides, e.g. ZnO covered TiO2 particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells

Abstract

The invention relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell based on an optimized photo-anode, which comprises a photo-anode, a counter electrode and electrolyte, wherein the photo-anode comprises a Ti sheet substrate,TiO arranged on the bottom surface of the Ti sheet substrate2/CuxO-hybrid nanotube film and TiO provided on surface of nanotube film2And (3) compounding the film.

Description

Dye-sensitized solar cell based on optimized photo-anode
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of solar cells, in particular to a dye-sensitized solar cell based on an optimized photo-anode.
Background
As environmental problems and energy problems are increased, people pay more attention to clean energy. Among them, solar energy is a clean energy with abundant reserves, and the reasonable development and utilization of solar energy can greatly improve the energy problem.
A dye-sensitized solar cell, which is one type of solar cell, has advantages of low cost, high efficiency, stability, and easy fabrication. The photo-anode has a great influence on the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell, and at present, the photo-anode based on nano materials is continuously developed, and factors such as the specific surface area, the electron transmission performance, the light scattering performance and the like of the photo-anode structure have a great relation with the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cell, so that the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cell can be expected to be improved by reasonably designing the photo-anode structure.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention aims to provide a dye-sensitized solar cell based on an optimized photo-anode to solve the above-mentioned problems.
The embodiment of the invention provides a dye-sensitized solar cell based on an optimized photo-anode, which comprises a photo-anode, a counter electrode and electrolyte, wherein the photo-anode comprises a Ti sheet substrate and TiO arranged on the bottom surface of the Ti sheet substrate2/CuxO-hybrid nanotube film and TiO provided on surface of nanotube film2And (3) compounding the film.
Preferably, the TiO is2The composite film comprises TiO2Nanoparticles and In2O3/Au nanoparticles, in particular, TiO2Nanoparticles and In2O3Mixing Au nano particles to prepare composite slurry, and coating the composite slurry on TiO by adopting a spin coating method2/CuxO hybridized nanotube film surface.
The technical scheme provided by the embodiment of the invention can have the following beneficial effects:
the invention creatively combines Ti sheets and TiO2/CuxO hybrid nanotube film, TiO2The combination of the composite film, which is very different from the conventional photoanode, achieves unexpected beneficial effects, on one hand,the Ti sheet is used as a supporting body of the nanotube film, and the resistance between the Ti sheet and the nanotube is small, so that the Ti sheet is favorable for electron transmission; on the other hand, TiO2/CuxThe O hybrid nanotube can provide a channel for electron transmission, has a large specific surface area, and can enable TiO on the nanotube2The composite film and dye permeating therein increase the dye and TiO2The adsorption area of the composite film.
Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated by means of the attached drawings, but the embodiments in the drawings do not constitute any limitation to the invention, and for a person skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained on the basis of the following drawings without inventive effort.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the photo-anode according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Wherein, 01-Ti sheet substrate, 02-TiO2/CuxO hybrid nanotube film, 03-TiO2And (3) compounding the film.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to the exemplary embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. When the following description refers to the accompanying drawings, like numbers in different drawings represent the same or similar elements unless otherwise indicated. The embodiments described in the following exemplary embodiments do not represent all embodiments consistent with the present invention. Rather, they are merely examples of apparatus and methods consistent with certain aspects of the invention, as detailed in the appended claims.
The embodiment of the invention relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell based on an optimized photo-anode, and the technical scheme of the embodiment optimizes the photo-anode on the basis of the existing photo-anode of the dye-sensitized solar cell by combining with a figure 1The photo-anode comprises a Ti sheet substrate 01 and TiO arranged on the surface of the Ti sheet substrate 012/CuxO hybrid nanotube film 02 and TiO provided on surface of nanotube film 022A composite film 03 of the TiO2The composite film 03 is adsorbed with a dye sensitizer.
