CN108264688A - It is a kind of for antifog master batch of packaging film and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

It is a kind of for antifog master batch of packaging film and preparation method thereof Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN108264688A
CN108264688A CN201810175685.1A CN201810175685A CN108264688A CN 108264688 A CN108264688 A CN 108264688A CN 201810175685 A CN201810175685 A CN 201810175685A CN 108264688 A CN108264688 A CN 108264688A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
parts
master batch
glucan
packaging film
antifog
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CN201810175685.1A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Other versions
CN108264688B (en
Inventor
吴贵岚
高嘉芃
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hegong (Guangzhou) Materials Technology Co.,Ltd.
Original Assignee
Guangzhou Grasses Mstar Technology Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Guangzhou Grasses Mstar Technology Ltd filed Critical Guangzhou Grasses Mstar Technology Ltd
Priority to CN201810175685.1A priority Critical patent/CN108264688B/en
Publication of CN108264688A publication Critical patent/CN108264688A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN108264688B publication Critical patent/CN108264688B/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/20Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
    • C08J3/22Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring using masterbatch techniques
    • C08J3/226Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring using masterbatch techniques using a polymer as a carrier
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D65/00Wrappers or flexible covers; Packaging materials of special type or form
    • B65D65/38Packaging materials of special type or form
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2323/00Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2323/02Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
    • C08J2323/10Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
    • C08J2323/12Polypropene
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2405/00Characterised by the use of polysaccharides or of their derivatives not provided for in groups C08J2401/00 or C08J2403/00
    • C08J2405/02Dextran; Derivatives thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2423/00Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2423/02Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
    • C08J2423/10Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
    • C08J2423/12Polypropene
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/18Manufacture of films or sheets

Abstract

The present invention relates to technical field of polymer materials, specifically disclose a kind of for antifog master batch of packaging film and preparation method thereof.The antifog master batch includes the raw material components of following parts by weight:50~70 parts of polypropylene;Maleic anhydride is grafted 20~30 parts of compatilizer;1~10 part of glucan or modified glucan;5~10 parts of odium stearate;0.5~3 part of antioxidant.The anti-fog performance of the antifog master batch is notable, and the antifog master batch is added during packaging film is prepared and is added, packaging film anti-fog performance can be substantially improved.

