CN108252336B - A method for building a discontinuous three-dimensional slope indoor model test by 3D printing technology - Google Patents
A method for building a discontinuous three-dimensional slope indoor model test by 3D printing technology Download PDFInfo
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- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims 5
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000004379 similarity theory Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 20
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229920005372 Plexiglas® Polymers 0.000 description 14
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001845 vibrational spectrum Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002457 bidirectional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D33/00—Testing foundations or foundation structures
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Abstract
发明提供一种由3D打印技术构建非连续体三维边坡室内模型试验的方法。该方法包括构件模型、准备粉末、打印岩块和粘接模型等步骤。采用上述方法进行边坡室内模型试验，边坡模型制作快速便捷，模型之间呈比例放大缩小，能真实反映具有大量节理面的非连续体岩质边坡的破坏过程，模型试验符合相似理论的要求，结果更加真实可靠，可重复性强。
The invention provides a method for constructing a discontinuous three-dimensional slope indoor model test method by 3D printing technology. The method includes the steps of building a model, preparing powder, printing rock blocks and bonding the model. The indoor model test of the slope is carried out with the above method. The slope model is quickly and conveniently made, and the models are scaled up and down, which can truly reflect the failure process of the discontinuous rock slope with a large number of joint surfaces. The model test conforms to the similarity theory. Requirements, the results are more real, reliable and repeatable.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及岩土工程技术领域，具体涉及一种由3D打印技术构建非连续体三维边坡室内模型试验的方法。The invention relates to the technical field of geotechnical engineering, in particular to a method for constructing an indoor model test of a discontinuous three-dimensional slope by 3D printing technology.
背景技术Background technique
我国是一个地质灾害频发的国家，特别是滑坡及其他边坡失稳类的地质灾害往往会给人民群众的生产生活和人身财产安全造成重大损失。仅2008年汶川地震造成的群发性崩塌滑坡就酿成了3万人遇难或失踪的悲剧。与此同时，滑坡地质灾害还具有发生频度高，影响范围大，难以预测等特点。这使得对边坡失稳运动模式、可靠度分析方法和失稳机理的研究成为了一项亟待解决的重大科学问题，并直接影响着岩土工程实践中设计、施工、运营等环节，具有重大的工程实际价值。my country is a country with frequent geological disasters, especially landslides and other geological disasters of slope instability, which often cause heavy losses to the people's production and life and personal and property safety. The mass landslides caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008 alone resulted in the tragedy of 30,000 people being killed or missing. At the same time, landslide geological disasters also have the characteristics of high frequency of occurrence, wide range of influence, and difficulty in predicting. This makes the research on the slope instability movement mode, reliability analysis method and instability mechanism a major scientific problem to be solved urgently, and directly affects the design, construction, operation and other links in the practice of geotechnical engineering. The actual value of the project.
目前针对边坡失稳地质灾害的研究方法有现场原位试验、室内模型试验和数值模拟几种方法，其中室内模型试验是较为经济可靠的方法。室内边坡模型试验的理论基础是相似理论，但是传统试验方法无法保证不同尺寸的边坡模型中节理分布与缺陷构造的相似性，试验结果的相似性难以保证。特别是针对具有大量内部节理面的非连续体岩质边坡的模型试验，目前国内外的研究尚处于空白阶段，传统的室内模型试验无法保证构建出的边坡模型是非连续的，此类边坡的动力学相似理论也更无法展开。然而非连续面是导致边坡失稳的关键因素，岩质边坡中非连续面的延伸贯通是造成边坡失稳的决定性因素，对大量存在的非连续面的忽视造成了室内模型试验与工程中实际的滑坡灾害在失稳机理上就存在较大差异。考虑到非连续面在滑坡地质灾害分析中的关键作用，研发一种可以构建一系列不同尺寸形状的非连续体三维边坡室内模型试验的新方法具有重要的实际意义。At present, there are several research methods for geological hazards of slope instability, including in-situ test, indoor model test and numerical simulation, among which indoor model test is a more economical and reliable method. The theoretical basis of indoor slope model tests is the similarity theory, but traditional test methods cannot guarantee the similarity of joint distribution and defect structure in slope models of different sizes, and the similarity of test results is difficult to guarantee. Especially for the model test of discontinuous rock slopes with a large number of internal joint surfaces, the research at home and abroad is still in a blank stage. The traditional indoor model test cannot guarantee that the constructed slope model is discontinuous. Poe's kinetic similarity theory is even more unexpandable. However, the discontinuous surface is the key factor leading to slope instability, and the extension and penetration of discontinuous surfaces in rock slopes is the decisive factor causing slope instability. The actual landslide disasters in the project have great differences in the instability mechanism. Considering the key role of discontinuities in the analysis of landslide geological hazards, it is of great practical significance to develop a new method that can construct a series of 3D slope indoor model tests of discontinuities of different sizes and shapes.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是提供一种由3D打印技术构建非连续体三维边坡室内模型试验的方法，以解决现有技术中存在的问题。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for constructing a discontinuous three-dimensional slope indoor model test by 3D printing technology, so as to solve the problems existing in the prior art.
