CN108126518B - A kind of Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free treatment process - Google Patents
A kind of Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free treatment process Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
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Abstract
The invention belongs to Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free processing technology field in fine chemistry industry, a kind of Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free treatment process.A kind of Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free treatment process, specially a kind of Cyanuric Chloride chloride containing cyanogen, chlorine tail gas hazard-free treatment process, the middle pernicious gas of Cyanuric Chloride is through methyl hydride combustion, ammonia catalysis two-step reaction removal, it is absorbed again through water, obtain environmental-friendly carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water new process, it is remarkably improved vent gas treatment efficiency and quality, while saving processing step and production equipment realizes innoxious purpose.More existing common process tail gas treatment process equipment is simple, and alkali lye consumption is few, at low cost, high treating effect.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free processing technology fields in fine chemistry industry, are related to a kind of Cyanuric Chloride tail
Gas harmless treatment process.
Include in Cyanuric Chloride tail gas unreacted chlorine cyanogen monomer cyanogen chloride, uncooled crystallization Cyanuric Chloride and back
The toxic gases such as the chlorine excessively put into technique, present invention relates particularly to carry out methyl hydride combustion-ammonia to Cyanuric Chloride tail gas
Catalysis-water absorption becomes environmental-friendly carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water.
Background technology
In Cyanuric Chloride production process, monomer cyanogen chloride polymerize to obtain gaseous Cyanuric Chloride in polyfurnace high temperature, then
It meets with dry cold air, sublimates and become solid product, therefore, tail gas can be constantly be generated in production process.It is removed in the tail gas
Also contain outside air and excessively to be put into unpolymerized cyanogen chloride monomer, the Cyanuric Chloride of uncooled crystallization and previous step process
The toxic gases such as chlorine can cause great harm environment if being directly discharged in air, also not meet national gas discharge
Standard.Therefore, the production tail gas of Cyanuric Chloride must carry out harmless treatment, discharge after harmful components are up to standard.
Cyanuric Chloride produces the traditional treatment method of tail gas, is to absorb harmful components in tail gas repeatedly by using lye,
The tail gas after absorption is set to reach environmental emission standard.But contain harmful substance in Alkali absorption liquid, it also can not direct emission, it is still necessary to
Into further carrying out harmless treatment, and more difficult complete processing in waste liquid environment-friendly disposal system.
It is had the following disadvantages in the traditional treatment method of the Tail Gas generated in Cyanuric Chloride production process:
(1) tail gas treatment process route is long, equipment is cumbersome;
(2) consumption lye is more, cost is higher;
(3) it handles second-rate.
Invention content
To solve the problems, such as traditional handicraft, the present invention provides a kind of Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-frees to handle work
Skill polymerize tail gas for harmless treatment Cyanuric Chloride, realizes tail gas qualified discharge, propose that a kind of Cyanuric Chloride tail gas passes through methane
Burning-ammonia catalysis-water absorb to obtain environmental-friendly carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water new process, be remarkably improved vent gas treatment
Efficiency and quality, while saving processing step and production equipment.
Technical scheme of the present invention:
A kind of Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free treatment process, specially a kind of Cyanuric Chloride chloride containing cyanogen, chlorine tail gas without
The middle pernicious gas of evilization treatment process, Cyanuric Chloride is removed through methane, ammonia two-step reaction, then is absorbed through water, is realized harmless
The purpose of change, steps are as follows:
(1) methyl hydride combustion reacts:Cyanuric Chloride tail gas and methane blended are obtained into gaseous mixture, control Cyanuric Chloride tail gas with
The gas flow ratio of methane is 1:0.05-1;Gaseous mixture is passed through in tail-gas combustion stove, the temperature in tail-gas combustion stove maintains
600-1000 DEG C, gaseous mixture combustion reaction time in tail-gas combustion stove is 2-30 minutes, and combustion reaction generates carbon dioxide, oxygen
In mixed gas a, mixed gas a subsequent processing to be entered for changing nitrogen, water and hydrogen chloride.