Description

It is a kind of for antifog master batch of packaging film and preparation method thereof
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of polymer materials, and in particular to a kind of antifog master batch and its preparation for packaging film Method.
Background technology
Packaging film is mainly squeezed out by the resin mixing of several different trades mark, has puncture resistant, super-strength high-performance, quilt It is widely used, in foreign export, papermaking, hardware, plastics chemical industry, building materials, food pharmaceuticals industry.Polypropylene film is packaging film ratio More typical one kind because its nontoxic, corrosion-resistant and mechanical property is good, is widely used in food packaging applications.But traditional is poly- Polypropylene film anti-fog performance is poor, during for packing fresh food easily on packaging film mist formation cause client be not easy to see clearly it is internal Food, the serious corruption that water mist accumulation can also be answered to accelerate food.Therefore, a kind of antifog master batch is developed, is preparing packaging film The anti-fog function to increase packaging film is added in the process, this has important meaning for the anti-fog performance for promoting packaging film Justice.
Invention content
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a kind of antifog master batches for packaging film.The antifog mother Grain has very excellent anti-fog performance.
Above-mentioned technical problem to be solved by this invention, is achieved by the following technical programs:
A kind of antifog master batch for packaging film, it includes the raw material components of following parts by weight:
50~70 parts of polypropylene;Maleic anhydride is grafted 20~30 parts of compatilizer;1~10 part of glucan or modified glucan; 5~10 parts of odium stearate;0.5~3 part of antioxidant.
Preferably, the antifog master batch for packaging film, it includes the raw material components of following parts by weight:
60~70 parts of polypropylene;Maleic anhydride is grafted 25~30 parts of compatilizer;1~5 part of glucan or modified glucan;Firmly 8~10 parts of resin acid sodium;1~2 part of antioxidant.
Most preferably, the antifog master batch for packaging film, it includes the raw material components of following parts by weight:
60 parts of polypropylene;Maleic anhydride is grafted 25 parts of compatilizer;8 parts of glucan or modified glucan;5 parts of odium stearate; 1 part of antioxidant.
Preferably, the glucan or modified glucan are yeast dextran or modified yeast glucan.
Preferably, the antioxidant is antioxidant 168.
Preferably, the modified yeast glucan is prepared by the method comprised the following steps:
It takes yeast dextran soluble in water, then adds in phthalic anhydride, be 8~10,50~60 DEG C of conditions in pH value 1~3h of lower reaction, after reaction concentration of reaction solution obtain solid, the solid is modified yeast glucan.
It is further preferred that the yeast dextran and the weight ratio of phthalic anhydride are 3~5:1.
It is further preferred that the yeast dextran and the weight ratio of phthalic anhydride are 4:1.
The preparation method of the above-mentioned antifog master batch for packaging film, it includes following steps:
Polypropylene, maleic anhydride grafting compatilizer, glucan or modified glucan, odium stearate and antioxidant is first It is put into mixing machine and is uniformly mixed, after then uniformly mixed material is sent into melting extrusion in double screw extruder, is granulated i.e. Obtain the antistatic master batch.
Advantageous effect:The present invention provides a kind of antifog master batches for packaging film completely newly formed;Described is used to wrap It fills in the antifog master batch of film and has obtained significantly being promoted by adding glucan its anti-fog performance;It is especially added to by the present invention The modified glucan that method is prepared, anti-fog performance are further promoted.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is explained further, but embodiment does not do any type of limit to the present invention below in conjunction with specific embodiment It is fixed.
Embodiment 1 is used for the antifog master batch of packaging film
Raw material weight ratio:60 parts of polypropylene;Maleic anhydride is grafted 25 parts of compatilizer;8 parts of yeast dextran;Odium stearate 5 Part;168 1 parts of antioxidant;
Preparation method:By polypropylene, maleic anhydride grafting compatilizer, yeast dextran, odium stearate and antioxidant 168 are first put into mixing machine and are uniformly mixed, and uniformly mixed material then is sent into melting extrusion in double screw extruder, is granulated Afterwards up to the antistatic master batch.
Embodiment 2 is used for the antifog master batch of packaging film
Raw material weight ratio:60 parts of polypropylene;Maleic anhydride is grafted 25 parts of compatilizer;Modified yeast Dextran 8 part;Stearic acid 5 parts of sodium;168 1 parts of antioxidant;
Preparation method:By polypropylene, maleic anhydride grafting compatilizer, modified yeast glucan, odium stearate and antioxygen Agent 168 is first put into mixing machine and is uniformly mixed, then by uniformly mixed material be sent into melting extrusion in double screw extruder, Up to the antistatic master batch after granulation.
The preparation method of the modified yeast glucan is as follows:
It takes yeast dextran soluble in water, then adds in phthalic anhydride, react 2h under the conditions of being 9,55 DEG C in pH value, Concentration of reaction solution obtains solid after reaction, and the solid is modified yeast glucan;
The yeast dextran and the weight ratio of phthalic anhydride are 4:1;
The weight consumption of the water is 10 times of yeast dextran weight.
Comparative example 1
Raw material weight ratio:60 parts of polypropylene;Maleic anhydride is grafted 25 parts of compatilizer;5 parts of odium stearate;Antioxidant 168 1 part;
Preparation method:Polypropylene, maleic anhydride grafting compatilizer, odium stearate and antioxidant 168 are first put into mixed It is uniformly mixed in conjunction machine, up to described after then uniformly mixed material is sent into melting extrusion in double screw extruder, is granulated Antistatic master batch.
Difference lies in be added without yeast dextran or modified yeast glucan for comparative example 1 and embodiment 1 or 2.
Anti-fog performance is tested
The antifog master batch that embodiment 1,2 and comparative example 1 are prepared is by weight the additive amount and polypropylene for being 0.5% Resin raw material is added to melting mixing in screw extruder together, is prepared into 150um by extrusion, stretch processes later Polypropylene protective film 1~3.In order to compare, acrylic resin raw material are not added with any antifoggant and are prepared as stated above Obtain polypropylene protective film 4.
The mist degree for preparing gained polypropylene protective film is measured using mist degree instrument, and bioassay standard is referring to GB/T 2410- 2008.Wherein mist degree is smaller illustrates that anti-fog performance is better.Specific test result is shown in Table 1.
1. anti-fog performance test result of table
Add master batch type Mist degree (%)
Polypropylene protective film 1 The antifog master batch that embodiment 1 is prepared 4.1
Polypropylene protective film 2 The antifog master batch that embodiment 2 is prepared 0.8
Polypropylene protective film 3 The antifog master batch that comparative example 1 is prepared 18.7
Polypropylene protective film 4 Antifog master batch is not added 19.1
4 phase of polypropylene protective film being prepared it can be seen from 1 antifog experimental result of table with not adding antifog master batch Than the mist degree of polypropylene protective film 1 and 2 that the addition antifog master batch of Examples 1 and 2 is prepared significantly reduces, this explanation, this hair The bright antifog master batch anti-fog performance is excellent.
It is also seen that the obtained anti-fog performance of antifog master batch of Examples 1 and 2 is also far superior to comparative example 1 makes from table 1 Standby obtained antifog master batch, this illustrates, addition yeast dextran or modified yeast glucan can be obviously improved anti-fog properties in master batch Energy.
In addition, it can be seen that antifog mother described in embodiment 1 from the anti-fog performance of the antifog master batch described in Examples 1 and 2 The anti-fog performance of grain has again relative to embodiment 2 to be further substantially improved.This explanation, is modified by the method for the invention Obtained modified yeast glucan is added in antifog master batch, can further promote the anti-fog performance of antifog master batch.