为实现本发明目的而采用的技术方案是这样的，一种由3D打印技术构建非连续体三维边坡室内模型试验的方法，包括以下步骤：The technical scheme adopted for realizing the object of the present invention is such that a method for building a discontinuous three-dimensional slope indoor model test by 3D printing technology comprises the following steps:
1)参照真实岩体边坡物理模型，利用计算机构建缩尺的完整三维边坡数字模型。参照真实岩体边坡物理模型，利用计算机构建缩尺的完整三维边坡数字模型。通过计算机辅助设计软件得到完整三维边坡数字模型被设计节理面分割后形成的多个独立岩块。将所述多个独立岩块分别导出为STL模型文件。1) Referring to the physical model of the real rock mass slope, a computer is used to construct a scaled-down complete 3D digital model of the slope. Referring to the physical model of the real rock mass slope, a computer is used to construct a complete three-dimensional digital model of the slope in scale. A complete three-dimensional slope digital model is obtained through computer-aided design software, and multiple independent rock blocks are formed after being divided by the design joint surface. The plurality of independent rock blocks are respectively exported as STL model files.
2)制备岩体边坡相似材料粉末。其中，所述粉末的原料包括砂岩石粉、重晶石粉和石膏粉。2) Prepare rock mass slope similar material powder. Wherein, the raw materials of the powder include sandstone powder, barite powder and gypsum powder.
3)搭建3D打印装置。其中，所述计算机通过数据线与3D打印装置相连。所述3D打印装置包括胶结剂供应缸、打印喷头、成型室、粉末输送室、送粉辊轴、移动系统和粉末供应缸。所述打印喷头设置于成型室的上方。所述打印喷头通过输送管与胶结剂供应缸连接。粉末供应缸内的粉末通过粉末输送室和送粉辊轴输送至成型室。所述打印喷头通过移动系统定位在预打印位置。3) Build a 3D printing device. Wherein, the computer is connected with the 3D printing device through a data line. The 3D printing device includes a binder supply cylinder, a print nozzle, a molding chamber, a powder delivery chamber, a powder supply roller, a moving system and a powder supply cylinder. The print head is arranged above the forming chamber. The print head is connected to the cement supply cylinder through a delivery pipe. The powder in the powder supply cylinder is conveyed to the molding chamber through the powder conveying chamber and the powder conveying roller. The print head is positioned at a pre-print position by a moving system.
4)打印岩块。将步骤1)中的多个STL模型文件通过三维切片软件切片分层，并输入至3D打印装置。所述3D打印装置将三维模型转化为三维坐标，根据三维坐标调整打印喷头的位置。成型室内的粉末堆积至设计层厚时，移动系统将打印喷头定位至预打印位置点进行胶结成型。打印完成后控制移动系统，将打印喷头定位至另一处预打印位置。重复上述步骤，将粉末胶结在一起形成岩块。重复以上步骤，直至全部岩块打印完成。4) Print rock blocks. The multiple STL model files in step 1) are sliced and layered by 3D slicing software, and input to the 3D printing device. The 3D printing device converts the three-dimensional model into three-dimensional coordinates, and adjusts the position of the printing nozzle according to the three-dimensional coordinates. When the powder in the molding chamber accumulates to the designed layer thickness, the mobile system will position the printing nozzle to the pre-printing position for bonding and molding. After the printing is completed, control the mobile system to position the printing nozzle to another pre-printing position. Repeat the steps above to cement the powder together to form rock blocks. Repeat the above steps until all rock blocks are printed.
5)使用砂浆和水泥浆将步骤4)打印的岩块按设计拼接，形成含有节理面的非连续体边坡模型。其中，砂浆和水泥浆构成节理面。砂浆、水泥浆和岩块粘连为一个整体，共同构成三维边坡模型。5) Use mortar and cement slurry to splice the rock blocks printed in step 4) according to the design to form a discontinuous slope model containing joint surfaces. Among them, mortar and cement slurry constitute the joint surface. Mortar, cement slurry and rock blocks are bonded together as a whole to form a 3D slope model.
6)在室温条件下对三维边坡模型进行养护，使节理面强度达到预期要求。6) The three-dimensional slope model is maintained at room temperature to make the strength of the joint surface meet the expected requirements.
7)将三维边坡模型布置在小型振动台上或有机玻璃水槽中，进行地震动或水力模拟试验，并利用CCD连续照相机采集数据。其中，所述CCD连续照相机通过数据线与计算机相连。7) Arrange the three-dimensional slope model on a small shaking table or in a plexiglass tank to conduct earthquake or hydraulic simulation tests, and use a CCD continuous camera to collect data. Wherein, the CCD continuous camera is connected with the computer through a data line.