Different from the traditional photo-anode, the photo-anode structure is optimally designed, specifically, the Ti sheet is used as a substrate and is opaque, so that the photo-anode needs to be downward, and the counter electrode needs to be upward, and sunlight can penetrate through the counter electrode. By adopting the structure, sunlight can penetrate deeply into the Ti sheet substrate and cannot penetrate through the Ti sheet substrate, the sunlight can be scattered or reflected by the thin film substance in the photo anode, and the scattered light or the reflected light can be further absorbed and utilized by the dye or the thin film substance in the photo anode, so that the novel solar photo anode has unexpected beneficial effects on improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
In the prior art, the photoanode usually uses transparent FTO conductive glass as a substrate, and then TiO is added2The film is arranged on the surface of the FTO substrate, and in the technical scheme of the invention, Ti sheets and TiO are creatively arranged2/CuxO hybrid nanotube film, TiO2The composite film is combined, which is greatly different from the traditional photoanode, and unexpected beneficial effects are obtained, on one hand, the Ti sheet is used as a supporting body of the nanotube film, and the resistance between the Ti sheet and the nanotube is small, which is beneficial to electron transmission; on the other hand, TiO2/CuxThe O hybrid nanotube can provide a channel for electron transmission, has a large specific surface area, and can enable TiO on the nanotube2The composite film and dye permeating therein increase the dye and TiO2The adsorption area of the composite film.
With respect to TiO2Compounding the film:
TiO2the composite film comprises TiO2Nanoparticles and In2O3/Au nanoparticles, in particular, TiO2Nanoparticles and In2O3Mixing Au nano particles to prepare composite slurry, and coating the composite slurry on TiO by adopting a spin coating method2/CuxO hybrid nanotube film watchAnd (5) kneading.
Preferably, the TiO2The thickness of the composite film was 50 μm.
Preferably, TiO2In the composite film, TiO2Nanoparticles and In2O3The mass ratio of the/Au nano particles is 2:3, wherein, the TiO nano particles2The purity of the nano-particles is required to be more than or equal to 99.5%, and the particle size is 20 nm.
Wherein, In2O3The preparation process of Au nano-particles comprises the following steps:
a) dissolving 0.19g of indium nitrate hydrate solid powder In 20ml of DMF, stirring for 20min at 80 ℃, then adding 0.6g of urea, continuously stirring until the solution is clear, heating the solution at 100 ℃ for 24h, naturally cooling to room temperature after the reaction is finished, respectively washing with deionized water and ethanol, centrifuging, repeatedly washing for multiple times, drying the centrifuged product at 70 ℃ for 2h, and then annealing at 500 ℃ for 2h to obtain In2O3 nanoparticles, wherein the heating rate is 1 ℃/min;
b) 190ml of ultrapure water is taken, 10ml of chloroauric acid solution is added under vigorous stirring, the concentration of the chloroauric acid solution is 5mmol/L, and then the Au/In ratio is adopted2O3In is added to the solution In an amount of 7% by mass2O3Stirring the nano particles at room temperature for 10 hours, centrifuging, collecting precipitate and drying at room temperature;
c) dispersing the dried product In 30ml of ultrapure water, adding 0.13g of ammonium fluoride, stirring for 1h, adding 0.15g of polyvinylpyrrolidone, continuously stirring for 1h, transferring to a polytetrafluoroethylene reaction kettle, preserving heat for 4h at 110 ℃ for reaction, after the reaction is finished, injecting the obtained solution into 165ml of mixed solution (the mixed solution comprises 5ml of 10mmol/L ammonium citrate solution, 3ml of 10mmol/L sodium borohydride solution and 157ml of ultrapure water), stirring for 12h at 90 ℃, after the reaction is finished, centrifugally washing the obtained precipitate with 1mmol/L NaOH solution and ultrapure water, then annealing for 2h at 390 ℃ at the heating rate of 2 ℃/min, and naturally cooling to obtain In2O3Au nanoparticles.
In obtained by the above process2O3The Au nano-particles are represented by a core-shell structure，In2O3The nano particles are in a core structure, and the Au is in a shell structure; in2O3Au nanoparticles with a particle size of 20-30nm, and TiO2The particle size of the nanoparticles is comparable.
The scheme creatively adopts In2O3Au nanoparticles and TiO2The nanoparticles as the composite paste produce unexpected beneficial effects on the improvement of the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
With respect to TiO2/CuxThe O hybrid nanotube film is formed by growing TiO on the surface of Ti substrate by anode oxidation2Nanotube film, then CuxO hybridization to obtain the TiO2/CuxO hybrid nanotube film:
a) preparing TiO in electrochemical reaction pool by anode oxidation method2The anode comprises a nanotube film, wherein a working electrode is a Ti sheet, the purity of the Ti sheet is more than 99.5%, a counter electrode is a platinum sheet, and the whole anode oxidation process is carried out in a mixed solution of ethylene glycol with the ammonium fluoride content of 0.25 wt.% and deionized water, wherein the volume ratio of the ethylene glycol to the deionized water is 98: 2; the reaction is carried out for 30min under the voltage of 60V, and TiO is obtained on the surface of the Ti sheet after the reaction is finished2A nanotube film;
b) preparing 30ml of ethanol solution of copper acetate to ensure that the concentration of the copper acetate is 0.13mol/L, then adding 10ml of ultrapure water into the ethanol solution, uniformly stirring the ultrapure water, and then growing TiO2Putting a Ti sheet of the nanotube film into a reaction kettle, adding 2ml of 25 wt.% ammonia water, putting the mixed solution into the reaction kettle, preserving the heat at 180 ℃ for 20h, naturally cooling, taking out the Ti sheet, washing the Ti sheet for 5 times by using absolute ethyl alcohol, drying, and calcining at 600 ℃ for 1h to obtain TiO2/CuxO hybrid nanotube film.