Claims (9)

1. a kind of antifog master batch for packaging film, which is characterized in that include the raw material components of following parts by weight:
50~70 parts of polypropylene;Maleic anhydride is grafted 20~30 parts of compatilizer;1~10 part of glucan or modified glucan;It is stearic Sour 5~10 parts of sodium;0.5~3 part of antioxidant.
2. the antifog master batch according to claim 1 for packaging film, which is characterized in that include the raw material of following parts by weight Component:
60~70 parts of polypropylene;Maleic anhydride is grafted 25~30 parts of compatilizer;1~5 part of glucan or modified glucan;Stearic acid 8~10 parts of sodium;1~2 part of antioxidant.
3. the antifog master batch according to claim 1 for packaging film, which is characterized in that include the raw material of following parts by weight Component:
60 parts of polypropylene;Maleic anhydride is grafted 25 parts of compatilizer;8 parts of glucan or modified glucan;5 parts of odium stearate;Antioxygen 1 part of agent.
4. the antifog master batch according to claim 1 for packaging film, which is characterized in that the glucan or modified Portugal Glycan is yeast dextran or modified yeast glucan.
5. the antifog master batch according to claim 1 for packaging film, which is characterized in that the antioxidant is antioxygen Agent 168.
6. the antifog master batch according to claim 4 for packaging film, which is characterized in that the modified yeast glucan It is prepared by the method comprised the following steps:
It takes yeast dextran soluble in water, then adds in phthalic anhydride, it is anti-under the conditions of being 8~10,50~60 DEG C in pH value 1~3h is answered, concentration of reaction solution obtains solid after reaction, and the solid is modified yeast glucan.
7. the antifog master batch according to claim 4 for packaging film, which is characterized in that the yeast dextran and neighbour The weight ratio of phthalate anhydride is 3~5:1.
8. the antifog master batch according to claim 7 for packaging film, which is characterized in that the yeast dextran and neighbour The weight ratio of phthalate anhydride is 4:1.
9. claim 1~8 any one of them is for the preparation method of the antifog master batch of packaging film, which is characterized in that includes Following steps:
Polypropylene, maleic anhydride grafting compatilizer, glucan or modified glucan, odium stearate and antioxidant are first put into It is uniformly mixed in mixing machine, up to anti-after then uniformly mixed material is sent into melting extrusion in double screw extruder, is granulated Electrostatic master batch.
CN201810175685.1A 2018-03-02 2018-03-02 Antifogging master batch for packaging film and preparation method thereof Active CN108264688B (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201810175685.1A CN108264688B (en) 2018-03-02 2018-03-02 Antifogging master batch for packaging film and preparation method thereof

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201810175685.1A CN108264688B (en) 2018-03-02 2018-03-02 Antifogging master batch for packaging film and preparation method thereof

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN108264688A true CN108264688A (en) 2018-07-10
CN108264688B CN108264688B (en) 2021-02-26

Family

ID=62774486

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201810175685.1A Active CN108264688B (en) 2018-03-02 2018-03-02 Antifogging master batch for packaging film and preparation method thereof

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN108264688B (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113278226A (en) * 2021-07-13 2021-08-20 惠州莹光塑胶颜料有限公司 Antifogging polypropylene master batch and preparation method thereof
CN113698675A (en) * 2021-07-09 2021-11-26 苏州宏昌包装材料有限公司 Environment-friendly recyclable flexible packaging material and preparation process thereof

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000063282A1 (en) * 1999-04-16 2000-10-26 C.I. Kasei Co. Ltd. Resin composition for biodegradable agricultural films with enhanced weatherability
CN101555400A (en) * 2008-04-09 2009-10-14 大赛璐高分子株式会社 Anti-fogging surface treating agent and anti-fogging resin sheet
CN101747690A (en) * 2008-11-28 2010-06-23 3M创新有限公司 Anti-fog coating composition, anti-fog thin film and product
US20100304163A1 (en) * 2009-06-02 2010-12-02 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Coatings
CN102532718A (en) * 2010-12-21 2012-07-04 上海日之升新技术发展有限公司 Permanent antistatic polypropylene material and preparation method thereof
CN102875891A (en) * 2012-08-30 2013-01-16 苏州博云塑业有限公司 Antifog polypropylene masterbatch material
CN103003374A (en) * 2010-07-30 2013-03-27 埃西勒国际通用光学公司 Process for preparing articles having anti-fog layer by layer coating and coated articles having enhanced anti-fog and durability properties
CN107474501A (en) * 2016-12-16 2017-12-15 上海海洋大学 A kind of degradable food fresh keeping membrane and preparation method thereof

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000063282A1 (en) * 1999-04-16 2000-10-26 C.I. Kasei Co. Ltd. Resin composition for biodegradable agricultural films with enhanced weatherability
CN101555400A (en) * 2008-04-09 2009-10-14 大赛璐高分子株式会社 Anti-fogging surface treating agent and anti-fogging resin sheet
CN101747690A (en) * 2008-11-28 2010-06-23 3M创新有限公司 Anti-fog coating composition, anti-fog thin film and product
US20100304163A1 (en) * 2009-06-02 2010-12-02 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Coatings
CN103003374A (en) * 2010-07-30 2013-03-27 埃西勒国际通用光学公司 Process for preparing articles having anti-fog layer by layer coating and coated articles having enhanced anti-fog and durability properties
CN102532718A (en) * 2010-12-21 2012-07-04 上海日之升新技术发展有限公司 Permanent antistatic polypropylene material and preparation method thereof
CN102875891A (en) * 2012-08-30 2013-01-16 苏州博云塑业有限公司 Antifog polypropylene masterbatch material
CN107474501A (en) * 2016-12-16 2017-12-15 上海海洋大学 A kind of degradable food fresh keeping membrane and preparation method thereof

Non-Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
MAHMOUD HASSAN MHD.ALI SHIBRAEN: "多糖界面复合薄膜及其应用", 《中国博士学位论文全文数据库工程科技I辑》 *
吴瑞征: "聚乙烯膜防雾技术", 《精细石油化工》 *
宋丽雅: "《化妆品植物功效添加剂的研究与开发》", 30 September 2011, 中国轻工业出版社 *
王成龙等: "水溶性酵母葡聚糖的制备及应用研究进展", 《动物医学进展》 *
耿耀宗: "《新型建筑涂料的生产与施工》", 31 January 1996, 河北科学技术出版社 *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113698675A (en) * 2021-07-09 2021-11-26 苏州宏昌包装材料有限公司 Environment-friendly recyclable flexible packaging material and preparation process thereof
CN113278226A (en) * 2021-07-13 2021-08-20 惠州莹光塑胶颜料有限公司 Antifogging polypropylene master batch and preparation method thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN108264688B (en) 2021-02-26

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN108264688A (en) It is a kind of for antifog master batch of packaging film and preparation method thereof
CN105218856B (en) Precipitation-resistant efficient polypropylene weather-resistant master batch
CN102516418A (en) Method for mixing natural rubber by wet process
CN111978697B (en) Modified phosphogypsum filled biodegradable composite material and preparation method and application thereof
CN114276465A (en) Auxiliary agent for improving heat resistance of PET (polyethylene terephthalate), and synthesis method and application thereof
CN112266590B (en) Polylactic acid/microcrystalline cellulose composite foamed sheet and preparation method thereof
CN106084837A (en) A kind of PE fat moulding material and preparation method thereof
CN108641409A (en) A kind of precipitated calcium carbonate superfine powdery material and its application in layer/polyaniline conductive film
CN111944226A (en) Photodegradable plastic packaging bag environment-friendly material and preparation method thereof
CN108384089B (en) Modified high-density polyethylene material and preparation method thereof
WO2017141938A1 (en) Cellulose acetate composition
CN106188919A (en) A kind of high-strength anti-corrosion wood plastic composite board and preparation method thereof
CN111471328B (en) Modification method of hydrotalcite powder and application of hydrotalcite powder in calcium-zinc stabilizer
CN106188886A (en) A kind of aging resistance corrosion resistant wood plastic composite board and preparation method thereof
CN110511507B (en) Polyvinyl chloride toughening modifier and preparation method thereof
CN103408877A (en) Method for retarding flame of high polymer material by utilizing alpha-calcium sulphate hemihydrate crystal whiskers
CN106893268A (en) Modified terephtha-late composite of a kind of ramee and preparation method thereof
CN111100355A (en) Impact-resistant reinforced mildew-proof high-density polyethylene material and preparation method thereof
CN104231398B (en) Acid-resistant modified polyethylene and preparation method thereof
US3956425A (en) Modifier for vinylidene chloride resin
CN103937118A (en) PVC profile shapes with high pliability, and preparation method thereof
CN106117857A (en) A kind of aging resistance antistatic wood plastic composite board and preparation method thereof
CN117659525A (en) Preparation method of light-colored high-strength low-constant-viscosity rubber
CN102585116B (en) High-hydroscopicity polyvinyl chloride (PVC) material and preparation method
CN109942991A (en) A kind of 2,5- furandicarboxylic acid modified starch base polyvinyl chloride sewer pipe

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
GR01 Patent grant
GR01 Patent grant
CP01 Change in the name or title of a patent holder
CP01 Change in the name or title of a patent holder

Address after: 510000 room a1008, Guangzhou International Business Incubator, No.3, Juquan Road, Science City, Guangzhou hi tech Industrial Development Zone, Guangdong Province

Patentee after: Hegong (Guangzhou) Materials Technology Co.,Ltd.

Address before: 510000 room a1008, Guangzhou International Business Incubator, No.3, Juquan Road, Science City, Guangzhou hi tech Industrial Development Zone, Guangdong Province

Patentee before: GUANGZHOU HEGONG MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD.