CN108232240A - Fuel cell system - Google Patents
Fuel cell system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108232240A CN108232240A CN201711292502.6A CN201711292502A CN108232240A CN 108232240 A CN108232240 A CN 108232240A CN 201711292502 A CN201711292502 A CN 201711292502A CN 108232240 A CN108232240 A CN 108232240A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- hydrogen
- fuel cell
- injector
- hydrogen supply
- cell system
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04201—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
- H01M8/04156—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal
- H01M8/04164—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal by condensers, gas-liquid separators or filters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04753—Pressure; Flow of fuel cell reactants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of fuel cell system, has：Fuel cell unit has the hydrogen supply mouth of hydrogen supply inflow；Hydrogen supply line is connected with hydrogen supply mouth；And injector, hydrogen supply line is connected to, hydrogen is supplied to fuel cell unit by hydrogen supply line, the hydrogen outlet for being connected to the injector of hydrogen supply line is configured at upside compared to the hydrogen supply mouth of fuel cell unit on gravity direction.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to fuel cell systems.
Background technology
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication 2008-16402 discloses the fuel cell system for having injector.In the fuel cell system,
From hydrogen tank via injector hydrogen is supplied to fuel cell unit.
Invention content
Using the position relationship of the hydrogen outlet of injector and the hydrogen supply mouth of fuel cell unit as cause, there are generation hydropexis
In in flow path and flow path occlusion situation, from fuel cell unit to the situation of injector adverse current.Delay, the generation water of adverse current are possible
The reason of decline of generating capacity can be become, freezed.Accordingly, it is desirable to be able to inhibit to generate adverse current or delay of the water to injector
Technology.
The present invention can be realized as following mode.
(1) mode according to the present invention, provides a kind of fuel cell system.The fuel cell system has：Fuel electricity
Pond group has the hydrogen supply mouth of hydrogen supply inflow；Hydrogen supply line is connected with the hydrogen supply mouth；And injector, it is connected to described
Hydrogen supply line supplies hydrogen to the fuel cell unit by the hydrogen supply line, is connected to the institute of the hydrogen supply line
The hydrogen outlet for stating injector is configured at upside compared to the hydrogen supply mouth of the fuel cell unit on gravity direction.According to this
The fuel cell system of mode, the hydrogen outlet of injector are configured at upside, therefore energy compared to the hydrogen supply mouth of fuel cell unit
It is enough to inhibit to generate delay of adverse current, generation water of the water to injector in hydrogen supply line.
(2) in the fuel cell system of aforesaid way, the injector can compare the fuel cell unit in gravity
Upside is configured on direction.According to the fuel cell system of which, in the case where fuel cell system is equipped on vehicle, spray
Emitter is equipped on the upside of engine room, can inhibit the water logging of injector.Therefore, it is possible to improve the water proofing property of injector.
(3) in the fuel cell system of aforesaid way, the hydrogen entrance that the hydrogen outlet can compare the injector exists
Downside or equal position are configured on gravity direction.According to the fuel cell system, even if being supplied in the hydrogen being connect with injector
In the case of moisture condensation has occurred to the piping of flow path, dew condensation water can be also prevented to the drippage of injector side.
It should be noted that the present invention can realize in various ways, for example, can be to have the hair of fuel cell system
The form of electric installation, the vehicle for having fuel cell system etc. is realized.
Description of the drawings
Before address the aftermentioned present invention feature and advantage by the explanation of following specific embodiment and with reference to attached drawing
And it is clear and definite, wherein, identical label represents identical component.
Fig. 1 is the definition graph for the outline structure for representing fuel cell system.
Fig. 2 is the definition graph for the position relationship for representing fuel cell unit and injector.
Specific embodiment
Fig. 1 is the definition graph of the outline structure for the fuel cell system 100 for representing one embodiment of the present invention.Fuel electricity
Cell system 100 has fuel cell unit 10, gas-liquid separator 20, hydrogen pump 30, hydrogen circulation stream 40 and injector 50.This implementation
The fuel cell system 100 of mode is for example equipped on fuel-cell vehicle.
