CN108168727B - Low-temperature thermometer based on scintillation crystal and temperature calibration and measurement method thereof - Google Patents
Low-temperature thermometer based on scintillation crystal and temperature calibration and measurement method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN108168727B CN108168727B CN201711448563.7A CN201711448563A CN108168727B CN 108168727 B CN108168727 B CN 108168727B CN 201711448563 A CN201711448563 A CN 201711448563A CN 108168727 B CN108168727 B CN 108168727B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/20—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using thermoluminescent materials
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K15/00—Testing or calibrating of thermometers
- G01K15/005—Calibration
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of radiation detection, and particularly relates to a low-temperature thermometer based on a scintillation crystal and a temperature calibration and measurement method thereof. The device comprises a temperature measurement module, a power supply module, a signal collection and calculation module and a data acquisition and display module; the temperature measurement module comprises a light shield, a photoelectric device and a signal amplification module, a scintillation crystal, a radioactive isotope source, a metal sheet, the scintillation crystal, the photoelectric device and the signal amplification module, which are sequentially coaxially coupled from bottom to top and are positioned in the light shield; the power supply module is respectively connected with the upper photoelectric device, the lower photoelectric device and the signal amplification module; the input end of the signal collection and calculation module is respectively connected with the output ends of the upper photoelectric device, the lower photoelectric device and the signal amplification module; the output end of the signal collecting and calculating module is connected with the data collecting and displaying module. Provides a new solution for temperature detection in an extremely low temperature environment in the universe.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of radiation detection, and particularly relates to a low-temperature thermometer based on a scintillation crystal.
Background
Temperature is one of the most basic physical dimensions, is an important attribute for evaluating materials and environment, is indispensable in production and life, and therefore, effective monitoring of temperature is extremely necessary. As a device capable of monitoring the temperature, the thermometer is widely applied to production, life and scientific research. In recent years, with the progress of research on the universe, thermometers capable of detecting extreme environments in the universe, particularly extreme low-temperature environments, have been required.
For the temperature detection of the extreme environment of the universe, the robustness of long-time work in the extreme low-temperature and strong radiation environment and the detection accuracy of low temperature are particularly important. This requires that the thermometer be radiation resistant, low temperature resistant, and at the same time have a sufficiently high sensitivity at low temperatures, i.e. the signal should increase rather than decrease with decreasing temperature.
Common thermometers can be divided into a gas thermometer, a resistance thermometer, an infrared thermometer, a thermocouple thermometer, a high-temperature thermometer, a pointer thermometer, a glass tube thermometer and the like, and the thermometers have various advantages and have a disadvantage that the thermometers often cannot work well at extremely low temperature, and meanwhile, the working state of the thermometers is easily influenced by the extreme radiation environment in the universe. This is related to the principle of their temperature measurement: the thermometer which takes the phenomenon of expansion with heat and contraction with cold of solid, liquid and gas under the influence of temperature as a principle reduces the volume change and reduces the sensitivity after the medium is liquefied or solidified at extremely low temperature; the thermometer which utilizes the thermoelectric effect as the principle has high requirements on the circuit connection among elements, thereby limiting the use of the thermometer in a complex environment and ensuring that the heat radiation is difficult to detect under the condition of extremely low temperature; therefore, new solutions are needed for temperature detection in extremely low temperature environments in the universe.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a low-temperature thermometer based on a scintillation crystal, which can realize good temperature detection in an extreme low-temperature environment, and also provides a temperature calibration and temperature measurement method based on the thermometer.
Scintillation crystals have found many applications in the field of radiation detection as objects capable of producing scintillation signals. However, the application of the scintillation crystal in the radiation detection field is mostly carried out in a normal temperature environment, and is rarely carried out at an extremely low temperature, and the application potential of the scintillation crystal at the low temperature is rarely discovered.
Many scintillation crystals experience a reduction in thermal motion of the crystal lattice at low temperatures due to the temperature drop, and the energy consumption due to the thermal motion is significantly reduced, so that more energy is output in the form of scintillation light, and the lower the temperature, the stronger the light output signal (see fig. 1). Scintillation crystals possessing such properties have natural advantages over other thermometers in their use as a cryostat. Meanwhile, a low-temperature thermometer which is manufactured by using the principle that the light emission of the scintillator changes along with the temperature at low temperature as the principle has not been reported yet.
The invention provides a low-temperature thermometer based on a scintillation crystal, which is characterized in that: the device comprises a temperature measurement module, a power supply module, a signal collection and calculation module and a data acquisition and display module;
the temperature measuring module comprises a light shield, and a photoelectric device, a signal amplifying module, a scintillation crystal, a radioactive isotope source, a metal sheet, a scintillation crystal, a photoelectric device and a signal amplifying module which are coaxially coupled in sequence from bottom to top in the light shield;
the power supply module is respectively connected with the upper photoelectric device, the lower photoelectric device and the signal amplification module;
the input end of the signal collecting and calculating module is respectively connected with the output ends of the upper photoelectric device, the lower photoelectric device and the signal amplifying module;
the output end of the signal collecting and calculating module is connected with the data collecting and displaying module.
The scintillation crystal is arranged on the upper surface and the lower surface, wherein the scintillation crystal which is directly contacted and coupled with the radioactive isotope source has the function of receiving the radiation of the environment and the radioactive isotope source and converting the radiation into an optical signal; the scintillation crystal in direct contact with the metal sheet is used for receiving radiation in the environment and converting radiation signals into optical signals, and therefore the signal size of the radiation of the radioactive isotope can be obtained by processing the signals of the two scintillation crystals.
Preferably, for long-term applications in strong radiation environments, the scintillation crystal material is a semiconductor whose forbidden band width should be greater than 2.2 eV.
Preferably, the radioisotope source is in the form of a film having a lateral dimension smaller than that of the scintillation crystal, the photoelectric device, the signal amplification module, and the metal plate.
Preferably, the lateral dimensions of the scintillation crystal, the optoelectronic device and the signal amplification module and the metal sheet are the same.
Preferably, the radioisotope source is a heavy ion isotope source, and the generated particles can fully deposit energy in the scintillation crystal and make the scintillation crystal emit light, and cannot penetrate through the metal sheet; the activity of the radioisotope source is greater than 1000 Bq.
Preferably, the thickness of the radioisotope source is less than 100 μm; the thickness of the scintillation crystal is 1-5 mm; the thickness of the metal sheet is 0.2-2 mm.
The invention also provides a method for calibrating the low-temperature thermometer based on the scintillation crystal, which comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: placing the temperature measuring module in a low-temperature chamber;
step two: for low temperatureVacuumizing the room until the air pressure in the low-temperature room is lower than 1 x 10-4After Pa, starting a power supply module, and applying voltage to the optoelectronic device and the signal amplification module to enable the optoelectronic device and the signal amplification module to enter a working mode;
step three: recording signal data displayed on the signal collecting and calculating module and the temperature displayed by the low-temperature chamber;
step four: operating the low-temperature chamber, controlling the temperature in the low-temperature chamber, enabling the system to work in different temperature environments, recording corresponding signal data on the signal collecting and calculating module at different temperatures, and determining the relationship that the signal intensity monotonically increases along with the decrease of the temperature, so that the signal data correspond to the temperature;
step five: keeping the air pressure unchanged, recovering the normal temperature, and repeating the third step and the fourth step to ensure that the relation between the obtained signal data and the temperature is credible;
step six: and inputting the relationship between the signal data and the temperature in the step five into the data acquisition and display module, and setting in a program to correct the relationship according to the use time and the attenuation condition of the radioisotope source, so that the data acquisition and display module can correctly output the temperature data.
Preferably, the signal collection and calculation module in step three collects signals in a manner that depends on the activity of the radioisotope source, and when the activity of the radioisotope source is less than a set value, the signal collection and calculation module is in a pulse mode; and when the activity of the radioisotope source is greater than a set value, adjusting the signal collection and calculation module to be in a current working mode.
The invention also provides a temperature measuring method using the low-temperature thermometer based on the scintillation crystal, which comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: the scintillation crystal which is directly contacted and coupled with the radioactive isotope source receives the radiation of the environment and the radioactive isotope source and converts the radiation into an optical signal; the scintillation crystal which is directly contacted with the metal sheet receives radiation in the environment and converts a radiation signal into an optical signal;
step two: the signal collecting and calculating module collects the two paths of optical signals in the step one and subtracts the two paths of optical signals to obtain a net signal;
step three: the data acquisition and display module counts the net signals output by the signal collection and calculation module and converts the net signals into temperature data to be displayed or output.
Preferably, the signal collection and calculation module in the second step is configured to collect the signal in a manner that depends on the activity of the radioisotope source, and when the activity of the radioisotope source is less than a predetermined value, the signal collection and calculation module is in a pulse mode; and when the activity of the radioisotope source is greater than a set value, adjusting the signal collection and calculation module to be in a current working mode.
The principle of the invention is as follows:
under the low temperature condition, the luminescence of a plurality of scintillation crystals can be greatly enhanced, and the lower the temperature is, the greater the enhancement amplitude is, so that the property of the luminescence sensitive to the temperature enables the scintillation crystals to have considerable light output at the extremely low temperature, and the scintillation crystals are suitable for being used as a low-temperature detector.
The wide bandgap semiconductor has the characteristic of radiation resistance, and is suitable for application in complex environments in the universe.
The radioactive isotope emits radioactive particles at every moment, the radioactive isotope source with medium (or long) half-life period is adopted, the excitation source is stable, the service life is long, manual extra maintenance is not needed, and only a program needs to be set to consider the attenuation condition of the radioactive isotope source to correct the result.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention provides a low-temperature thermometer based on a scintillation crystal, wherein the lower the temperature is, the stronger the signal is, and compared with other thermometers, the low-temperature thermometer is more suitable for measuring the environment temperature at extremely low temperature;
2. the key part of the low-temperature thermometer based on the scintillation crystal is the scintillation crystal which is often used as a radiation detection material, the material of the low-temperature thermometer is a wide-bandgap semiconductor, and the low-temperature thermometer is radiation-resistant, and is more suitable for temperature measurement in a harsh environment in the universe compared with other thermometers;
3. the invention adopts the radioactive isotope source with medium (or long) half-life period, is a stable excitation source, has long service life, does not need manual additional maintenance, and only needs to set a program to consider the attenuation condition of the radioactive isotope source to correct the result.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of the variation of the luminescence intensity of a typical scintillation crystal with temperature;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a structure of a scintillation crystal-based thermometer of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the calibration of the thermometer of FIG. 2;
the reference numbers in the figures are: the system comprises a 1-radioactive isotope source, a 2-scintillation crystal, a 3-photoelectric device and signal amplification module, a 4-signal collection and calculation module, a 5-power module, a 6-light shield, a 7-metal sheet, an 8-data acquisition and display module and a 9-low-temperature chamber.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the following figures and specific embodiments.
As can be seen from fig. 2, the low temperature thermometer based on a scintillation crystal in this embodiment mainly includes a radioisotope source 1, a scintillation crystal 2, a photoelectric device and signal amplification module 3, a signal collection and calculation module 4, a power supply module 5, a light shield 6, a metal sheet 7, and a data acquisition and display module 8.
The radioisotope source 1 is a thin film, the thickness of the thin film is lower than 100 mu m, the transverse dimension (namely the size of a sheet layer) is not limited and is smaller than the transverse dimensions of the scintillation crystal 2, the photoelectric device, the signal amplification module 3 and the metal sheet 7; the lateral dimensions of the scintillation crystal 2, the optoelectronic device and signal amplification module 3 and the metal sheet 7 should be identical. The thicknesses of the upper scintillation crystal 2 and the lower scintillation crystal 2 are also completely the same, and the thicknesses are 1-5 mm; the thickness of the metal sheet 7 is 0.2-2 mm.
