CN108183213B - Preparation method of ferric oxide/carbon nanotube lithium ion battery cathode material - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a preparation method of a ferric oxide/carbon nano tube lithium ion battery cathode material, which comprises the following steps: firstly, mixing carbon nano tubes and KOH powder, adding the mixture into distilled water, stirring, drying and roasting to obtain activated carbon nano tubes; second, Fe (NO)3)9And C6H12O6The mixed solution of (3) is mixed with the activated CNT dispersion solution and then reacted to obtain Fe2O3and/C/CNT. The invention combines the carbon-coated ferric oxide nano-particles and the carbon nano-tubes together, and can overcome the defects of low conductivity, low specific capacity, low coulombic efficiency and the like when the carbon-coated ferric oxide nano-particles are used as the negative electrode of the lithium ion battery.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an electrode material of a lithium battery, in particular to Fe with high electrochemical performance2O3A preparation method of a/C/CNT lithium ion battery negative electrode material.
Background
With the progress of society and the continuous development of science and technology, energy crisis and environmental pollution become important problems which plague human beings in long-term sustainable survival and development. Energy is the material basis of human survival, and is the source power for the economic growth and development of the world and an important index of the state civilization development degree. Nowadays, due to the huge demand of human society for energy, non-renewable energy sources in nature are exhausted, so that the development and application of energy sources face huge challenges. Under the background, the search for a new green energy source with high energy conversion rate and reproducibility is urgent.
The new energy comprises primary energy such as nuclear energy, solar energy, biomass energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy and the like, hydrogen energy in a secondary power supply and the like. The full utilization of natural energy such as wind energy, tidal energy, solar energy and the like is beneficial to realizing the sustainable development of human society and has important strategic significance. However, in the above natural energy large-scale development process, there is a problem that the energy function is discontinuous, and therefore, an energy storage device matched with the energy storage device is required. The chemical battery is used as a chemical energy and electric energy conversion and storage device which is most widely and conveniently applied and has the least pollution, and plays a significant role and position in the development of the human society. In recent years, due to the demands of space and military use and the rapid development of electronic technology, a chemical power supply with small volume, light weight, high safety, long service life, small environmental negative effect, strong functionality and high energy density is a necessary demand in human sustainable development. The traditional battery can not meet the ever-increasing modern social requirements of human beings due to the problems of low energy density, serious environmental pollution and the like. The lithium ion secondary battery is just a new power supply which is in line with the current energy development form and is created. The lithium ion battery has the characteristics of high energy density, high working voltage, long cycle life, high charging speed, no memory effect, no environmental pollution and the like, so the lithium ion battery is rapidly and widely applied to the energy storage fields of electric automobiles, portable electronic equipment power supplies and the like.
Although the development of lithium ion batteries is mature and the specific capacity of the lithium ion batteries is close to the theoretical specific capacity (300mAh/g) of corresponding materials, the lithium ion batteries still cannot meet the increasing requirements of new batteries for environmental protection and high specific energy, and the development of the next generation of lithium battery cathode materials with high energy density, environmental protection and low cost becomes a problem to be solved. Fe2O3The ferric oxide has the advantages of large specific capacity, no toxicity, environmental friendliness, high safety performance and the like, and the ferric oxide with rich material source and low price is a lithium ion battery cathode material with great development potential. But has the disadvantage of poor conductivity (2X 10) as well as other transition oxides4s/m, 25 ℃), and a volume change of up to 200% accompanying the intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions, so that the electrochemical performance, cycle stability, and rate capability are not ideal. Carbon coated Fe2O3Can effectively relieve the volume expansion of the material in the charging and discharging process, increase the conductivity of the material, and Fe2O3C is a pomegranate-like shell-core structure and CNT has good crystallinity and thus can form a conductive network with excellent conductivity in the electrode. If the two are compounded together (Fe)2O3the/C is compounded in the carbon nano tube) to form a hybrid network structure, the Fe is more favorable2O3The stress effect caused by the volume expansion of the material caused by the reaction of the ferric oxide and the lithium can be improved while the charge transfer of the electrolyte interface is realized, and then the cycle performance and the rate performance of the ferric oxide can be improved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a preparation method of a ferric oxide/carbon nanotube lithium ion battery cathode material. Firstly, KOH and carbon nano tubes are uniformly mixed, the mixture is thermally treated by a tube furnace to achieve the effect of activating the carbon nano tubes, and then a hydrothermal method is adopted to prepare Fe with high electrochemical performance2O3The negative electrode material of the/C/CNT lithium ion battery. The invention improves the capacity of the electrode by compounding the carbon nano tube and the carbon-coated ferric oxide.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
the preparation method of the ferric oxide/carbon nano tube lithium ion battery cathode material comprises the following steps
First, preparing activated carbon nanotubes
(1) Mixing the carbon nano tube and KOH powder, adding the mixture into distilled water, and stirring for 20-40 minutes; wherein, the mass ratio of the carbon nano tube: adding 4-6g of KOH powder into every 100mL of distilled water, wherein the ratio of the KOH powder to the KOH powder is 1: 4-6;
(2) drying the product obtained in the step (1) in air at the temperature of 100-150 ℃;
(3) putting the product obtained in the step (2) into a horizontal tube furnace by using a ceramic boat, introducing nitrogen at the speed of 240 plus 280ml/min, heating to 850 ℃ at the speed of 2-5 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 1-2 hours, cooling to room temperature, and taking out; then washing the mixture with distilled water to be neutral; drying in air at the temperature of 100 ℃ and 150 ℃ for 12-20 h; obtaining the activated carbon nanotube;
second step, Fe2O3Preparation of/C/CNT
(1) Mixing Fe (NO)3)9And C6H12O6Adding into deionized water, and stirring for 30-40 min; wherein, 1.5-4.0g Fe (NO) is added into every 80mL deionized water3)3·9H2O; mass ratio of Fe (NO)3)3·9H2O and C6H12O61: 0.74-0.78; dispersing the activated CNT in deionized water, and stirring for 30-40 min; wherein, 0.16-0.17g of activated CNT is added into every 40mL of deionized water;
(2) pouring the solution obtained in the step (2) into the solution obtained in the step (1), stirring for 30-35min, and performing ultrasonic dispersion for 1-1.5 h; wherein the mass ratio of activated CNT: fe (NO)3)3·9H2O=1:5.5-5.6;
(3) Placing the solution obtained in the step (3) in a polytetrafluoroethylene reaction kettle lining, and reacting for 9-10h in a constant temperature box at 190-; finally, centrifugally dispersing, and drying the obtained solid to obtain Fe2O3/C/CNT.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) in the design process of the invention, in order to solve the problems of high conductivity and poor high stability of the conventional lithium battery cathode material, the invention provides a hydrothermal method for compounding iron oxide and a carbon nano tube. The hydrothermal method has the advantages of high product purity, good dispersion, easy control of particle size and the like, so that substances which are difficult to dissolve or insoluble are dissolved and recrystallized under common conditions. The ferric oxide generated by the hydrothermal reaction is spherical, the size is 300-500 nm, particles are stacked or aggregated together, the whole product is seriously aggregated, but Fe prepared by the hydrothermal reaction method2O3the/C/CNT enables Fe of a spherical shell-core structure2O3the/C is attached to the carbon nanotube. So the CNT can play a role of dispersing and carrying the ferric oxide, thereby overcoming the defect that the ferric oxide is easy to agglomerate.
(2) In the design process of the invention, the structural problem in the lithium battery cathode material is fully considered. The nano ferric oxide as the negative electrode material provides more lithium intercalation positions according to the nano structure so that the lithium intercalation capacity is as high as 931 mAh/g. Because the nano material is agglomerated in the process of charging and discharging, the amplitude of the capacity attenuation of each cycle is stronger along with the increase of the charging times. The structural advantage is lost, resulting in a decrease in cycle performance stability. After the CNT is introduced, the expansion, pulverization and agglomeration of the iron oxide in the discharge process are prevented or delayed to a certain extent, so that the cycling stability of the iron oxide is improved, and a point electron channel is provided.
The significant progress of the process of the invention compared with the prior art is as follows
Compared with the prior art that CNIO4505498A adopts a floating catalytic chemical vapor deposition method, the hydrothermal method is simple, fast and safe to synthesize, the medicines adopted in the experiment are basically non-toxic and harmless to human bodies, and the potential safety hazard in the experiment process is small. The floating catalyzed chemical vapor deposition process requires the use of thiophene as an accelerator, which is flammable and toxic and can cause poisoning by absorption through the skin or by vapors. When the vertical furnace is used as a reactor, argon needs to be replaced by hydrogen, so that the requirement on an experimenter is increased, and meanwhile, potential safety hazards exist. When the two are compounded together, a small amount of substances are respectively suspended in water to form no composite structure. The hydrothermal method has a drying process to enable the two materials to be compounded again, so that the diffusion of the CNT is inhibited. Compared with ferric oxide/carbon nano tubes, the ferric oxide/carbon nano tubes can better improve the defects of the ferric oxide, improve the success rate of experiments and improve the cyclicity and rate capability of materials. Because carbon also has the characteristics of good conductivity, high stability, flexibility and the like, if the ferric oxide is compounded with the carbon, the excellent conductivity of the graphite can be utilized to make up for the defect of the conductivity of the ferric oxide, and the carbon can be utilized to inhibit the volume expansion effect of the ferric oxide and inhibit the defect of easy agglomeration of the ferric oxide.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the iron trioxide/carbon nanotubes (Fe) obtained in example 12O3Low power SEM image of/CNT)
FIG. 2 shows the iron trioxide/carbon nanotubes (Fe) obtained in example 12O3/CNT) XRD pattern
FIG. 3 shows the iron trioxide/carbon nanotubes (Fe) obtained in example 12O3/CNT) as first-round charge-discharge of lithium ion negative electrode materialGraph of the electrical curve.
Detailed Description
Example 1
1. Preparation of activated carbon nanotubes
(1) Weighing 1g of Carbon Nano Tube (CNT) (purified and with the particle size of 30-50nm) and 4g of KOH (with the ratio of 1:4) by using an electronic scale, putting the Carbon Nano Tube (CNT) and the KOH into an agate mortar, grinding and uniformly mixing the Carbon Nano Tube (CNT) and the KOH, pouring the mixture into a 150ml beaker, adding 100ml of distilled water, mixing, and stirring by using a magnetic stirrer for 30 min;
(2) drying the product obtained in the step (1) in air at 100 ℃ for 24h by using a drying oven, and completely evaporating the water in the mixture to obtain a dried mixture;
(3) putting the product obtained in the step (2) into a horizontal tube furnace by using a ceramic boat, introducing nitrogen at 240ml/min, heating to 850 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 1 hour, cooling to room temperature, taking out, activating the carbon nano tube by KOH at the moment, and embedding the KOH into the tube wall of the carbon nano tube;
(4) in the presence of KOH, the carbon nano tube obtained in the step (3) is alkaline, so that the product is put into a centrifuge tube, added with deionized water, shaken uniformly and put into a centrifuge to be centrifuged for 10min at the rotating speed of 6000r/min, and the activated carbon nano tube is washed to be neutral by repeatedly centrifuging for 6 times;
(5) then putting the centrifugal product into a constant-temperature drying box, and drying for 12h at 100 ℃ in the air atmosphere;
(6) and collecting and grinding by using a mortar to obtain activated carbon nanotube powder.
2.Fe2O3Preparation of/C/CNT
(1) 2.42g Fe (NO) is weighed by an electronic scale3)3,1.8g C6H12O6. Measuring 80ml of deionized water by using a 100ml measuring cylinder, mixing in a beaker, and stirring for 30min by using a magnetic stirrer to uniformly mix;
(2) weighing 40ml of deionized water by using a measuring cylinder, dispersing the activated CNT in 40ml of deionized water by using a beaker, and stirring for 30min by using a magnetic stirrer;
(3) pouring the mixture obtained in the step (2) into the step (1), stirring for 30min, and then ultrasonically dispersing for 1h by using an ultrasonic machine;
(4) placing the product obtained in the step (3) in a polytetrafluoroethylene reaction kettle lining, and reacting for 9 hours at 190 ℃ in a constant temperature box;
(5) pouring the product obtained in the step (4) into a centrifuge tube, adding deionized water, shaking uniformly, putting into a centrifuge, centrifuging for 10min at the rotating speed of 6000r/min, repeatedly centrifuging for 6 times, and pouring out supernatant to obtain Fe2O3Putting the/C/CNT in a constant-temperature drying box, and drying at 60 ℃ for 12;
(6) grinding and collecting the product obtained in the step (5) by using an agate mortar to obtain powdery Fe2O3/C/CNT。
3. Electrochemical performance test
Testing Fe at room temperature (25 + -1) ° C2O3Electrochemical Properties of/C/CNT electrode, Fe to be prepared2O3Uniformly mixing the/C/CNT powder, PVDF and BC in a mass ratio of 8:1:1 in an N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solution, grinding for a certain time to prepare slurry with appropriate viscosity, uniformly coating the slurry on a Cu foil, drying for 4 hours in vacuum at 60 ℃, and cutting into pieces to obtain the negative pole piece. The electrochemical performance test adopts a button cell, a metal lithium sheet as a counter electrode, a lithium ion battery is suitable for electrolyte, and a polypropylene film is adopted as a diaphragm. The cell assembly was performed in a glove box filled with argon. Adopts Shenzhen Xinweigong CT-4008 type multi-channel battery tester to test Fe under constant temperature condition (25 ℃) in a laboratory2O3the/C/CNT nanocomposite negative electrode material is tested.
Example 2
Otherwise, the same as example 1 except that Fe was prepared in the second step2O3The step (4) of the/CNT material is placed in a polytetrafluoroethylene reaction kettle lining and reacted for 9 hours at 210 ℃ in a thermostat.
Example 3
Otherwise, the same as example 1 except that Fe was prepared in the second step2O3The step (4) of the/CNT material is placed in a polytetrafluoroethylene reaction kettle lining and reacted for 9 hours at 230 ℃ in a thermostat.
FIG. 1 shows the iron trioxide/carbon nanotubes (Fe) obtained in example 12O3/CNT) low power SEM images. From XRD pattern, it can be found that Fe is successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method2O3And carbon nanotube composite material
FIG. 2 shows the iron trioxide/carbon nanotubes (Fe) obtained in example 12O3XRD pattern of/C/CNT). As can be seen from the SEM image, the carbon-coated iron sesquioxide pellets are uniformly attached to the surface of the carbon nano tube, which shows that the shell-core-shaped iron sesquioxide pellets are successfully compounded on the surface of the carbon nano tube, and the composite material has good conductivity, coulombic efficiency and higher capacity.
This shows that the present invention does not simply compound the carbon nanotube and the carbon-coated iron sesquioxide, but successfully attaches the carbon-coated iron sesquioxide particles to the wall of the carbon nanotube. The invention combines the carbon-coated ferric oxide nano-particles and the carbon nano-tubes together, and can overcome the defects of low conductivity, low specific capacity, low coulombic efficiency and the like when the carbon-coated ferric oxide nano-particles are used as the negative electrode of the lithium ion battery.
FIG. 3 shows the iron trioxide/carbon nanotubes (Fe) obtained in example 12O3/C/CNT) first round charge-discharge curve as lithium ion negative electrode material. From a charge-discharge diagram, the Fe2O3/C/CNT serving as the lithium ion battery cathode material shows high specific capacity reaching 920mAh/g during charge and discharge in the first circle.
The test conditions are as follows: assembling the button cell: the assembly of the button cells was carried out in a glove box filled with argon and having a humidity of less than 4%. The method comprises the following steps of sequentially carrying out the steps of an anode shell, an electrode plate, a diaphragm, electrolyte, a metal lithium sheet, a gasket, a spring piece and a cathode shell. And after the assembly is finished, compacting and sealing the assembled button cell by using a tablet press. Wherein the diaphragm is Celgard 2300 film, and the electrolyte is LiPF with 1mol/L6The volume ratio of the mixed system of Ethylene Carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and diethyl carbonate (EMC) is 1:1:1, and the model of the button battery case is CR 2025. The battery case, the gasket and the spring piece are respectively soaked by deionized water and absolute ethyl alcohol before use, cleaned by ultrasonic waves, and put into gloves after being completely driedAnd (5) reserving in the box. Standing the assembled battery for 12h, and then carrying out Fe alignment on the Shenzhen New Weigong CT-4008 type multi-channel battery tester under constant temperature condition (25 ℃) in a laboratory3O4the/C/CNT nanocomposite negative electrode material is tested. The current density of the constant current circulation test is 100mA/g, and the circulation times are 200 times.
The invention is not the best known technology.
Claims (1)
1. A preparation method of ferric oxide/carbon nano tube lithium ion battery cathode material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
first, preparing activated carbon nanotubes
(1) Mixing the carbon nano tube and KOH powder, adding the mixture into distilled water, and stirring for 20-40 minutes; wherein, the mass ratio of the carbon nano tube: adding 4-6g of KOH powder into every 100mL of distilled water, wherein the ratio of the KOH powder to the KOH powder is 1: 4-6;
(2) drying the product obtained in the step (1) in air at the temperature of 100-150 ℃;
(3) putting the product obtained in the step (2) into a horizontal tube furnace by using a ceramic boat, introducing nitrogen at the speed of 240 plus 280ml/min, heating to 850 ℃ at the speed of 2-5 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 1-2 hours, cooling to room temperature, and taking out; then washing the mixture with distilled water to be neutral; drying in air at the temperature of 100 ℃ and 150 ℃ for 12-20 h; obtaining the activated carbon nanotube;
second step, Fe2O3Preparation of/C/CNT
(1) Mixing Fe (NO)3) 3 · 9H2O and C6H12O6Adding into deionized water, and stirring for 30-40 min; wherein, 1.5-4.0g Fe (NO) is added into every 80mL deionized water3)3·9H2O; mass ratio of Fe (NO)3)3·9H2O and C6H12O61: 0.74-0.78; dispersing the activated CNT in deionized water, and stirring for 30-40 min; wherein, 0.16-0.17g of activated CNT is added into every 40mL of deionized water;
(2) pouring the solution obtained in the step (2) into the solution obtained in the step (1), stirring for 30-35min, and performing ultrasonic dispersion for 1-1.5 h; wherein the mass ratio of activated CNT: fe (NO)3)3·9H2O=1:5.5-5.6;
(3) Placing the solution obtained in the step (3) in a polytetrafluoroethylene reaction kettle lining, and reacting for 9-10h in a constant temperature box at 190-; finally, centrifugally dispersing, and drying the obtained solid to obtain Fe2O3/C/CNT;
Wherein, the carbon-coated ferric oxide particles are attached to the tube wall of the carbon nano tube.
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