Preferably, TiO2/CuxThe tube diameter of the O-hybridized nanotube is 150nm, and the length of the O-hybridized nanotube is 4 mu m. Through experiments, the unexpected beneficial effect is obtained by adopting the nanotube with the diameter of 150nm and the length of 4 microns in the scheme, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is better under the size.
Preferably, the TiO2/CuxO hybridizationIn the nanotube film, the nanotube density is 3.9 × 107Root/m2。
In the scheme, the method is realized by combining a substrate and TiO2TiO is arranged between the composite films2/CuxO-hybridized nanotube film, which produces unexpected technical effects.
The present invention will be described in detail by way of examples. It is also to be understood that the following examples are illustrative of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, and that certain insubstantial modifications and adaptations of the invention by those skilled in the art may be made in light of the above teachings. The specific process parameters and the like of the following examples are also only one example of suitable ranges, i.e., those skilled in the art can select the appropriate ranges through the description herein, and are not limited to the specific values exemplified below.
Example 1
The preparation method of the photoanode in the dye-sensitized solar cell comprises the following steps:
step 1, cleaning Ti sheet
Cutting and cleaning the Ti sheet;
step 2, growing TiO by anodic oxidation method2Nanotube film
Preparing TiO in electrochemical reaction pool by anode oxidation method2The anode comprises a nanotube film, wherein a working electrode is a Ti sheet, the purity of the Ti sheet is more than 99.5%, a counter electrode is a platinum sheet, and the whole anode oxidation process is carried out in a mixed solution of ethylene glycol with the ammonium fluoride content of 0.25 wt.% and deionized water, wherein the volume ratio of the ethylene glycol to the deionized water is 98: 2; the reaction is carried out for 30min under the voltage of 60V, and TiO is obtained on the surface of the Ti sheet after the reaction is finished2A nanotube film;
step 3, preparing TiO2/CuxO hybrid nanotube film
Preparing 30ml of ethanol solution of copper acetate to ensure that the concentration of the copper acetate is 0.13mol/L, then adding 10ml of ultrapure water into the ethanol solution, uniformly stirring the ultrapure water, and then growing TiO2Placing Ti sheet of nanotube film, adding 2ml of 25 wt.% ammoniaWater, then placing the mixed solution in a polytetrafluoroethylene reaction kettle, preserving heat for 20h at 180 ℃, naturally cooling, taking out the Ti sheet, washing with absolute ethyl alcohol for 5 times, drying, and calcining for 1h at 600 ℃ to obtain TiO2/CuxO hybrid nanotube film;
step 4, preparing In2O3Nanoparticles
Dissolving 0.19g of hydrated indium nitrate solid powder In 20ml of DMF (dimethyl formamide), stirring for 20min at 80 ℃, then adding 0.6g of urea, continuously stirring until the solution is clear, heating for 24h at 100 ℃, naturally cooling to room temperature after the reaction is finished, respectively washing with deionized water and ethanol, centrifuging, repeatedly washing for multiple times, drying the centrifuged product at 70 ℃ for 2h, and then annealing at 500 ℃ for 2h to obtain In2O3Nanoparticles, wherein the rate of temperature rise is 1 ℃/min;
step 5, preparing In2O3Au nanoparticles
190ml of ultrapure water is taken, 10ml of chloroauric acid solution is added under vigorous stirring, the concentration of the chloroauric acid solution is 5mmol/L, and then the Au/In ratio is adopted2O3In is added to the solution In an amount of 7% by mass2O3Stirring the nano particles at room temperature for 10 hours, centrifuging, collecting precipitate and drying at room temperature;
dispersing the dried product In 30ml of ultrapure water, adding 0.13g of ammonium fluoride, stirring for 1h, adding 0.15g of polyvinylpyrrolidone, continuously stirring for 1h, transferring to a polytetrafluoroethylene reaction kettle, preserving heat for 4h at 110 ℃ for reaction, after the reaction is finished, injecting the obtained solution into 165ml of mixed solution (the mixed solution comprises 5ml of 10mmol/L ammonium citrate solution, 3ml of 10mmol/L sodium borohydride solution and 157ml of ultrapure water), stirring for 12h at 90 ℃, after the reaction is finished, centrifugally washing the obtained precipitate with 1mmol/L NaOH solution and ultrapure water, then annealing for 2h at 390 ℃ at the heating rate of 2 ℃/min, and naturally cooling to obtain In2O3Au nanoparticles;