Fuel cell unit 10 is polymer electrolyte fuel cell, receives the supply of hydrogen from injector 50, and from air
Feed system (not shown) receives the supply of air and generates electricity.It, will than injector 50 on the upstream side hereinafter, in hydrogen supply pipe 11
Piping is known as hydrogen supply pipe 11a, will be known as hydrogen supply pipe 11b than the piping of 50 downstream of injector.Fuel cell unit 10 has
The standby hydrogen supply mouth 10in being connected with the hydrogen supply pipe 11b and hydrogen outlet 10out to the first hydrogen piping 12 discharge hydrogen exhaust gas.It will
Hydrogen supply pipe 11b is also referred to as hydrogen supply line.
Injector 50 be according to by the drive cycle of control device setting (not shown), duration of valve opening and spool electromagnetically
The open and close valve for the electromagnetic drive type being driven.Injector 50 has hydrogen and is flowed by hydrogen supply pipe 11a from hydrogen tank is (not shown)
Hydrogen entrance 50in and to hydrogen supply pipe 11b discharge hydrogen hydrogen export 50out.
At least part of hydrogen supply pipe 11b from hydrogen to export 50out towards hydrogen supply mouth 10in and vertical or downwards
Inclined mode is configured.Moreover, hydrogen supply pipe 11b shapes in a manner of being located at and be not present than the positions of hydrogen supply mouth 10in on the lower
Into.
Hydrogen circulation stream 40 is connected with the hydrogen supply mouth 10in and hydrogen outlet 10out of fuel cell unit 10, by the first hydrogen
Piping 12, the second hydrogen piping 13, third hydrogen piping 14 are formed.Hydrogen circulation stream 40 is the hydrogen exhaust gas for making fuel cell unit 10
The flow path recycled to fuel cell unit 10.The i.e. gas-liquid separator 20 assisted the cycle of hydrogen is equipped in hydrogen circulation stream 40
Circulatory system subsidiary engine is used as with hydrogen pump 30.
First hydrogen piping 12 is the piping for connecting the hydrogen outlet 10out of fuel cell unit 10 with gas-liquid separator 20.
First hydrogen piping 12 by electric power generation reaction it is not used comprising hydrogen, nitrogen, the generation impurity such as water hydrogen exhaust gas to gas-liquid separation
Device 20 guides.
Gas-liquid separator 20 is connected between the first hydrogen piping 12 of hydrogen circulation stream 40 and the second hydrogen piping 13.Gas-liquid point
Have from device 20：Connect with the first hydrogen piping 12 and hydrogen supply exhaust gas flow into gas-liquid entrance 20in；It is connect with the second hydrogen piping 13
And the gas liquid outlet 20out of discharge hydrogen.The hydrogen of gas-liquid separator 20 from the hydrogen outlet 10out inflows by fuel cell unit 10 gives up
By the separation of generation water and in internal water storage in gas.Exhaust outlet valve 21 is equipped in the lower part of gas-liquid separator 20.
Exhaust outlet valve 21 is to carry out water storage in the draining and gas-liquid separator 20 of the generation water of gas-liquid separator 20
The solenoid valve of the exhaust of hydrogen exhaust gas.In the operating of fuel cell system 100, in general, exhaust outlet valve 21 is closed, according to from
The control signal of control device (not shown) is opened and closed.In the present embodiment, exhaust outlet valve 21 and hydrogen exhaust gas piping 22
Connection, the generation water and hydrogen exhaust gas discharged from exhaust outlet valve 21 are discharged by hydrogen exhaust gas piping 22 to outside.
Second hydrogen piping 13 is the piping for connecting the gas liquid outlet 20out of gas-liquid separator 20 with hydrogen pump 30.Second hydrogen
Piping 13 guides the hydrogen exhaust gas that generation water has been detached by gas-liquid separator 20 to hydrogen pump 30.
Hydrogen pump 30 is connected between the second hydrogen piping 13 of hydrogen circulation stream 40 and third hydrogen piping 14.Hydrogen pump 30 is according to next
The control signal of self-control device (not shown) and drive.Hydrogen pump 30 is for will be from the hydrogen outlet of fuel cell unit 10
The hydrogen exhaust gas that 10out is flowed into carries out pressure-feed pump to hydrogen supply mouth 10in.More specifically, hydrogen pump 30 will pass through gas-liquid point
The hydrogen exhaust gas that generation water has been detached from device 20 carries out pressure conveying to third hydrogen piping 14.Hydrogen pump 30 has the inflow of hydrogen supply exhaust gas
Pump intake 30in and make the pump discharge 30out that hydrogen exhaust gas is flowed out to third hydrogen piping 14.
Third hydrogen piping 14 is to connect the pump discharge 30out of hydrogen pump 30 with the hydrogen supply mouth 10in of fuel cell unit 10
Piping.Third hydrogen piping 14 guides the hydrogen exhaust gas sent out by hydrogen pump 30 to fuel cell unit 10.
Fig. 2 is the definition graph for the position relationship for representing fuel cell unit 10 and injector 50.Side is equivalent in figure 2 the lower
Downside on gravity direction.Position a, b represent the position on gravity direction respectively.The position a of the hydrogen outlet 50out of injector 50
Position b compared to hydrogen supply mouth 10in is configured at upside.
In the present embodiment, the position e of position cs of the position a and position b than pump discharge 30out and gas-liquid separator 20
It is top.Moreover, position ds of the position b of hydrogen supply mouth 10in compared to hydrogen outlet 10out is configured at upside.
The fuel cell system 100 of present embodiment from the description above, the hydrogen outlet 50out of injector 50 is compared to combustion
The hydrogen supply mouth 10in of material battery pack 10 is configured at upside, therefore in the inclination of vehicle for example equipped with fuel cell system 100
In the case of or unused injector 50 and when using the hydrogen pump 30 to supply the intermittent running of hydrogen, can inhibit to generate water to spray
Delay of the adverse current or generation water of emitter 50 in hydrogen supply pipe 11b.As a result, it can inhibit for example to generate the adverse current of water
The burn into of injector 50 for cause freezes.
In the above-described embodiment, injector 50 is preferably provided at the upside of fuel cell unit 10.If such match
It puts, then in the case where fuel cell system 100 is equipped on vehicle, injector 50 is equipped on the upside of engine room, can press down
The water logging of injector 50 processed.Therefore, the countermeasure for example integrally cover injector 50 using cover can not had to or prevented
Water is externally to internal addition of containment member of intrusion etc..As a result, the manufacture of fuel cell system 100 can be cut down
Cost.
In addition, the preferred hydrogen outlet 50out of position relationship of hydrogen entrance 50in and hydrogen outlet 50out is to be leaned on than hydrogen entrance 50in
Downside or equal position.If hydrogen outlet 50out is not located at upside compared to hydrogen entrance 50in, even if then in hydrogen supply pipe
In the case that 11b condenses, dew condensation water can be also prevented to the drippage of 50 side of injector.
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, within the scope of its spirit can be with various structures reality
It is existing.Such as the technical characteristic in embodiment corresponding with the technical characteristic in each mode that one column of invention content is recorded is for reality
Part or all of existing above-mentioned effect, suitably can be replaced or be combined.Moreover, as long as the technical characteristic is in this explanation
It is illustrated in book not as necessary technical characteristic, it is possible to appropriate to delete.
Claims (3)
1. a kind of fuel cell system, which is characterized in that including：
Fuel cell unit has the hydrogen supply mouth of hydrogen supply inflow；
Hydrogen supply line is connected with the hydrogen supply mouth；And
Injector is connected to the hydrogen supply line, and hydrogen is supplied to the fuel cell unit by the hydrogen supply line,
It is connected to the hydrogen supply mouth of the hydrogen outlet compared to the fuel cell unit of the injector of the hydrogen supply line
Upside is configured on gravity direction.
