CN108260235B - Three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN108260235B CN108260235B CN201810049806.8A CN201810049806A CN108260235B CN 108260235 B CN108260235 B CN 108260235B CN 201810049806 A CN201810049806 A CN 201810049806A CN 108260235 B CN108260235 B CN 108260235B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
- C08J7/04—Coating
- C08J7/06—Coating with compositions not containing macromolecular substances
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/52—Electrically conductive inks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/145—Carbon only, e.g. carbon black, graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/146—Conductive polymers, e.g. polyethylene, thermoplastics
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2363/00—Characterised by the use of epoxy resins; Derivatives of epoxy resins
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2367/00—Characterised by the use of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2367/02—Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
Abstract
The invention provides a three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of electric heating. The electric heating film has a three-dimensional space shape, and can meet the requirements of special heating equipment or application on the premise of keeping good electric heating performance and safety performance. The technical scheme comprises providing a heating film with a planar two-dimensional structure and a mold with a prefabricated shape; and (3) attaching the heating film and the mold at the accurately adjusted temperature, treating the heating film in a mode of firstly heating and softening by a program and then cooling and solidifying by the program, and taking out the heating film after the temperature is reduced to be lower than the softening point temperature of the heating film to obtain the three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film. The invention can be applied to chemical engineering, electronics, winter heating and other aspects, can better heat local areas, and reduces heat loss.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of electric heating films, and particularly relates to a three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The printed low-temperature electric heating film is an electric heating product commonly used for heating, floor heating, heating pictures, wall heating and the like, and has appeared for more than 20 years. Compared with the prior carbon fiber, resistance wire or metal electric heating material, the electric heating film has the advantages of large-area heating, good uniformity, low power consumption, strong infrared emission and the like, and is widely applied in a plurality of fields.
However, such heating films, and all other heating films produced by printing, are only planar two-dimensional structures. One key problem is that the printing technology itself must be able to complete printing on a large-sized plane, and printing on the surface of a three-dimensional special structure cannot be realized, so the obtained heating film is only in a planar state, and the heating film with a three-dimensional structure cannot be directly obtained by adopting the existing process. Considering that the carbon material conductive layer, the silver paste conductive layer and the copper foil conductive band under partial conditions are all ultrathin and brittle materials, and the conductive parameters under bending and folding conditions are not completely known, the application of most heating films does not allow the heating film to be in a non-planar state, and a rigid substrate is added under the heating film as far as possible, so that the heating film is prevented from being bent and deformed under the conditions of heating or external force. Although the printed heating film has excellent properties that other electric heating materials such as resistance wires, carbon fibers, graphite paper and the like do not have in the plane heating application, the heating requirements of a plurality of special-shaped, special and three-dimensional structures cannot be met. Even in some scenes, the heating film can be moderately curled, but the heating film can only be used under the conditions of regular shape and larger radius, so that more application scenes are limited.
For example, in industrial settings, there are a large number of non-planar, non-standard sized heating tanks, and pipes, etc., which can be fabricated using printed heating films, resulting in low cost, high uniformity, rapid temperature rise, etc. But often cannot be applied to these devices due to the limitations of the printed heating film itself. In addition, in the indoor heater, the graphene or carbon crystal heating film must be maintained in a planar stretched state to avoid significant bending, which makes it impossible to apply it to a corner, a pillar beam, or the like at a specific position.
Therefore, if a method can be found, so that a heating film which is completely attached in a three-dimensional space can be obtained through a simple process, a large application market can be opened certainly, and various advantages of the electric heating film can be fully exerted.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film and a preparation method thereof, wherein the electric heating film has a three-dimensional space shape and can meet the requirements of special heating equipment or application on the premise of keeping good electric heating performance and safety performance.
In order to achieve the above object, an aspect of the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a three-dimensional, profiled electric heating film, including the steps of:
providing a heating film with a plane two-dimensional structure and a mould with a prefabricated shape;
and (3) attaching the heating film and the mold at the accurately adjusted temperature, treating the heating film in a mode of firstly heating and softening by a program and then cooling and solidifying by the program, and taking out the heating film after the temperature is reduced to be lower than the softening point temperature of the heating film to obtain the three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film.
Preferably, a heater is arranged on the mold, or the mold and the planar two-dimensional heating film are integrally positioned in a heating atmosphere or a container.
Preferably, the mold comprises an inner mold and an outer mold located on both sides of the heating film, wherein at least one of the inner mold and the outer mold is made of a rigid material; and arranging the heating film in a rigid mold, starting a heater on the rigid mold to heat, pressing another mold into the rigid mold after the heating film reaches a preset temperature, and treating the heating film by adopting a mode of firstly heating up and softening by a program and then cooling down and solidifying by the program after the heating film is tightly attached to two contact surfaces of the rigid mold and the other mold.