Wherein the radioisotope source 1 is a heavy ion isotope source (including but not limited to241Am、243Am、242Cm、244Cm、226Ra, etc.) depending on the type of particle produced and the half-life, the particles produced should be heavy ions of weak permeability, so that they can deposit and emit all the energy in the scintillation crystal 2Light, and meanwhile, the light cannot penetrate through the metal sheet 7 due to weak penetrating power; the material half-life depends on the desired time of use of the thermometer, and typically the half-life should be over 20 years, and if longer life is desired for the thermometer, a longer half-life nuclide should be used.
The activity of the radioisotope source 1 should be at least 1000Bq, and when the activity of the radioisotope source 1 is low (for example, the activity is less than 1 curie), the optoelectronic device and signal amplification module 3, the signal collection and calculation module 4 and the data acquisition and display module 8 operate in a pulse mode; when the activity of the radioisotope source 1 is high (for example, the activity is greater than 1 curie), the optoelectronic device and signal amplification module 3, the signal collection and calculation module 4, and the data acquisition and display module 8 operate in a current mode, and different data acquisition schemes are provided according to different modes, which will be explained in a specific working process.
The scintillation crystal 2 is arranged on the upper surface and the lower surface, wherein the scintillation crystal 2 directly contacted and coupled with the radioactive isotope source 1 is used for receiving the radiation of the environment and the radioactive isotope source 1 and converting the radiation into an optical signal; the scintillation crystals 2 in direct contact with the metal sheet 7 are used for receiving radiation in the environment and converting radiation signals into optical signals, so that the signal size of the radiation of the radioisotope 1 can be obtained by processing the signals of the two scintillation crystals 2; therefore, the materials of the upper and lower scintillation crystals 2 should be identical, and the scintillation properties should also be identical. The material of the scintillation crystal 2 should be a wide bandgap (bandgap width greater than 2.2eV) semiconductor such as silicon carbide (SiC), gallium nitride (GaN), zinc oxide (ZnO), diamond, aluminum nitride (AlN) and gallium oxide (Ga)2O3) The material has wide forbidden band width, high heat conductivity and radiation resistance, and is more suitable for long-time application in a strong radiation environment; meanwhile, the luminous intensity of the material is monotonically increased along with the reduction of the temperature. The photoelectric device and signal amplification module 3 collects the scintillation signals of the scintillation crystal 2, converts the scintillation signals into electric signals, amplifies the electric signals, and adjusts the amplification factor according to actual conditions.
The signal collecting and calculating module 4 is used for collecting the two paths of signals and subtracting the two paths of signals to obtain a net signal. The power module 5 is used for supplying power to the photoelectric device and the signal amplification module 3. The light shield 6 is used for shielding ambient light and heavy ion radiation in the environment and uniformly transmitting the external temperature to the scintillation crystal 2, and the material is a substance with good heat conduction and stable physicochemical property. The metal sheet 7 is used for separating the radioactive isotope source 1 from the scintillation crystal 2 above the radioactive isotope source, preventing heavy ion radiation emitted by the radioactive isotope source 1 from influencing the scintillation crystal 2 above the radioactive isotope source, shielding the luminescence of the two scintillation crystals, enabling the luminescence of the two scintillation crystals not to be influenced mutually, and simultaneously playing a role in heat conduction. The data acquisition and display module 8 is used for counting the net signals output by the signal collection and calculation module 4 and converting the net signals into temperature data for display or output.
The procedure for calibrating the thermometer is as follows (illustrated by way of example in FIG. 3):
1: the radioactive isotope source 1, the scintillation crystal 2, the photoelectric device and signal amplification module 3 and the metal sheet 7 are in contact coupling according to the sequence of figure 2, the geometric centers of the modules are ensured to be positioned on the same central axis, and the modules are covered with the light shield 6 and packaged.
2: the light shield 6 with the radioisotope source 1, the scintillation crystal 2, the optoelectronic device and signal amplification module 3 and the metal sheet 7 is placed in the low temperature chamber 9 and the cables are connected as shown in fig. 3.
3: vacuumizing the low-temperature chamber 9 until the air pressure in the low-temperature chamber 9 is lower than 1 x 10-4After Pa, the power module 5 is turned on, and a voltage is applied to the optoelectronic device and the signal amplification module 3, so that the optoelectronic device and the signal amplification module enter a working mode.
The low-temperature chamber 9 is vacuumized to at least 1 × 10-4Pa magnitude, the higher the vacuum, the easier it is to achieve low temperature, while the lower the temperature on the system is easier to maintain.
4: recording the signal data displayed on the signal collection and calculation module 4 and the temperature displayed in the low-temperature chamber 9;
the signal collection method is explained here:
the signal collection mode depends on the activity of the source, and when the activity of the source is low, the system is in a pulse operation mode, and the signal collection mode is performedAnd the calculation module 4 functions as a multichannel analyzer, counts the total charge of each pulse, and calculates the total charge by comparing a plurality of>105) Accumulating the pulses, outputting a magnitude spectrum of the signal, and determining therefrom a peak track address P at the temperature T0 (T0); when the activity of the source is high (>1 curie), the system can be considered to be adjusted to a current working mode, at this time, the signal collecting and calculating module 4 counts the currents output by the two photoelectric devices and the signal amplifying module 3, performs subtraction, eliminates the environmental background, obtains a net signal current I (T0) at the temperature of T0, and inputs the net signal current I to the data collecting and displaying module.
5: and operating the low-temperature chamber 9, controlling the temperature in the low-temperature chamber, enabling the system to work in different temperature environments, recording peak channel addresses or net signal currents at different temperatures, determining the monotonous rising relation of signal intensity along with temperature reduction, and enabling the peak channel addresses (or signal currents) to correspond to the temperatures.
The system should take measurements after the temperature in the cold room 9 has stabilized.
6: keeping the air pressure unchanged, recovering the normal temperature, and repeating the steps 4-5 to ensure that the relation between the obtained peak value address (or signal current) and the temperature is credible.
7: the relationship between the peak track address (or signal current) and the temperature in step 6 is input to the data acquisition and display module 8, and the data acquisition and display module 8 can correct the relationship according to the use time and the attenuation condition of the radioisotope source 1 by setting in the program, so that the data acquisition and display module 8 can correctly output the temperature data.
8: after returning to room temperature, the atmospheric pressure was returned.
Claims (10)
1. A scintillation crystal based cryostat, characterised in that: comprises a temperature measuring module, a power supply module (5), a signal collecting and calculating module (4) and a data collecting and displaying module (8);
the temperature measurement module comprises a light shield (6), and a photoelectric device and signal amplification module (3), a scintillation crystal (2), a radioactive isotope source (1), a metal sheet (7), the scintillation crystal (2), the photoelectric device and signal amplification module (3) which are sequentially and coaxially coupled from bottom to top and are positioned in the light shield (6);
the power supply module (5) is respectively connected with the upper photoelectric device, the lower photoelectric device and the signal amplification module (3);
the input end of the signal collecting and calculating module (4) is respectively connected with the output ends of the upper photoelectric device, the lower photoelectric device and the signal amplifying module (3);
the output end of the signal collection and calculation module (4) is connected with the data acquisition and display module (8).
2. The scintillation crystal-based cryostat of claim 1, wherein: the scintillation crystal (2) is made of a semiconductor with a forbidden band width larger than 2.2 eV.
3. The scintillation crystal-based cryostat of claim 2, wherein: the radioactive isotope source (1) is in the shape of a film, and the transverse dimension of the radioactive isotope source is smaller than that of the scintillation crystal (2), the photoelectric device, the signal amplification module (3) and the metal sheet (7).
4. The scintillation crystal-based cryostat of claim 3, wherein: the transverse sizes of the scintillation crystal (2), the photoelectric device, the signal amplification module (3) and the metal sheet (7) are the same.
5. The scintillation crystal-based cryostat of claim 4, wherein: the radioactive isotope source (1) is a heavy ion isotope source, and the generated particles can completely deposit energy in the scintillation crystal (2) and enable the scintillation crystal (2) to emit light and cannot penetrate through the metal sheet (7); the activity of the radioisotope source (1) is greater than 1000 Bq.
6. The scintillation crystal-based cryostat of claim 5, wherein: the thickness of the radioisotope source (1) is less than 100 μm; the thickness of the scintillation crystal (2) is 1-5 mm; the thickness of the metal sheet (7) is 0.2-2 mm.
7. Method for calibrating a scintillation crystal based cryostat according to any of claims 1 to 6, comprising the steps of:
the method comprises the following steps: placing the temperature measuring module in a low-temperature chamber (9);
step two: the interior of the low-temperature chamber (9) is vacuumized until the air pressure in the low-temperature chamber (9) is lower than 1 x 10-4After Pa, the power supply module (5) is started, and voltage is applied to the optoelectronic device and the signal amplification module (3) to enable the optoelectronic device and the signal amplification module to enter a working mode;
step three: recording the signal data displayed on the signal collection and calculation module (4) and the temperature displayed by the low-temperature chamber (9);
step four: operating the low-temperature chamber (9), controlling the temperature in the low-temperature chamber (9), enabling the system to work in different temperature environments, recording corresponding signal data on the signal collecting and calculating module (4) at different temperatures, and determining the relationship that the signal intensity monotonically increases along with the decrease of the temperature, so that the signal data correspond to the temperature;
step five: keeping the air pressure unchanged, recovering the normal temperature, and repeating the third step and the fourth step to ensure that the relation between the obtained signal data and the temperature is credible;
step six: and inputting the relationship between the signal data and the temperature in the step five into the data acquisition and display module (8), and setting in a program to correct the relationship according to the use time and the attenuation condition of the radioisotope source (1), so that the data acquisition and display module (8) can correctly output the temperature data.
8. The method of calibrating a scintillation crystal based thermometer according to claim 7, wherein the method further comprises the steps of:
in the third step, the signal collection mode of the signal collection and calculation module (4) depends on the activity of the radioisotope source (1), and when the activity of the radioisotope source (1) is less than a set value, the signal collection and calculation module (4) is in a pulse working mode; and when the activity of the radioisotope source (1) is greater than a set value, adjusting the signal collection and calculation module (4) to be in a current working mode.
9. Method for measuring the temperature using a scintillation crystal based cryostat according to any of the claims 1-6, characterised in that it comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: the scintillation crystal (2) which is directly contacted and coupled with the radioactive isotope source (1) receives the radiation of the environment and the radioactive isotope source (1) and converts the radiation into an optical signal; the scintillation crystal (2) which is in direct contact with the metal sheet (7) receives radiation in the environment and converts a radiation signal into an optical signal;
step two: the signal collection and calculation module (4) collects the two optical signals in the step one and subtracts the two optical signals to obtain a net signal;
step three: and the data acquisition and display module (8) counts the net signals output by the signal collection and calculation module (4) and converts the net signals into temperature data to display or output.
10. The method of claim 9 for measuring temperature using the scintillation crystal based thermometer of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein: in the second step, the signal collection mode of the signal collection and calculation module (4) depends on the activity of the radioisotope source (1), and when the activity of the radioisotope source (1) is smaller than a set value, the signal collection and calculation module (4) is in a pulse working mode; and when the activity of the radioisotope source (1) is greater than a set value, adjusting the signal collection and calculation module (4) to be in a current working mode.
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