step 6, preparing the photo-anode
Taking TiO2Nano-particlesParticles, In2O3Mixing Au nano particles uniformly to form composite slurry, and coating the composite slurry on the grown TiO by adopting a spin coating method2/CuxAnd (2) putting the Ti sheet on the surface of the Ti sheet of the O-hybridized nanotube film into a muffle furnace, annealing for 2h at 170 ℃, repeatedly performing spin coating for several times to enable the thickness of the composite slurry layer to be 50 mu m, then putting the Ti sheet into the muffle furnace, calcining for 20min at 460 ℃, then calcining for 2h at 510 ℃ to form a TiO2 composite film, and then adsorbing the Ti sheet with dye to obtain the photoanode.
The counter electrode is an FTO substrate dispersed with platinum, is cut into the size same as that of the photoanode, is drilled at a required position, and is cleaned for later use;
the photo-anode is opposite to the counter electrode, electrolyte is injected between the two electrodes to jointly form a sandwich-structured battery, and the two electrodes are packaged;
the electrolyte is iodine/iodine three-negative-ion electrolyte, 100ml of acetonitrile solution is firstly weighed, 0.1M of lithium iodide, 0.1M of elementary iodine, 0.6M of 4-tert-butylpyridine and 0.6M of tetrabutylammonium iodide are added into the acetonitrile solution, and light shielding and ultrasonic treatment are carried out for 5min to ensure that the solution is fully dissolved; then, 5g of the Ag nanoparticles were weighed, added to the mixed solution, and mixed well.
The photoelectric performance test of the dye cell obtained in the technical scheme is carried out under the irradiation of simulated standard sunlight, the performance of the dye-sensitized solar cell is tested under the standard light source of AM1.5, the performance is mainly represented by measuring the short-circuit current density and the open-circuit voltage of the cell, the result is shown in Table 1, and the recording parameters comprise the open-circuit voltage, the short-circuit current and the conversion efficiency.
Table 1 results of characterization of the properties of the solar cell of example 1
Figure GDA0002056902310000051
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, but rather as the subject matter of the invention is to be construed in all aspects and as broadly as possible, and all changes, equivalents and modifications that fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention are therefore intended to be embraced therein.

Claims (6)

1. A dye-sensitized solar cell based on an optimized photo-anode comprises a photo-anode, a counter electrode and electrolyte, and is characterized in that the photo-anode comprises a Ti sheet substrate and TiO arranged on the bottom surface of the Ti sheet substrate2/CuxO-hybrid nanotube film and TiO provided on surface of nanotube film2Compounding a film; the TiO is2The composite film comprises TiO2Nanoparticles and In2O3/Au nanoparticles, in particular, TiO2Nanoparticles and In2O3Mixing Au nano particles to prepare composite slurry, and coating the composite slurry on TiO by adopting a spin coating method2/CuxO hybridized nanotube film surface; said In2O3the/Au nanoparticles exhibit a core-shell structure, In2O3The nano particles are in a core structure, and the Au is in a shell structure; in2O3The particle size of Au nano particles is 20-30 nm;
the preparation method of the photo-anode in the dye-sensitized solar cell comprises the following steps:
step 1, cleaning Ti sheet
Cutting and cleaning the Ti sheet;
step 2, growing TiO by anodic oxidation method2Nanotube film
Preparing TiO in electrochemical reaction pool by anode oxidation method2The anode comprises a nanotube film, wherein a working electrode is a Ti sheet, the purity of the Ti sheet is more than 99.5%, a counter electrode is a platinum sheet, and the whole anode oxidation process is carried out in a mixed solution of ethylene glycol with the ammonium fluoride content of 0.25 wt.% and deionized water, wherein the volume ratio of the ethylene glycol to the deionized water is 98: 2; the reaction is carried out for 30min under the voltage of 60V, and TiO is obtained on the surface of the Ti sheet after the reaction is finished2A nanotube film;
step 3, preparing TiO2/CuxO hybrid nanotube film
Preparing 30ml of ethanol solution of copper acetate to obtain acetic acidThe copper concentration is 0.13mol/L, then 10ml of ultrapure water is added into the copper concentration, the mixture is stirred evenly, and TiO grows on the mixture2Putting a Ti sheet of the nanotube film into a reaction kettle, adding 2ml of 25 wt.% ammonia water, putting the mixed solution into the reaction kettle, preserving the heat at 180 ℃ for 20h, naturally cooling, taking out the Ti sheet, washing the Ti sheet for 5 times by using absolute ethyl alcohol, drying, and calcining at 600 ℃ for 1h to obtain TiO2/CuxO hybrid nanotube film;
step 4, preparing In2O3Nanoparticles
Dissolving 0.19g of indium nitrate hydrate solid powder In 20ml of DMF, stirring for 20min at 80 ℃, then adding 0.6g of urea, continuously stirring until the solution is clear, heating the solution at 100 ℃ for 24h, naturally cooling the solution to room temperature after the reaction is finished, respectively washing the solution with deionized water and ethanol, centrifuging the solution, repeatedly washing the solution for multiple times, drying the centrifuged product at 70 ℃ for 2h, and then annealing the product at 500 ℃ for 2h to obtain In2O3Nanoparticles, wherein the rate of temperature rise is 1 ℃/min;
step 5, preparing In2O3Au nanoparticles
190ml of ultrapure water is taken, 10ml of chloroauric acid solution is added under vigorous stirring, the concentration of the chloroauric acid solution is 5mmol/L, and then the Au/In ratio is adopted2O3In is added to the solution In an amount of 7% by mass2O3Stirring the nano particles at room temperature for 10 hours, centrifuging, collecting precipitate and drying at room temperature;
dispersing the dried product In 30ml of ultrapure water, adding 0.13g of ammonium fluoride, stirring for 1h, adding 0.15g of polyvinylpyrrolidone, continuously stirring for 1h, transferring to a polytetrafluoroethylene reaction kettle, preserving heat for 4h at 110 ℃ for reaction, after the reaction is finished, injecting the obtained solution into 165ml of mixed solution, wherein the mixed solution comprises 5ml of 10mmol/L ammonium citrate solution, 3ml of 10mmol/L sodium borohydride solution and 157ml of ultrapure water, stirring for 12h at 90 ℃, after the reaction is finished, centrifugally washing the obtained precipitate with 1mmol/L NaOH solution and ultrapure water, then annealing for 2h at 390 ℃ at the heating rate of 2 ℃/min, and naturally cooling to obtain In2O3Au nanoparticles;
step 6, preparing the photo-anode
Taking TiO2Nanoparticles, In2O3Mixing Au nano particles uniformly to form composite slurry, and coating the composite slurry on the grown TiO by adopting a spin coating method2/CuxAnd (2) putting the Ti sheet on the surface of the Ti sheet of the O-hybridized nanotube film into a muffle furnace, annealing for 2h at 170 ℃, repeatedly performing spin coating for several times to enable the thickness of the composite slurry layer to be 50 mu m, then putting the Ti sheet into the muffle furnace, calcining for 20min at 460 ℃, then calcining for 2h at 510 ℃ to form a TiO2 composite film, and then adsorbing the Ti sheet with dye to obtain the photoanode.
2. The optimized photoanode-based dye-sensitized solar cell according to claim 1, wherein said TiO is selected from the group consisting of2The particle size of the nano-particles is 20 nm.
3. The optimized photoanode-based dye-sensitized solar cell according to claim 1, wherein TiO is2In the composite film, the TiO2Nanoparticles and the In2O3The mass ratio of Au nanoparticles is 2: 3.
4. The optimized photoanode-based dye-sensitized solar cell according to claim 1, wherein said TiO is selected from the group consisting of2The thickness of the composite film was 50 μm.
5. The optimized photoanode-based dye-sensitized solar cell according to claim 1, wherein TiO is2/CuxIn the O hybrid nanotube film, the TiO2/CuxThe tube diameter of the O-hybridized nanotube is 150nm, and the length of the O-hybridized nanotube is 4 mu m.
6. The optimized photoanode-based dye-sensitized solar cell according to claim 5, wherein TiO is2/CuxIn O hybrid nanotube film, the nanotubesDensity of 3.9X 107Root/m2。
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