Preferably, the heating film is preheated and pre-bent before being placed in the rigid mold, and is placed in the rigid mold to be attached thereto after being processed to be approximately similar to the shape of the outer mold.
Preferably, the heating temperature of the heater applied to the heating film is determined according to a softening point of a material of the heating film.
Preferably, the mold is provided with 1 or more temperature measuring points which adopt temperature sensors and can monitor the temperature in real time.
Preferably, the mold is made of a metal or non-metal material with good thermal conductivity and rigidity, such as copper, aluminum, iron or steel, or a polymer material with good heat preservation performance, such as epoxy resin, phenolic resin or polyurethane, or the mold is an inflatable flexible pressurizing mold made of a high-temperature-resistant flexible material, such as rubber or latex.
Preferably, the heating film is a printing heating film, and comprises any one of a carbon crystal heating film, a conductive silver paste heating film, a conductive copper paste heating film or a conductive polymer heating film; the printing heating film is composed of a substrate and a surface film, and an electric heating layer printed by conductive ink mainly made of carbon or metal materials is printed between the substrate and the surface film.
Preferably, the base and the mask are made of thermoplastic or semi-cured thermosetting polymer materials; the conductive ink is a micron-scale and nano-scale conductive material, such as carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene or nano-silver.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film prepared by the preparation method according to any one of the above technical solutions.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages and positive effects that:
the method provided by the invention realizes controllable softening and deformation by carrying out programmed temperature treatment on the heating film with a planar two-dimensional structure, such as a carbon crystal heating film or a graphene heating film, and processes the planar heating film into the heating film with a three-dimensional space shape on the premise of not damaging the conductivity, heating and heat dissipation performance of the heating film, and the planar heating film can be accurately formed according to the actual needs of an application scene, thereby meeting the requirements of special heating equipment or application. In the whole processing process, the heating film can not be damaged, leaked, short-circuited or broken, and the safety and the heating performance can completely meet the requirements of various electric heating applications.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic processing diagram of a three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film provided in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic processing diagram of a three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film provided in embodiment 2 of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic processing diagram of a three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film provided in embodiment 3 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The embodiment of the invention provides a preparation method of a three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film, which comprises the following steps:
providing a heating film with a plane two-dimensional structure and a mould with a prefabricated shape;
and (3) attaching the heating film and the mold at the accurately adjusted temperature, treating the heating film in a mode of firstly heating and softening by a program and then cooling and solidifying by the program, and taking out the heating film after the temperature is reduced to be lower than the softening point temperature of the heating film to obtain the three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film.
The embodiment provides a preparation method of a three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film, which is characterized in that a heating film with a planar two-dimensional structure, such as a carbon crystal heating film or a graphene heating film, is subjected to programmed temperature treatment to realize controllable softening and deformation, and the heating film is processed into the heating film with a three-dimensional space shape on the premise of not damaging the electric conduction, heating and heat dissipation performance of the heating film. The heating film with the three-dimensional space shape can be accurately formed according to the actual needs of application scenes, so that the requirements of special heating equipment or application are met.
In a preferred embodiment, the mold is provided with a heater, or the mold and the planar two-dimensional heating film are integrally in a heating atmosphere or container. In this embodiment, the heater can be manufactured according to the requirements of the heating part or the device, and the design requirements of a common mold need to be met, namely, the bonding and the high-temperature demolding are facilitated. The setting position of the heater on the mold is not particularly limited as long as the temperature on the contact surface of the heating film with the mold can be effectively monitored. The type of the heater is not particularly limited as long as the heater can perform a heating function with a corresponding mold.
In a preferred embodiment, the mold comprises inner and outer molds on either side of the heated membrane, wherein at least one of the inner and outer molds is constructed of a rigid material; and arranging the heating film in a rigid mold, starting a heater on the rigid mold to heat, pressing another mold into the rigid mold after the heating film reaches a preset temperature, and treating the heating film by adopting a mode of firstly heating up and softening by a program and then cooling down and solidifying by the program after the heating film is tightly attached to two contact surfaces of the rigid mold and the other mold. In the present embodiment, a specific mode of bonding the heating film to the mold is described, but the specific bonding mode is not limited to the above-mentioned one, and may be designed according to a specific mold pattern. It should be noted that the inner and outer molds in the embodiment of the present invention are set relatively, and conventionally, the mold to be bonded to the heating film first is named as an outer mold, and the mold to be bonded to the heating film subsequently is named as an inner mold.
In a preferred embodiment, the heating film is preheated and pre-bent before being placed in the rigid mold, and is placed in the rigid mold to be fitted thereto after being processed to be approximately similar to the shape of the outer mold. In this embodiment, in some cases, if the thickness of the heating film is large or the material is hard, the heating film may be preheated and pre-bent in the heating box to approximate the shape of the mold, thereby facilitating precise processing.
In a preferred embodiment, the heating temperature provided by the heater to the heating film is determined according to the softening point of the material of the heating film. In this embodiment, the temperature that can be provided by the heater on the mold is not particularly limited, and depends on the softening point of the material of the heating film heated by the heater, and the softening point of the conventional material is usually about 60 ℃ to 200 ℃, but this does not exclude the case where the temperature is higher or lower than this temperature range.
In a preferred embodiment, the mold is provided with 1 or more temperature measuring points which can monitor the temperature in real time by using a temperature sensor. In this embodiment, the temperature measuring points on the mold can be set at any position of the mold as required, mainly to realize controllable management of the temperature on different areas of the heating film, so as to monitor the temperature on the entire heating film more effectively and ensure that the heating film with a desired shape and a three-dimensional shape is obtained.
In a preferred embodiment, the mold is made of a metal or non-metal material with good thermal conductivity and rigidity, such as copper, aluminum, iron or steel, or a polymer material with good thermal insulation performance, such as epoxy resin, phenolic resin or polyurethane, or the mold is an inflatable flexible pressurized mold made of a high temperature resistant flexible material, such as rubber or latex. In a preferred embodiment, the heating film is a printing-type heating film, and includes any one of a carbon crystal heating film, a graphene heating film, a conductive silver (copper) paste heating film, or a conductive polymer heating film; the printing heating film is composed of a substrate and a surface film, and an electric heating layer printed by conductive ink mainly made of carbon or silver materials is arranged between the substrate and the surface film. In a preferred embodiment, the substrate and the mask are made of thermoplastic or semi-cured thermosetting polymer materials; the conductive ink is a micron-scale and nano-scale conductive material, such as carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene or nano-silver.
In the above embodiments, conventional mold patterns, heating film types, and materials of the substrate and mask are listed, which provide specific implementations for the application of those skilled in the art, but it is understood that the embodiments of the present invention are not specifically limited to the above listed examples, and may be in other effective forms or types that can be effectively substituted by those skilled in the art. For example, the provided mold pattern can be set according to the actual scene needs.
The embodiment of the invention also provides the three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film prepared by the preparation method in any one of the embodiments. The three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film provided by the invention has a three-dimensional space shape, can be accurately formed according to the actual needs of an application scene, and meets the requirements of special heating equipment or application. In specific application, the heating film can not be damaged, leaked, short-circuited or disconnected, and the safety and the heating performance can completely meet the requirements of various electric heating applications.
In order to more clearly and specifically describe the three-dimensional, profiled electric heating film and the method for manufacturing the same according to the embodiments of the present invention, the following description will be made with reference to specific embodiments.
Example 1
An aluminum alloy block is selected, and an inner die and an outer die are obtained through a machining mode, wherein the surface flatness is required to be less than 0.1mm as shown in figure 1. Wherein, the inner and outer dies are respectively added with a metal resistance wire and a thermocouple, and the temperature can be controlled between 60 ℃ and 200 ℃.
Putting the graphene heating film of the PET substrate and the surface film into a mold, starting the outer mold to heat, and carefully pushing the semi-softened graphene heating film into the outer mold when the temperature reaches about 120 ℃. Starting the inner mould to heat to about 110 ℃, and slowly pressing the inner mould into the outer mould in a coaxial manner. The inner and outer molds were simultaneously gradually heated to 130 ℃.
And when the contact surfaces of the inner die, the graphene heating film and the outer die are completely attached, synchronously heating the inner die and the outer die to 140 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 15 minutes. The temperature was then gradually lowered at a rate of 10 ℃ per minute until room temperature. Carefully pulling out the inner mold, taking out the deformed graphene heating film, and carrying out a power-on test. The test method comprises the following steps: and (3) under the same voltage, the deviation between the surface temperature of the three-dimensionally molded heating film and the surface temperature of the unprocessed two-dimensional heating film is not more than 5 ℃, and the three-dimensionally molded heating film is qualified.
Example 2
The method comprises the steps of selecting metal materials to be processed into an outer die, processing phenolic resin into an inner die, and putting the inner die and the outer die and a heating film into a large-size constant-temperature heating tank as shown in figure 2, wherein thermocouples are used as temperature monitoring devices for the inner die and the outer die.
Preparing the carbon crystal electric heating film printed on the epoxy prepreg, and prebending the epoxy heating film in a heating box to be close to the shape of the outer die. And putting the inner mold, the outer mold and the heating film into a constant-temperature heating tank, starting the constant-temperature heating tank, and putting the constant-temperature heating tank in position by adopting a customized tool. When the constant-temperature heating tank is preheated to 150 ℃, the heating film is slowly pushed into the outer die, and the inner die is pressed into the outer die, so that the two contact surfaces of the outer die, the heating film and the inner die are tightly jointed. The thermostatically heated tank was warmed to 170 ℃ at a rate of 1 ℃ per minute and held for more than 30 minutes. Then gradually cooled to 120 ℃ at a rate of 10 ℃ per minute. And opening the constant-temperature heating tank, pulling out the combination of the inner mold and the outer mold and the heating film, taking out the shaped epoxy heating film under the medium-temperature condition, naturally cooling the epoxy heating film to room temperature in the air, and carrying out an electrifying test. The test method comprises the following steps: and (3) under the same voltage, the deviation between the surface temperature of the three-dimensionally molded heating film and the surface temperature of the unprocessed two-dimensional heating film is not more than 5 ℃, and the three-dimensionally molded heating film is qualified.
Example 3
The aluminum alloy block is selected and processed into the outer die, and the dimensional precision and the surface flatness meet the use requirements. A heater and a temperature sensor are arranged in the mould through a hole. A high-temperature resistant flexible material, such as high-temperature resistant rubber or latex, is selected to manufacture a flexible inner mold (a pneumatic forming mold), and a thermocouple is attached to the surface of the inner mold, as shown in figure 3.
The conductive polymer heating film of the PET substrate was preheated to 120 ℃ in a heating box and bent to a degree close to the shape of the outer mold. And putting the preformed heating film into an outer mold, and pressing to make the preformed heating film fit to the inner surface of the outer mold as much as possible. And starting an outer die heater, and heating to about 120 ℃. The flexible inner mold is placed inside the outer mold and inflated to expand it. The outer mold is heated to 135 deg.C at a rate of 2 deg.C per minute, and the air pressure is gradually increased to 20psi or 1.4kgf/cm2Kept under these conditions for at least 15 minutes. Then slowly reducing the temperature to 80 ℃ under the pressure, and slowly releasing the pressure until the inner die is separated from the contact surface. And taking out the inner die, carefully taking out the three-dimensional special-shaped heating film, and carrying out a power-on test. The test method comprises the following steps: and (3) under the same voltage, the deviation between the surface temperature of the three-dimensionally molded heating film and the surface temperature of the unprocessed two-dimensional heating film is not more than 5 ℃, and the three-dimensionally molded heating film is qualified.
Claims (7)
1. A three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film is characterized by being prepared by the following method:
providing a heating film with a plane two-dimensional structure and a mould with a prefabricated shape;
the mould comprises an inner mould and an outer mould which are positioned at two sides of the heating film, wherein at least one of the inner mould and the outer mould is a rigid mould made of rigid materials;
the method comprises the following steps that (1) before the heating film is placed in a rigid mold, preheating and prebending are carried out, after the heating film is processed to be close to the shape of the outer mold, the heating film is attached to the mold at an accurately adjusted temperature, the heating film is processed in a mode of firstly carrying out temperature programming softening and then carrying out temperature programming fixing, and after the temperature is reduced to be lower than the softening point temperature of the heating film, the heating film is taken out to obtain the three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film;
the heating film is a printing heating film and comprises any one of a carbon crystal heating film, a graphene heating film, a conductive silver paste heating film and a conductive copper paste heating film; the printing heating film is composed of a substrate and a surface film, and an electric heating layer printed by conductive ink mainly made of carbon or metal materials is printed between the substrate and the surface film.
2. The three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film according to claim 1, wherein a heater is arranged on the mold, or the mold and the planar two-dimensional heating film are integrally arranged in a heating atmosphere or a container.
3. The three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film according to claim 2, wherein the heating film is placed in a rigid mold, a heater on the rigid mold is started to heat, after a predetermined temperature is reached, another mold is pressed into the rigid mold, and after the heating film is tightly attached to two contact surfaces of the rigid mold and the other mold, the heating film is treated by a mode of firstly heating and softening by a program and then cooling and solidifying by the program.
4. The three-dimensional shaped electric heating film according to claim 3, wherein the heating temperature provided by the heater to the heating film is determined according to the softening point of the material of the heating film.
5. The three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein 1 or more temperature measuring points which can be monitored in real time by using a temperature sensor are arranged on the die.
6. The three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film according to claim 1, wherein the mold is made of metal or non-metal material with good thermal conductivity and rigidity, such as copper, aluminum, iron or steel, or polymer material with good heat preservation performance, such as epoxy resin, phenolic resin or polyurethane, or the mold is an inflatable flexible pressurizing mold made of high temperature resistant flexible material, such as rubber or latex.
7. The three-dimensional special-shaped electric heating film according to claim 1, wherein the material of the substrate and the surface film is a thermoplastic or semi-cured thermosetting polymer material; the conductive ink is a micron-scale and nano-scale conductive material, such as carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene or nano-silver.
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