进一步，所述移动系统包括X方向移动轴、Y方向移动轴和Z方向移动轴三个方向轴。所述Z方向移动轴设置于3D打印装置的承台上。所述Z方向移动轴竖直布置，X方向移动轴和Y方向移动轴水平布置。所述Z方向移动轴与X方向移动轴垂向连接，所述X方向移动轴与Y方向移动轴垂向连接。所述打印喷头与Y方向移动轴通过滑动轮连接。所述Z方向移动轴与X方向移动轴之间通过滑动轮连接。所述X方向移动轴与Y方向移动轴之间通过滑动轮连接。Further, the moving system includes three direction axes: an X-direction movement axis, a Y-direction movement axis and a Z-direction movement axis. The moving axis in the Z direction is set on the platform of the 3D printing device. The moving axes in the Z direction are arranged vertically, and the moving axes in the X direction and the Y direction are arranged horizontally. The moving axis in the Z direction is vertically connected to the moving axis in the X direction, and the moving axis in the X direction is vertically connected to the moving axis in the Y direction. The printing nozzle is connected with the moving axis in the Y direction through a sliding wheel. The moving shaft in the Z direction is connected with the moving shaft in the X direction through a sliding wheel. The moving shaft in the X direction is connected with the moving shaft in the Y direction through a sliding wheel.
进一步，步骤1)中，节理面的分布形式根据研究需要自行设计或在实际工程边坡中通过表面轮廓扫描技术获得。Further, in step 1), the distribution form of the joint surface is designed according to the research needs or obtained through the surface contour scanning technology in the actual engineering slope.
进一步，所述岩块为形状不规则的块体。Further, the rock block is an irregularly shaped block.
进一步，砂浆强度不高于5MPa。Further, the mortar strength is not higher than 5MPa.
进一步，步骤7)中地震动模拟试验具体包括以下步骤：Further, the ground motion simulation test in step 7) specifically includes the following steps:
a)将三维边坡模型利用夹具固定在振动台面板上。在三维边坡模型的正视面设置可观察整个模型的CCD连续照相机。a) The three-dimensional slope model is fixed on the vibration table panel with a clamp. A CCD continuous camera that can observe the entire model is set on the front face of the 3D slope model.
b)将预先设定的震动频谱输入小型振动台，设定小型振动台的震动频谱，启动小型振动台。启动CCD连续照相机的连续拍摄功能，将连续拍照的间隔设置为0.2s，CCD连续照相机开始拍摄边坡模型的变形运动过程，并将数据传送回计算机。b) Inputting the preset vibration spectrum into the small vibration table, setting the vibration spectrum of the small vibration table, and starting the small vibration table. Start the continuous shooting function of the CCD continuous camera, set the interval of continuous shooting to 0.2s, and the CCD continuous camera starts to shoot the deformation process of the slope model, and sends the data back to the computer.
c)利用图像处理软件，可得到不同时刻之间边坡的变形、滑块的位移和滑块的速度等数据。c) By using the image processing software, the deformation of the slope, the displacement of the slider and the speed of the slider can be obtained at different times.
进一步，步骤7)中水力模拟试验，将三维边坡模型布置在有机玻璃水槽中。所述有机玻璃水槽整体为无盖矩形箱体。所述有机玻璃水槽底部设置排水孔。从有机玻璃水槽上端敞口处注水，通过底部排水孔排水，模拟水位升降过程。Further, in the hydraulic simulation test in step 7), the three-dimensional slope model is arranged in a plexiglass tank. The plexiglass water tank as a whole is a rectangular box without a cover. Drainage holes are arranged at the bottom of the plexiglass water tank. Water is injected from the upper opening of the plexiglass tank and drained through the bottom drain hole to simulate the process of water level rise and fall.
本发明的技术效果是毋庸置疑的：Technical effect of the present invention is beyond doubt:
A.通过拼接岩块的方式可以自然获得含有大量节理的边坡模型，真实还原了现实工程中的岩质节理边坡，符合相似理论的需要，增加了数据结果的可靠性；A. The slope model containing a large number of joints can be naturally obtained by splicing rock blocks, which truly restores the rock joint slopes in real engineering, meets the needs of similarity theory, and increases the reliability of data results;
B.振动台和水槽可以模拟边坡模型在不同试验工况下的失稳过程，用来模拟实际工程中边坡在地震动或水力作用下的破坏模式和运动过程；B. The shaking table and the water tank can simulate the instability process of the slope model under different test conditions, and are used to simulate the failure mode and movement process of the slope under the action of earthquake or hydraulic force in actual engineering;
C.利用CCD连续照相机采集数据做到了非接触式测量，可以获得关键块体位置、边坡变形以及滑坡体运动速度、运动距离和堆积面积等数据，直观精确。C. Using CCD continuous camera to collect data has achieved non-contact measurement, and can obtain key block positions, slope deformation, and data such as landslide movement speed, movement distance and accumulation area, which is intuitive and accurate.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为3D打印装置结构示意图；Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a 3D printing device;
图2为实施例1中三维边坡模型结构示意图；Fig. 2 is the structural representation of three-dimensional slope model in embodiment 1;
图3为实施例2中三维边坡模型结构示意图；Fig. 3 is the structural representation of three-dimensional slope model in embodiment 2;
图4为地震动模拟试验示意图；Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of earthquake simulation test;
图5为有机玻璃水槽结构示意图；Fig. 5 is the structural representation of plexiglass water tank;
图6为试验流程图。Figure 6 is a flow chart of the test.
图中：胶结剂供应缸1、 输送管2、 打印喷头3、 三维边坡模4、 岩块401、 节理面402、 成型室5、 粉末供应室6、 送粉辊轴7、 X方向移动轴8、 Y方向移动轴9、 Z方向移动轴10、 粉末供应缸11、 粉末回收缸12、 计算机13、 CCD连续照相机14、 小型振动台15、 有机玻璃水槽16。In the figure: cement supply cylinder 1, conveying pipe 2, printing nozzle 3, three-dimensional slope mold 4, rock block 401, joint surface 402, molding chamber 5, powder supply chamber 6, powder feeding roller shaft 7, X direction moving shaft 8. Y direction movement axis 9, Z direction movement axis 10, powder supply cylinder 11, powder recovery cylinder 12, computer 13, CCD continuous camera 14, small vibration table 15, plexiglass water tank 16.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步说明，但不应该理解为本发明上述主题范围仅限于下述实施例。在不脱离本发明上述技术思想的情况下，根据本领域普通技术知识和惯用手段，做出各种替换和变更，均应包括在本发明的保护范围内。The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the examples, but it should not be understood that the scope of the subject of the present invention is limited to the following examples. Without departing from the above-mentioned technical ideas of the present invention, various replacements and changes made according to common technical knowledge and conventional means in this field shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
实施例1：Example 1:
本实施例公开一种由3D打印技术构建非连续体三维边坡室内模型试验的方法，参见图6，包括以下步骤：This embodiment discloses a method for building an indoor model test of a discontinuous three-dimensional slope by 3D printing technology, as shown in Figure 6, including the following steps:
1)参照真实岩体边坡物理模型，利用计算机13构建缩尺的完整三维边坡数字模型。数字边坡模型由节理面和若干个独立岩块构成，独立岩块的三维外形在计算机辅助设计软件中设定。通过计算机辅助设计软件得到完整三维边坡数字模型被设计节理面分割后形成的多个独立岩块。将所述多个独立岩块分别导出为后缀为“.STL”格式的模型文件。其中，所述设计节理面的分布形式根据研究需要自行设计。1) Referring to the physical model of the real rock mass slope, the computer 13 is used to construct a scaled-down complete three-dimensional digital model of the slope. The digital slope model is composed of joint surfaces and several independent rock blocks, and the three-dimensional shape of the independent rock blocks is set in the computer-aided design software. A complete three-dimensional slope digital model is obtained through computer-aided design software, and multiple independent rock blocks are formed after being divided by the design joint surface. The plurality of independent rock blocks are respectively exported as model files with a suffix of ".STL" format. Wherein, the distribution form of the designed joint surface is designed according to the research needs.
2)制备岩体边坡相似材料粉末。其中，所述粉末的原料包括砂岩石粉、重晶石粉和石膏粉。2) Prepare rock mass slope similar material powder. Wherein, the raw materials of the powder include sandstone powder, barite powder and gypsum powder.
3)搭建3D打印装置。其中，所述计算机13通过数据线与3D打印装置相连。参见图1，所述3D打印装置包括胶结剂供应缸1、打印喷头3、成型室5、粉末输送室6、送粉辊轴7、移动系统和粉末供应缸11和粉末回收缸12。所述打印喷头3设置于成型室5的上方。所述移动系统包括X方向移动轴8、Y方向移动轴9和Z方向移动轴10三个方向轴。所述Z方向移动轴10设置于3D打印装置的承台上。所述Z方向移动轴10竖直布置，X方向移动轴8和Y方向移动轴9水平布置。所述Z方向移动轴10与X方向移动轴8垂向连接，所述X方向移动轴8与Y方向移动轴9垂向连接。所述打印喷头3与Y方向移动轴9通过滑动轮连接。所述Z方向移动轴10与X方向移动轴8之间通过滑动轮连接。所述X方向移动轴8与Y方向移动轴9之间通过滑动轮连接。所述打印喷头3通过输送管2与胶结剂供应缸1连接。粉末供应缸11内的粉末通过粉末输送室6和送粉辊轴7输送至成型室5。所述打印喷头3通过移动系统精确定位在预打印位置。3) Build a 3D printing device. Wherein, the computer 13 is connected with the 3D printing device through a data line. Referring to FIG. 1 , the 3D printing device includes a binder supply cylinder 1 , a printing nozzle 3 , a molding chamber 5 , a powder delivery chamber 6 , a powder delivery roller 7 , a moving system, and a powder supply cylinder 11 and a powder recovery cylinder 12 . The printing nozzle 3 is arranged above the forming chamber 5 . The moving system includes three direction axes: an X-direction moving axis 8 , a Y-direction moving axis 9 and a Z-direction moving axis 10 . The moving axis 10 in the Z direction is set on the platform of the 3D printing device. The moving shaft 10 in the Z direction is arranged vertically, and the moving shaft 8 in the X direction and the moving shaft 9 in the Y direction are arranged horizontally. The moving shaft 10 in the Z direction is vertically connected with the moving shaft 8 in the X direction, and the moving shaft 8 in the X direction is vertically connected with the moving shaft 9 in the Y direction. The printing nozzle 3 is connected with the moving shaft 9 in the Y direction through a sliding wheel. The moving shaft 10 in the Z direction is connected with the moving shaft 8 in the X direction through a sliding wheel. The moving shaft 8 in the X direction is connected with the moving shaft 9 in the Y direction through a sliding wheel. The print head 3 is connected to the cement supply cylinder 1 through the delivery pipe 2 . The powder in the powder supply cylinder 11 is delivered to the molding chamber 5 through the powder delivery chamber 6 and the powder delivery roller 7 . The printing nozzle 3 is precisely positioned at the pre-printing position by a moving system.
4)打印岩块401。将步骤1)中的多个STL模型文件通过开源三维切片软件Cura将三维数字模型切片获得3DP技术所需的二维平面，输入至3D打印装置。所述3D打印装置将三维模型转化为三维坐标，根据三维坐标调整打印喷头3的位置，计算得到每个打印时刻打印喷头3应处在的空间位置。这个空间位置即由X、Y、Z三条移动轴进行控制。成型室5内的粉末堆积至设计层厚时，移动系统将打印喷头3定位至预打印位置点进行胶结成型。在胶结打印完成一层之后，根据预先设定的方案升高打印喷头3的位置，再按照预定路径打印第二层岩块模型。层层累加层层胶结，将粉末胶结在一起最终形成岩块401。打印完成后控制移动系统，将打印喷头3定位至另一处预打印位置。重复上述步骤，将粉末胶结在一起形成岩块401。重复以上步骤，直至全部岩块401打印完成。4) Print rock block 401 . Slicing the multiple STL model files in step 1) through the open source 3D slicing software Cura to obtain the 2D plane required by the 3DP technology by slicing the 3D digital model, and input it to the 3D printing device. The 3D printing device converts the three-dimensional model into three-dimensional coordinates, adjusts the position of the printing nozzle 3 according to the three-dimensional coordinates, and calculates the spatial position of the printing nozzle 3 at each printing moment. This spatial position is controlled by the three moving axes of X, Y, and Z. When the powder in the molding chamber 5 accumulates to the designed layer thickness, the mobile system positions the printing nozzle 3 to the pre-printing position for bonding and molding. After one layer of cement printing is completed, the position of the print nozzle 3 is raised according to a preset plan, and then the second layer of rock block model is printed according to a predetermined path. The layers are accumulated and cemented, and the powder is cemented together to finally form the rock block 401 . After the printing is completed, the mobile system is controlled to position the printing nozzle 3 to another pre-printing position. The above steps are repeated to cement the powder together to form the rock block 401 . Repeat the above steps until all the rock blocks 401 are printed.
5)参见图2，使用砂浆和水泥浆将步骤4)打印的岩块401按设计拼接，形成被节理面分割的非连续体边坡模型。其中，砂浆和水泥浆构成节理面402。砂浆、水泥浆和岩块401粘连为一个整体，共同构成三维边坡模型4。5) Referring to Fig. 2, use mortar and cement slurry to splice the rock blocks 401 printed in step 4) according to the design to form a discontinuous slope model divided by joint surfaces. Among them, mortar and cement paste constitute the joint surface 402 . Mortar, cement slurry and rock blocks 401 are bonded together to form a three-dimensional slope model 4 .
6)养护成型：在室温条件下对三维边坡模型4进行养护，使节理面402强度达到预期要求。6) Curing and forming: the three-dimensional slope model 4 is cured at room temperature, so that the strength of the joint surface 402 meets the expected requirements.
7)将三维边坡模型4布置在小型振动台15上或有机玻璃水槽16中，模拟三维边坡模型4在地震动或水力作用下的失稳过程。CCD连续照相机14对焦固定在三维边坡模型4的正前方，以0.2s的时间间隔拍摄得到边坡模型滑动解体破坏的照片。CCD连续照相机与计算机13通过数据线相连接，并将拍摄得到的照片导入图片处理软件进行处理。获得边坡的块体位移、块体滑动速度数据。7) Arrange the three-dimensional slope model 4 on the small shaking table 15 or in the plexiglass tank 16 to simulate the instability process of the three-dimensional slope model 4 under the action of earthquake or hydraulic force. The CCD continuous camera 14 is focused and fixed directly in front of the three-dimensional slope model 4, and is taken at a time interval of 0.2s to obtain photos of the slope model sliding, disintegrating and destroying. The CCD continuous camera is connected with the computer 13 through a data line, and the photos taken are imported into image processing software for processing. Obtain the block displacement and block sliding velocity data of the slope.
采用本实施例所述方法进行边坡室内模型试验，边坡模型制作快速便捷，模型之间呈比例放大缩小，能真实反映具有大量节理面的非连续体岩质边坡的破坏过程，模型试验符合相似理论的要求，结果更加真实可靠，可重复性强。Using the method described in this example to carry out the indoor model test of the slope, the slope model is made quickly and conveniently, and the scale between the models is scaled up and down, which can truly reflect the failure process of the discontinuous rock slope with a large number of joint surfaces. The model test It meets the requirements of the similarity theory, and the results are more reliable and repeatable.
实施例2：Example 2:
本实施例公开一种由3D打印技术构建非连续体三维边坡室内模型试验的方法，包括以下步骤：This embodiment discloses a method for building a discontinuous three-dimensional slope indoor model test by 3D printing technology, including the following steps:
1)参照真实岩体边坡物理模型，利用计算机13构建缩尺的完整三维边坡数字模型。通过计算机辅助设计软件得到完整三维边坡数字模型被设计节理面分割后形成的多个独立岩块。将所述多个独立岩块分别导出为后缀为“.STL”格式的模型文件。其中，设计节理面的分布形式通过表面轮廓扫描技术获得，节理的长度、走向、宽度和在边坡中的分布位置参照真实分布规律生成。1) Referring to the physical model of the real rock mass slope, the computer 13 is used to construct a scaled-down complete three-dimensional digital model of the slope. A complete three-dimensional slope digital model is obtained through computer-aided design software, and multiple independent rock blocks are formed after being divided by the design joint surface. The plurality of independent rock blocks are respectively exported as model files with a suffix of ".STL" format. Among them, the distribution form of the designed joint surface is obtained by surface contour scanning technology, and the length, direction, width and distribution position of the joints in the slope are generated with reference to the real distribution law.
2)制备岩体边坡相似材料粉末。其中，所述粉末的原料包括砂岩石粉、重晶石粉和石膏粉。2) Prepare rock mass slope similar material powder. Wherein, the raw materials of the powder include sandstone powder, barite powder and gypsum powder.
3)搭建3D打印装置。其中，所述计算机13通过数据线与3D打印装置的数据接口相连。3D打印机采用3DP（三维印刷技术）工艺进行3D打印操作。所述3D打印装置包括控制芯片、承台、胶结剂供应缸1、打印喷头3、成型室5、粉末输送室6、送粉辊轴7、移动系统和粉末供应缸11和粉末回收缸12。所述粉末输送室6和成型室5整体为无盖矩形箱体。所述粉末输送室6和成型室5均布置在承台上，且由隔板隔开。粉末供应缸11布置在粉末输送室6下方，且与粉末输送室6相连。所述粉末回收缸12布置在成型室5下方，且与成型室5相连。所述移动系统包括X方向移动轴8、Y方向移动轴9和Z方向移动轴10三个方向轴。移动系统通过电子芯片控制。所述Z方向移动轴10设置于3D打印装置的承台上。所述Z方向移动轴10竖直布置，X方向移动轴8和Y方向移动轴9水平布置。所述Z方向移动轴10与X方向移动轴8垂向连接，所述X方向移动轴8与Y方向移动轴9垂向连接。所述打印喷头3与Y方向移动轴9通过滑动轮连接。所述Z方向移动轴10与X方向移动轴8之间通过滑动轮连接。所述X方向移动轴8与Y方向移动轴9之间通过滑动轮连接。所述打印喷头3设置于成型室5的上方。所述打印喷头3通过输送管2与胶结剂供应缸1连接。粉末供应缸11内的粉末通过粉末输送室6和送粉辊轴7输送至成型室5。所述打印喷头3通过移动系统精确定位在预打印位置的上方。3) Build a 3D printing device. Wherein, the computer 13 is connected with the data interface of the 3D printing device through a data line. 3D printers use 3DP (Three-Dimensional Printing Technology) technology for 3D printing operations. The 3D printing device includes a control chip, a platform, a binder supply cylinder 1, a printing nozzle 3, a molding chamber 5, a powder delivery chamber 6, a powder feeding roller 7, a moving system, a powder supply cylinder 11 and a powder recovery cylinder 12. The powder delivery chamber 6 and the molding chamber 5 are integrally formed as a rectangular box without a cover. Both the powder delivery chamber 6 and the molding chamber 5 are arranged on the platform and separated by a partition. The powder supply cylinder 11 is arranged below the powder delivery chamber 6 and is connected to the powder delivery chamber 6 . The powder recovery cylinder 12 is arranged below the molding chamber 5 and is connected to the molding chamber 5 . The moving system includes three direction axes: an X-direction moving axis 8 , a Y-direction moving axis 9 and a Z-direction moving axis 10 . The mobile system is controlled by an electronic chip. The moving axis 10 in the Z direction is set on the platform of the 3D printing device. The moving shaft 10 in the Z direction is arranged vertically, and the moving shaft 8 in the X direction and the moving shaft 9 in the Y direction are arranged horizontally. The moving shaft 10 in the Z direction is vertically connected with the moving shaft 8 in the X direction, and the moving shaft 8 in the X direction is vertically connected with the moving shaft 9 in the Y direction. The printing nozzle 3 is connected with the moving shaft 9 in the Y direction through a sliding wheel. The moving shaft 10 in the Z direction is connected with the moving shaft 8 in the X direction through a sliding wheel. The moving shaft 8 in the X direction is connected with the moving shaft 9 in the Y direction through a sliding wheel. The printing nozzle 3 is arranged above the forming chamber 5 . The print head 3 is connected to the cement supply cylinder 1 through the delivery pipe 2 . The powder in the powder supply cylinder 11 is delivered to the molding chamber 5 through the powder delivery chamber 6 and the powder delivery roller 7 . The printing nozzle 3 is precisely positioned above the pre-printing position by a moving system.
4)打印岩块401。将步骤1)中的多个STL模型文件通过开源三维切片软件Cura将三维数字模型切片获得3DP技术所需的二维平面，输入至3D打印装置。所述3D打印装置将三维模型转化为三维坐标，根据三维坐标调整打印喷头3的位置，计算得到每个打印时刻打印喷头3应处在的空间位置。这个空间位置即由X、Y、Z三条移动轴进行控制。所示的粉末供应缸11中的粉末被真空吸力吸入粉末供应室6中，并在粉末供应室6中充分混合均匀。混合后的粉末被送粉辊轴7推动进入成型室5中。所述送粉辊轴7由电子芯片控制滚动速率，可以确保送粉厚度与胶结成型的速率同步。成型室5内的粉末堆积至设计层厚时，移动系统将打印喷头3定位至预打印位置点挤出胶结剂，胶结原材料粉末成型。在胶结打印完成一层之后，根据预先设定的方案升高打印喷头3的位置，再按照预定路径打印第二层岩块模型。层层累加层层胶结，将粉末胶结在一起最终形成岩块401。打印完成后控制移动系统，将打印喷头3定位至另一处预打印位置。重复上述步骤，将粉末胶结在一起形成岩块401。重复以上步骤，直至全部岩块401打印完成。参见图3，所述岩块401为形状不规则的块体。打印过程后期及结束后，原材料粉末由粉末回收缸12通过真空吸力吸走回收，并根据情况回收利用。粉末供应室6和成型室5之间存在隔板，使两室之间允许存在压力差。4) Print rock block 401 . Slicing the multiple STL model files in step 1) through the open source 3D slicing software Cura to obtain the 2D plane required by the 3DP technology by slicing the 3D digital model, and input it to the 3D printing device. The 3D printing device converts the three-dimensional model into three-dimensional coordinates, adjusts the position of the printing nozzle 3 according to the three-dimensional coordinates, and calculates the spatial position of the printing nozzle 3 at each printing moment. This spatial position is controlled by the three moving axes of X, Y, and Z. The powder in the shown powder supply cylinder 11 is sucked into the powder supply chamber 6 by vacuum suction, and fully mixed uniformly in the powder supply chamber 6 . The mixed powder is pushed into the molding chamber 5 by the powder feeding roller 7 . The rolling speed of the powder feeding roller 7 is controlled by an electronic chip, which can ensure that the thickness of the powder feeding is synchronized with the rate of cementation molding. When the powder in the molding chamber 5 accumulates to the designed layer thickness, the mobile system positions the printing nozzle 3 to the pre-printing position to extrude the binder, and the raw material powder is bonded for molding. After one layer of cement printing is completed, the position of the print nozzle 3 is raised according to a preset plan, and then the second layer of rock block model is printed according to a predetermined path. The layers are accumulated and cemented, and the powder is cemented together to finally form the rock block 401 . After the printing is completed, the mobile system is controlled to position the printing nozzle 3 to another pre-printing position. The above steps are repeated to cement the powder together to form the rock block 401 . Repeat the above steps until all the rock blocks 401 are printed. Referring to FIG. 3 , the rock block 401 is an irregularly shaped block. At the later stage of the printing process and after the end, the raw material powder is sucked and recovered by the powder recovery cylinder 12 through vacuum suction, and recycled according to the situation. There is a partition between the powder supply chamber 6 and the molding chamber 5, allowing a pressure difference between the two chambers.
5)使用砂浆和水泥浆将步骤4)打印的岩块401按设计粘接，形成含有节理面的非连续体边坡模型。其中，砂浆和水泥浆构成节理面402。砂浆、水泥浆和岩块401粘连为一个整体，共同构成三维边坡模型4。砂浆构成软弱节理面，水泥可以将岩块的部分表面连接起来，构成非连续的节理面。砂浆强度不高于5MPa。5) Use mortar and cement slurry to bond the rock blocks 401 printed in step 4) according to the design to form a discontinuous slope model containing joint surfaces. Among them, mortar and cement paste constitute the joint surface 402 . Mortar, cement slurry and rock blocks 401 are bonded together to form a three-dimensional slope model 4 . Mortar constitutes a weak joint surface, and cement can connect parts of the surface of the rock block to form a discontinuous joint surface. Mortar strength is not higher than 5MPa.
6)养护成型：在室温条件下对三维边坡模型4进行养护，使节理面402强度达到预期要求，最终形成具有节理面的非连续体边坡室内试验模型。6) Curing and forming: the three-dimensional slope model 4 is cured at room temperature, so that the strength of the joint surface 402 meets the expected requirements, and finally an indoor test model of a discontinuous body slope with a joint surface is formed.
7)将三维边坡模型4布置在小型振动台15上或有机玻璃水槽16中，模拟三维边坡模型4在地震动或水力作用下的失稳过程，并利用CCD连续照相机14采集数据。7) Arrange the three-dimensional slope model 4 on a small shaking table 15 or in a plexiglass tank 16 to simulate the instability process of the three-dimensional slope model 4 under the action of earthquake or hydraulic force, and use the CCD continuous camera 14 to collect data.
地震动模拟试验具体包括以下步骤：The ground motion simulation test specifically includes the following steps:
a)将三维边坡模型4利用夹具固定在振动台面板上。在三维边坡模型4的正视面设置可观察整个模型的CCD连续照相机14。启动CCD连续照相机拍照软件，调整CCD连续照相机14的位置和焦距，使相机可以获得清晰的大小合适的边坡模型的照片。小型振动台15为双向振动小型振动台，从外部数据线输入振动频谱，控制振动台的震动方式。a) The three-dimensional slope model 4 is fixed on the vibration table panel by using a clamp. A CCD continuous camera 14 capable of observing the entire model is arranged on the front face of the three-dimensional slope model 4 . Start the CCD continuous camera photographing software, adjust the position and the focal length of the CCD continuous camera 14, so that the camera can obtain clear photos of the slope model of a suitable size. The small vibrating table 15 is a bidirectional vibrating small vibrating table, and the vibration spectrum is input from an external data line to control the vibration mode of the vibrating table.
b)将预先设定的震动频谱输入小型振动台15，设定小型振动台15的震动频谱，启动小型振动台15。启动CCD连续照相机14的连续拍摄功能，将连续拍照的间隔设置为0.2s，CCD连续照相机14开始拍摄边坡模型的变形运动过程。三维边坡模型4在振动作用下会沿着软弱节理面崩塌解体滑动，最终完全破坏。CCD连续照相机记录下各个时刻三维边坡模型4解体滑动破坏的过程，并将数据传送回计算机。b) Input the preset vibration spectrum into the small vibration table 15, set the vibration spectrum of the small vibration table 15, and start the small vibration table 15. Start the continuous shooting function of the CCD continuous camera 14, the interval of continuous shooting is set to 0.2s, and the CCD continuous camera 14 starts to shoot the deformation movement process of the slope model. The 3D slope model 4 will collapse, disintegrate and slide along the weak joint surface under the action of vibration, and finally be completely destroyed. The CCD continuous camera records the process of disintegration, sliding and failure of the three-dimensional slope model 4 at each moment, and sends the data back to the computer.
c)利用图像处理软件，可得到不同时刻之间边坡的变形、滑块的位移和滑块的速度等数据。c) By using the image processing software, the deformation of the slope, the displacement of the slider and the speed of the slider can be obtained at different times.
水力模拟试验，将三维边坡模型4布置在有机玻璃水槽16中。所述有机玻璃水槽16整体为无盖矩形箱体。所述有机玻璃水槽16底部设置排水孔。有机玻璃水槽16上端敞口处搭设一条与水龙头连接的塑胶软管，排水孔通过塑料水管通向下水道。从有机玻璃水槽16上端敞口处注水，通过底部排水孔排水，模拟水位升降过程。根据不同的工况和试验要求，选择边坡模型的尺寸、坡角、节理角度等参数来重复试验，并记录试验数据。For the hydraulic simulation test, the three-dimensional slope model 4 is arranged in the plexiglass tank 16 . The plexiglass water tank 16 is a rectangular box without a cover as a whole. Drainage holes are arranged at the bottom of the plexiglass tank 16 . A plastic flexible pipe connected with the water tap is set up at the opening of the plexiglass water tank 16 upper ends, and the drainage hole leads to the sewer by the plastic water pipe. Water is injected from the opening of the upper end of the plexiglass tank 16, and drained through the bottom drain hole to simulate the process of rising and falling water levels. According to different working conditions and test requirements, select parameters such as the size, slope angle, and joint angle of the slope model to repeat the test, and record the test data.
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