Methyl hydride combustion reaction principle is as follows:
C3N3Cl3+CNCl+CH3+Cl2+O2————→CO2+HCl+NOx+H2O
(2) ammonia catalysis reaction:In Al2O3Load TiO2-V2O5-WO2Under the action of catalyst, by the two of step (1) generation
Carbonoxide, nitrogen oxide, water and hydrogen chloride mixed gas a be passed through into ammonia catalyst furnace, while ammonia being also passed into ammonia
In catalyst furnace, mixed gas a is contacted with ammonia, and ammonia catalysis reaction occurs;Ammonia catalytic reaction process controls in ammonia catalyst furnace
Temperature is 550-900 DEG C, and the ammonia catalysis reaction time is 8-40 minutes, and the nitrogen oxide in mixed gas a is changed into nitrogen, final to obtain
To the mixed gas b of carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and hydrogen chloride;Wherein, it controls mixed gas a and the gas flow ratio of ammonia is
1:0.02-0.8;The Al2O3Load TiO2-V2O5-WO2In catalyst, active component TiO2、V2O5And WO2Mole of three
Than being 1;
It is as follows that ammonia is catalyzed reaction principle:
CO2+HCl+NOx+H2O+NH3————→CO2+HCl+N2+H2O
(3) water absorbs:The mixed gas b of carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and hydrogen chloride that step (2) obtains is passed through water to inhale
It receives in tower, the hydrogen chloride in mixed gas b is only absorbed by the water, and formation hydrochloric acid, which is fallen into bottom of tower, to be removed;Remaining tail gas only includes two
Carbonoxide and nitrogen, meet discharge standard, and the tower top through water absorption tower is directly discharged into air.
The gas flow ratio of the Cyanuric Chloride tail gas and methane is 1:0.2-0.9, preferably 1:0.5.
Temperature in the tail-gas combustion stove maintains 800 DEG C.
The gas flow ratio of the mixed gas a and ammonia is 1:0.2-0.7, preferably 1:0.5.
Temperature in the ammonia catalytic reaction process control ammonia catalyst furnace is 700 DEG C.
Beneficial effects of the present invention:The present invention provides a kind of Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free treatment process, specially one
Cyanuric Chloride chloride containing cyanogen, chlorine tail gas hazard-free treatment process are planted, the pernicious gas in Cyanuric Chloride is by methane, ammonia two
Step reaction, absorbs through water, realizes innoxious, and more existing common process tail gas treatment process equipment is simple, and alkali lye consumption is few, cost
It is low, high treating effect.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free processing technological flow figure of the present invention.
Specific implementation mode
Below in conjunction with technical solution and attached drawing, the specific implementation mode that further illustrates the present invention.
Embodiment 1
(1) according to gas flow ratio it is 1 by Cyanuric Chloride tail gas and methane under 600 DEG C of temperature conditions:0.05 mixing is logical
Enter into tail-gas combustion stove, Cyanuric Chloride tail gas contacted with methane occur combustion reaction, burning generate carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide,
The mixed gas of water and hydrogen chloride stops 2 minutes in tail-gas combustion stove, into subsequent processing;
(2) in Al2O3Load TiO2-V2O5-WO2Under the action of catalyst, under 550 DEG C of temperature conditions, step (1) is obtained
To mixed gas be passed through into ammonia catalyst furnace, while be passed through ammonia carry out ammonia catalysis reaction, rate-determining steps (1) mixed gas
Flow-rate ratio with ammonia is 1:0.02;Under the action of activated-carbon catalyst, mixed gas reacts 8 minutes with ammonia, gaseous mixture
Nitrogen oxide in body is changed into nitrogen, obtain carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and hydrogen chloride mixed gas;
(3) mixed gas for carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and the hydrogen chloride that step (2) obtains is passed through in water absorption tower, and water is inhaled
Hydrogen chloride, which is only absorbed by the water to fall into bottom of tower, in receipts tower is removed, and remaining tail gas only includes carbon dioxide and nitrogen, straight through tower top
Run in air.
Embodiment 2
(1) according to gas flow ratio it is 1 by Cyanuric Chloride tail gas and methane under 800 DEG C of temperature conditions:0.2 conjunction is passed through
Into tail-gas combustion stove, Cyanuric Chloride tail gas is contacted with methane occurs combustion reaction, and burning generates carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, water
With the mixed gas of hydrogen chloride, stopped 2 minutes in tail-gas combustion stove, into subsequent processing;
(2) in Al2O3Load TiO2-V2O5-WO2Under the action of catalyst, under 700 DEG C of temperature conditions, step (1) is obtained
To mixed gas be passed through into ammonia catalyst furnace, while be passed through ammonia carry out ammonia catalysis reaction, rate-determining steps (1) mixed gas
Flow-rate ratio with ammonia is 1:0.2;Under the action of activated-carbon catalyst, mixed gas reacts 8 minutes with ammonia, mixed gas
In nitrogen oxide be changed into nitrogen, obtain carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and hydrogen chloride mixed gas;
(3) mixed gas for carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and the hydrogen chloride that step (2) obtains is passed through in water absorption tower, and water is inhaled
Hydrogen chloride, which is only absorbed by the water to fall into bottom of tower, in receipts tower is removed, and remaining tail gas only includes carbon dioxide and nitrogen, straight through tower top
Run in air.
Embodiment 3
(1) according to gas flow ratio it is 1 by Cyanuric Chloride tail gas and methane under 800 DEG C of temperature conditions:0.5 conjunction is passed through
Into tail-gas combustion stove, Cyanuric Chloride tail gas is contacted with methane occurs combustion reaction, and burning generates carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, water
With the mixed gas of hydrogen chloride, stopped 2 minutes in tail-gas combustion stove, into subsequent processing;
(2) in Al2O3Load TiO2-V2O5-WO2Under the action of catalyst, under 700 DEG C of temperature conditions, step (1) is obtained
To mixed gas be passed through into ammonia catalyst furnace, while be passed through ammonia carry out ammonia catalysis reaction, rate-determining steps (1) mixed gas
Flow-rate ratio with ammonia is 1:0.5;Under the action of activated-carbon catalyst, mixed gas reacts 8 minutes with ammonia, mixed gas
In nitrogen oxide be changed into nitrogen, obtain carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and hydrogen chloride mixed gas;
(3) mixed gas for carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and the hydrogen chloride that step (2) obtains is passed through in water absorption tower, and water is inhaled
Hydrogen chloride, which is only absorbed by the water to fall into bottom of tower, in receipts tower is removed, and remaining tail gas only includes carbon dioxide and nitrogen, straight through tower top
Run in air.
Embodiment 4
(1) according to gas flow ratio it is 1 by Cyanuric Chloride tail gas and methane under 800 DEG C of temperature conditions:1 close be passed through to
In tail-gas combustion stove, Cyanuric Chloride tail gas contacted with methane occur combustion reaction, burning generate carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, water and
The mixed gas of hydrogen chloride stops 2 minutes in tail-gas combustion stove, into subsequent processing;
(2) in Al2O3Load TiO2-V2O5-WO2Under the action of catalyst, under 700 DEG C of temperature conditions, step (1) is obtained
To mixed gas be passed through into ammonia catalyst furnace, while be passed through ammonia carry out ammonia catalysis reaction, rate-determining steps (1) mixed gas
Flow-rate ratio with ammonia is 1:0.8;Under the action of activated-carbon catalyst, mixed gas reacts 8 minutes with ammonia, mixed gas
In nitrogen oxide be changed into nitrogen, obtain carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and hydrogen chloride mixed gas;
(3) mixed gas for carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and the hydrogen chloride that step (2) obtains is passed through in water absorption tower, and water is inhaled
Hydrogen chloride, which is only absorbed by the water to fall into bottom of tower, in receipts tower is removed, and remaining tail gas only includes carbon dioxide and nitrogen, straight through tower top
Run in air.
Embodiment 5
(1) according to gas flow ratio it is 1 by Cyanuric Chloride tail gas and methane under 1000 DEG C of temperature conditions:0.5 conjunction is passed through
Into tail-gas combustion stove, Cyanuric Chloride tail gas is contacted with methane occurs combustion reaction, and burning generates carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, water
With the mixed gas of hydrogen chloride, stopped 2 minutes in tail-gas combustion stove, into subsequent processing;
(2) in Al2O3Load TiO2-V2O5-WO2Under the action of catalyst, under 900 DEG C of temperature conditions, step (1) is obtained
To mixed gas be passed through into ammonia catalyst furnace, while be passed through ammonia carry out ammonia catalysis reaction, rate-determining steps (1) mixed gas
Flow-rate ratio with ammonia is 1:0.5;Under the action of activated-carbon catalyst, mixed gas reacts 8 minutes with ammonia, mixed gas
In nitrogen oxide be changed into nitrogen, obtain carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and hydrogen chloride mixed gas;
(3) mixed gas for carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and the hydrogen chloride that step (2) obtains is passed through in water absorption tower, and water is inhaled
Hydrogen chloride, which is only absorbed by the water to fall into bottom of tower, in receipts tower is removed, and remaining tail gas only includes carbon dioxide and nitrogen, straight through tower top
Run in air.
Embodiment 6
(1) according to gas flow ratio it is 1 by Cyanuric Chloride tail gas and methane under 1000 DEG C of temperature conditions:0.9 conjunction is passed through
Into tail-gas combustion stove, Cyanuric Chloride tail gas is contacted with methane occurs combustion reaction, and burning generates carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, water
With the mixed gas of hydrogen chloride, stopped 2 minutes in tail-gas combustion stove, into subsequent processing;
(2) in Al2O3Load TiO2-V2O5-WO2Under the action of catalyst, under 900 DEG C of temperature conditions, step (1) is obtained
To mixed gas be passed through into ammonia catalyst furnace, while be passed through ammonia carry out ammonia catalysis reaction, rate-determining steps (1) mixed gas
Flow-rate ratio with ammonia is 1:0.7;Under the action of activated-carbon catalyst, mixed gas reacts 8 minutes with ammonia, mixed gas
In nitrogen oxide be changed into nitrogen, obtain carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and hydrogen chloride mixed gas;
(3) mixed gas for carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and the hydrogen chloride that step (2) obtains is passed through in water absorption tower, and water is inhaled
Hydrogen chloride, which is only absorbed by the water to fall into bottom of tower, in receipts tower is removed, and remaining tail gas only includes carbon dioxide and nitrogen, straight through tower top
Run in air.
Embodiment 7
(1) according to gas flow ratio it is 1 by Cyanuric Chloride tail gas and methane under 1000 DEG C of temperature conditions:1 close be passed through to
In tail-gas combustion stove, Cyanuric Chloride tail gas contacted with methane occur combustion reaction, burning generate carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, water and
The mixed gas of hydrogen chloride stops 2 minutes in tail-gas combustion stove, into subsequent processing;
(2) in Al2O3Load TiO2-V2O5-WO2Under the action of catalyst, under 900 DEG C of temperature conditions, step (1) is obtained
To mixed gas be passed through into ammonia catalyst furnace, while be passed through ammonia carry out ammonia catalysis reaction, rate-determining steps (1) mixed gas
Flow-rate ratio with ammonia is 1:0.8;Under the action of activated-carbon catalyst, mixed gas reacts 8 minutes with ammonia, mixed gas
In nitrogen oxide be changed into nitrogen, obtain carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and hydrogen chloride mixed gas;
(3) mixed gas for carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and the hydrogen chloride that step (2) obtains is passed through in water absorption tower, and water is inhaled
Hydrogen chloride, which is only absorbed by the water to fall into bottom of tower, in receipts tower is removed, and remaining tail gas only includes carbon dioxide and nitrogen, straight through tower top
Run in air.
In contrast with 1 Examples 1 to 7 Cyanuric Chloride exhaust combustion process tail gas group of table
Composition | Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | Example 4 | Example 5 | Example 6 | Example 7 |
Cyanuric Chloride, ppm | 7 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Chlorine, ppm | 8 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Chlorine cyanogen monomer, ppm | 8 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Comparing result shows that when the gas flow ratio of Cyanuric Chloride tail gas and methane be 1:0.5, the temperature in tail-gas combustion stove
Degree maintains 800 DEG C;The gas flow ratio of mixed gas a and ammonia is 1 simultaneously:0.5, ammonia catalytic reaction process control ammonia is urged
When the temperature for changing in stove is 700 DEG C, Cyanuric Chloride content is reduced to 1ppm, chlorine content that can be reduced in treated tail gas
2ppm, chlorine cyanogen content of monomer can be reduced to 1ppm, reach best result;When being further continued for increasing temperature, for three in tail gas
The content of polychlorostyrene cyanogen, chlorine and chlorine cyanogen monomer will not continue to reduce, so can be achieved with very well without excessively high temperature condition
Treatment effect.
Comparative example
Cyanuric Chloride tail gas is passed through into three-level lye system, control temperature is at 20-40 DEG C, and tail gas is after lye absorbs
It is analyzed.
The Cyanuric Chloride exhaust combustion technique of 2 embodiment 3 of table in contrast with Alkali absorption process tail gas group
Composition | Cyanuric Chloride exhaust combustion technique | Alkali absorption technique |
Cyanuric Chloride, ppm | 1 | 14 |
Chlorine, ppm | 2 | 59 |
Chlorine cyanogen monomer, ppm | 1 | 37 |
Comparing result shows Cyanuric Chloride tail gas methyl hydride combustion using the present invention-ammonia catalysis-water absorption technique, with
Existing Alkali absorption technique is compared, and Cyanuric Chloride content is reduced to 1ppm, chlorine content that can be reduced to 2ppm, chlorine cyanogen monomer in tail gas
Content can be reduced to 1ppm;Waste liquid, which contains large amount of organic, after lye absorbs keeps Non-aqueous processing difficulty very big, and water of the present invention absorbs
The absorbing liquid generated afterwards forms technical hydrochloric acid, meets normal hydrochloric acid requirement.Cyanuric Chloride exhaust combustion is utilized in terms of processing cost
Process, it is 415 yuan to produce Cyanuric Chloride vent gas treatment cost per ton, using Alkali absorption process, produces trimerization per ton
Chlorine cyanogen vent gas treatment cost is 922 yuan.Processing Equipment of the present invention is simple, and alkali lye consumption is few, at low cost, reaches effective realization
Energy-saving purpose.
Claims (7)
1. it is a kind of Cyanuric Chloride chloride containing cyanogen, at chlorine tail gas hazard-free a kind of Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free treatment process
The middle pernicious gas of science and engineering skill, Cyanuric Chloride is absorbed through methyl hydride combustion, ammonia catalysis two-step reaction removal, then through water, realizes nothing
Evilization processing;It is characterized in that, steps are as follows:
(1) methyl hydride combustion reacts:By Cyanuric Chloride tail gas and methane blended, the gas flow ratio of Cyanuric Chloride tail gas and methane is
1:0.05-1;Gaseous mixture is passed through in tail-gas combustion stove, the temperature in tail-gas combustion stove maintains 600-1000 DEG C, and gaseous mixture exists
Combustion reaction time is 2-30 minutes in tail-gas combustion stove, and combustion reaction generates the mixed of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, water and hydrogen chloride
Gas a is closed, in mixed gas subsequent processing to be entered;
(2) ammonia catalysis reaction:In Al2O3Load TiO2-V2O5-WO2Under the action of catalyst, by the titanium dioxide of step (1) generation
Carbon, nitrogen oxide, water and hydrogen chloride mixed gas a be passed through into ammonia catalyst furnace, while ammonia being also passed into ammonia and is catalyzed
In stove, mixed gas a is contacted with ammonia, and ammonia catalysis reaction occurs;Ammonia catalytic reaction process controls the temperature in ammonia catalyst furnace
It it is 550-900 DEG C, the ammonia catalysis reaction time is 8-40 minutes, and the nitrogen oxide in mixed gas a is changed into nitrogen, finally obtains two
The mixed gas b of carbonoxide, nitrogen gas and water and hydrogen chloride;Wherein, the gas flow ratio for controlling mixed gas a and ammonia is 1:
0.02-0.8;The Al2O3Load TiO2-V2O5-WO2In catalyst, active component TiO2、V2O5And WO2The molar ratio of three
It is 1;
(3) water absorbs:The mixed gas b of carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and water and hydrogen chloride that step (2) obtains is passed through water absorption tower
In, the hydrogen chloride in mixed gas b is only absorbed by the water, and formation hydrochloric acid, which is fallen into bottom of tower, to be removed;Remaining tail gas only includes titanium dioxide
Carbon and nitrogen, meet discharge standard, and the tower top through water absorption tower is directly discharged into air.
2. Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free treatment process according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the Cyanuric Chloride
The gas flow ratio of tail gas and methane is 1:0.2-0.9.
3. Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free treatment process according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the trimerization
The gas flow ratio of chlorine cyanogen tail gas and methane is 1:0.5.
4. Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free treatment process according to claim 3, which is characterized in that the exhaust combustion
Temperature in stove maintains 800 DEG C.
5. Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free treatment process according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the mixed gas
The gas flow ratio of a and ammonia is 1:0.2-0.7.
6. Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free treatment process according to claim 5, which is characterized in that the mixed gas
The gas flow ratio of a and ammonia is 1:0.5.
7. Cyanuric Chloride tail gas hazard-free treatment process according to claim 6, which is characterized in that the ammonia catalysis is anti-
It is 700 DEG C to answer the temperature in process control ammonia catalyst furnace.
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Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2009074434A3 (en) * | 2007-12-12 | 2009-07-30 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Method for purifying waste gases produced during the production of cyanuric chloride |
CN105605595A (en) * | 2016-01-12 | 2016-05-25 | 北京化工大学 | Integrated purification method and system for industrial waste gas containing cyanogen, hydrocarbon and NOx |
CN205914007U (en) * | 2016-08-24 | 2017-02-01 | 河北临港化工有限公司 | Continuous processing apparatus of cyanuric chloride tail gas |
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Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2009074434A3 (en) * | 2007-12-12 | 2009-07-30 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Method for purifying waste gases produced during the production of cyanuric chloride |
CN105605595A (en) * | 2016-01-12 | 2016-05-25 | 北京化工大学 | Integrated purification method and system for industrial waste gas containing cyanogen, hydrocarbon and NOx |
CN205914007U (en) * | 2016-08-24 | 2017-02-01 | 河北临港化工有限公司 | Continuous processing apparatus of cyanuric chloride tail gas |
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