2. fuel cell system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
The injector is configured at upside compared to the fuel cell unit on gravity direction.
3. fuel cell system according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that
The hydrogen outlet is configured at downside or equal position compared to the hydrogen entrance of the injector on gravity direction.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2016240085A JP2018097994A (en) | 2016-12-12 | 2016-12-12 | Fuel cell system |
| JP2016-240085 | 2016-12-12 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108232240A true CN108232240A (en) | 2018-06-29 |
Family
ID=62202046
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201711292502.6A Pending CN108232240A (en) | 2016-12-12 | 2017-12-08 | Fuel cell system |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20180166714A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2018097994A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN108232240A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE102017128875A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP7111008B2 (en) * | 2019-01-29 | 2022-08-02 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | fuel cell system |
| JP7136012B2 (en) * | 2019-06-06 | 2022-09-13 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | fuel cell system |
| CN111048818A (en) * | 2019-12-26 | 2020-04-21 | 中山大洋电机股份有限公司 | Fuel cell system |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2005306207A (en) * | 2004-04-21 | 2005-11-04 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Fuel cell vehicle |
| US20060024548A1 (en) * | 2003-07-17 | 2006-02-02 | Rainer Pechtold | Combination of injector-ejector for fuel cell systems |
| CN101542805A (en) * | 2006-11-24 | 2009-09-23 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | Fuel cell system and fuel cell vehicle |
| CN101868878A (en) * | 2007-11-20 | 2010-10-20 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | Fuel cell system |
| JP2010267553A (en) * | 2009-05-18 | 2010-11-25 | Aisan Ind Co Ltd | Fuel gas supply device for fuel cell system |
| JP2016110697A (en) * | 2014-12-02 | 2016-06-20 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Fuel battery system |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4824375B2 (en) * | 2005-09-21 | 2011-11-30 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | In-vehicle fuel cell system |
| JP5124949B2 (en) * | 2006-01-30 | 2013-01-23 | 株式会社エクォス・リサーチ | Fuel cell system |
| KR100735466B1 (en) | 2006-07-05 | 2007-07-03 | 삼성전기주식회사 | Back-light inverter with current detecting function of induction type |
| JP2008190336A (en) * | 2007-02-01 | 2008-08-21 | Toyota Motor Corp | Ejector and fuel cell system provided therewith |
| JP2009117189A (en) * | 2007-11-07 | 2009-05-28 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Control method of fuel cell system |
| KR101610457B1 (en) * | 2014-01-28 | 2016-04-07 | 현대자동차주식회사 | Fuel cell stack manifold with ejector function |
-
2016
- 2016-12-12 JP JP2016240085A patent/JP2018097994A/en active Pending
-
2017
- 2017-12-05 DE DE102017128875.9A patent/DE102017128875A1/en active Pending
- 2017-12-07 US US15/834,579 patent/US20180166714A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2017-12-08 CN CN201711292502.6A patent/CN108232240A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20060024548A1 (en) * | 2003-07-17 | 2006-02-02 | Rainer Pechtold | Combination of injector-ejector for fuel cell systems |
| JP2005306207A (en) * | 2004-04-21 | 2005-11-04 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Fuel cell vehicle |
| CN101542805A (en) * | 2006-11-24 | 2009-09-23 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | Fuel cell system and fuel cell vehicle |
| CN101868878A (en) * | 2007-11-20 | 2010-10-20 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | Fuel cell system |
| JP2010267553A (en) * | 2009-05-18 | 2010-11-25 | Aisan Ind Co Ltd | Fuel gas supply device for fuel cell system |
| JP2016110697A (en) * | 2014-12-02 | 2016-06-20 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Fuel battery system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102017128875A1 (en) | 2018-06-14 |
| US20180166714A1 (en) | 2018-06-14 |
| JP2018097994A (en) | 2018-06-21 |
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| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
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| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |
Application publication date: 20180629 |
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| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |