CN108074448A - A kind of novel quantitative verifies law of conservation of moment of momentum experiment instrument - Google Patents
A kind of novel quantitative verifies law of conservation of moment of momentum experiment instrument Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of novel quantitatives to verify law of conservation of moment of momentum experiment instrument, including shooting gun pedestal, shooting gun support column, shooting gun, disk, bullet chamber is freely rotated, photoelectric door fixed disk, upper and lower wheel shaft fixed column, axis, wheel shaft fixed column support leg and electric cabinet is freely rotated；Shooting gun pedestal is arranged with leveling support leg, and shooting gun pedestal is equipped with counterweight；Shooting gun support column is fixed on using support column fixed screw on shooting gun pedestal, is screwed in the correspondence position of the shooting gun barrel of shooting gun using shooting gun barrel fixed screw on shooting gun support column.The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：General idea of the present invention is novel, clever structure, using shooting barral of a gun knockson bullet and obtain a larger momentum, it enters back into and the fixed bullet chamber of plate edge is freely rotated, it is allowed to be freely rotated and examines and seizes to obtain a moment of momentum, this moment of momentum further includes bullet in itself, substantially demonstrates the correctness of Particle Group law of conservation of moment of momentum.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to physics mechanics scopes, and in particular to a kind of novel quantitative verification law of conservation of moment of momentum experiment
Instrument.
Background technology
At present, the verification conservation of angular momentum experiment instrument of all laboratories or commercial type, nothing but three types：First,
Hand propelled is when will hold handle with hand to pull down, and pivot link and steel ball are maximum (state 1) away from shaft distance, artificially allows rotation
Connecting rod and steel ball quick rotation, then, hold lever and above push away, and pivot link is made to reduce (state away from shaft distance with steel ball
2), state 1 is big compared with 2 rotation system rotary inertia of state, since rotation system bonding force square is zero, the conservation of angular momentum, so last
State (state 2) rotation system angular speed increases, i.e. faster rotational speed；Second, the method for the demonstration conservation of angular momentum is：One people is sitting in
Two hands take dumbbell on chair, and chair is allowed to rotate, and by stretching, two arms for holding dumbbell hand rotate to demonstrate chair
Speed, the stretching, extension of even two arms rotates slack-off, and two arms, which are retracted, to be rotated plus block；3rd, people station can freely turn one
On dynamic turntable, hand is lifted so as to the runner being freely rotated, and then, rotates upborne runner, free turntable will generate with
The opposite rotation of runner rotation direction.As above three kinds are demonstration test instrument, I applied specially on the 28th in September in 2016
The patent of invention of " a kind of angular momentum conservation demonstration and the quantitative determination experiment instrument " of profit ZL201510918878.8, the experiment instrument
Not only can by demonstration, but also can quantitative measurment prove the laboratory apparatus of the conservation of angular momentum, then again to the patent dependent part
Position has carried out necessary improvement, and application " new angular momentum conservation demonstration and quantitative determination experiment instrument " is reported and submitted on June 7th, 2017
Patent of invention.According to the needs of teaching, although the moment of momentum is exactly angular momentum, my two experiment instrument patents are equal before
It cannot visually demonstrate and quantitative measurment Particle Group law of conservation of moment of momentum.
The content of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is overcoming deficiency of the prior art, a kind of novel quantitative verification law of conservation of moment of momentum is provided
Experiment instrument.
This novel quantitative verifies law of conservation of moment of momentum experiment instrument, including shooting gun pedestal, shooting gun support column, shooting
Rifle is freely rotated disk, bullet chamber, photoelectric door fixed disk, upper and lower wheel shaft fixed column, axis, wheel shaft fixed column support leg is freely rotated
And electric cabinet；Shooting gun pedestal is arranged with leveling support leg, and shooting gun pedestal is equipped with counterweight；Shooting gun support column uses
Support column fixed screw is fixed on shooting gun pedestal, is fixed in the correspondence position of the shooting gun barrel of shooting gun using shooting gun barrel
Screw is screwed on shooting gun support column；
Shooting gun barrel is internally provided with shooting barral of a gun, and shooting gun tube rear end is provided with generates high elastic force to shooting barral of a gun
Barral of a gun spring is shot, shooting barral of a gun is each attached to shooting barral of a gun spring rear end and shoots on the corresponding fixed position of barral of a gun rear cover,
Shooting barral of a gun spring at front end is fixedly connected with shooting gun support column left side plane；After shooting barral of a gun rear cover rear end is fixed with shooting gun
Lid knob pulls bullet before shooting gun rear cover knob to be placed in shooting gun barrel and positioned at shooting barral of a gun front end；
Shoot barral of a gun center line and bullet chamber center line point-blank, bullet chamber, which is fixed on, is freely rotated plate edge,
Bullet chamber center line is with being freely rotated that disk is tangent, i.e., bullet chamber barycenter to shaft distance is exactly that the radius of disk is freely rotated；Freely
Rotating disc is connected together using rotating disc retainer ring with axis spiral shell is freely rotated, and is freely rotated in axis and is sleeved in upper whorl axial and lower wheel shaft
Between, disk is freely rotated and can be freely rotated with axis is freely rotated among upper whorl axial and lower wheel shaft；Upper whorl axial and lower wheel shaft are solid respectively
It is scheduled in wheel shaft fixed column up and down, the upper surface of upper and lower wheel shaft fixed column is provided with photoelectric door fixed disk, is fixed in photoelectric door
Plate edge differs 90 ° of positions and is respectively fixed with the first photoelectric door and the second photoelectric door；First is lagged behind disk lower end is freely rotated
30 ° of positions of photoelectric door are equipped with the bar that is in the light.
As preferred：Bullet chamber is externally provided with bullet chamber enclosure, and bullet end chamber, bullet chamber inlet are equipped in bullet chamber enclosure
It is provided with bullet chamber spring leaf.
As preferred：Average circumference sets three wheel shaft fixed column support legs below upper and lower wheel shaft fixed column, in wheel shaft
Support leg up and down adjustment bung flange is set among fixed column support leg.
As preferred：Disk is freely rotated, electric cabinet is connected by photoelectric door transmission line of information, be provided on electric cabinet automatically controlled
Case power switch, power supply indicator, time display screen and cable bus.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：
(1) present invention can more clearly help classmate to understand dynamic during quantitative verification law of conservation of moment of momentum
Measure square concept and the physical meaning of Particle Group law of conservation of moment of momentum.
(2) general idea of the present invention is novel, clever structure, using shooting barral of a gun knockson bullet and obtain one it is larger dynamic
Amount, enters back into and the fixed bullet chamber of plate edge is freely rotated, be allowed to be freely rotated and examine and seize to obtain a moment of momentum, this moment of momentum is also
Including bullet in itself, the correctness of Particle Group law of conservation of moment of momentum is substantially demonstrated.
(3) present invention is real different from the demonstration and quantitative measurment having in market, laboratory and I is invented early period
Test the design feature of instrument, it can solve in teaching can only oral expression and can not demonstrate and the quantitative measurment Particle Group moment of momentum
(angular momentum), and then verify law of conservation of moment of momentum.
(4) huge elastic force is generated to shooting barral of a gun present invention employs spring, allows and penetrate the huge momentum of machine gun bar generation, make son
Bullet obtains huge momentum, then injects bullet chamber, makes to be freely rotated and examines and seizes to obtain the moment of momentum (angular momentum), is a kind of new thinking of uniqueness
Contemplated mode.
(5) disk is freely rotated to be freely rotated in upper and lower wheel shaft using rotation axis, this rotary resistance can be ignored,
Enable disk is freely rotated and be freely rotated in the horizontal plane, meet the condition of law of conservation of moment of momentum establishment, is i.e. bonding force is
Zero.
(6) be freely rotated examine and seize angular speed measuring method, employ that disk lower end is freely rotated is attached close to bullet chamber
The nearly fixed bar that is in the light is in the light to gain freedom to being separated by 90 ° (pi/2s) fixed two photoelectric doors rotation on photoelectric door fixed disk
Rotating disc turns over the time used in 90 ° (pi/2s), which can read out on the time display screen of electric cabinet.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is experiment instrument overall structure front view；
Fig. 2 is wheel shaft fixed column, wheel shaft, photoelectric door fixed disk and photoelectric door top view；
Fig. 3 is bullet front view and bullet chamber is faced and left view；
Fig. 4 is measurement bullet velocity method figure；
Moment related link schematic diagram before Fig. 5 projects for bullet；
Fig. 6 is shooting barral of a gun spring, shooting barral of a gun and rear cover left view and front view；
Fig. 7 is shooting barral of a gun, bullet and rotating disc top view；
Fig. 8 injects for bullet to be freely rotated disk after bullet chamber and turns over more than pi/2 (90 °) top view；
Fig. 9 is electric cabinet front view.
Reference sign：1st, shooting gun pedestal, 1-1, leveling support leg, 1-2, support column fixed screw, 1-3, balance
Hammer, 2, shooting gun support column, 2-1, shooting gun barrel fixed screw, 3, shooting gun, 3-1, shooting gun barrel, 3-2, shooting barral of a gun bullet
Spring；3-3, shooting gun rear cover knob, 3-30, shooting barral of a gun rear cover, 3-4, shooting barral of a gun；4th, disk is freely rotated, 4-1, be in the light bar,
5th, bullet chamber, 5-0, bullet, 5-1, bullet chamber enclosure, 5-2, bullet end chamber, 5-3, bullet chamber spring leaf, 6, photoelectric door fixes
Disk, 6-1, the first photoelectric door, 6-2, the second photoelectric door, 6-3, photoelectric door transmission line of information, 7, upper and lower wheel shaft fixed column, 7-1, on
Wheel shaft, 7-2, lower wheel shaft, 8, be freely rotated axis, 8-1, rotating disc retainer ring, 9, wheel shaft fixed column support leg, above and below 9-1, support leg
Adjust bung flange, 10, electric cabinet, 10-1, electric control box power switch, 10-2, power supply indicator, 10-3, time display screen, 10-4,
Cable bus.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is described further with reference to embodiment.The explanation of following embodiments is only intended to help to understand this
Invention.It should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, without departing from the principle of the present invention, also
Can to the present invention some improvement and modification can also be carried out, these improvement and modification also fall into the protection domain of the claims in the present invention
It is interior.
The novel quantitative verification law of conservation of moment of momentum experiment instrument includes：Shooting gun pedestal 1, shooting gun support column 2 are penetrated
Hit rifle 3, be freely rotated disk 4, bullet chamber 5, photoelectric door fixed disk 6, upper and lower wheel shaft fixed column 7, axis 8 is freely rotated, wheel shaft is fixed
Column support leg 9, electric cabinet 10.
Shooting gun pedestal 1 is arranged with three leveling support leg 1-1, and shooting gun pedestal 1 is equipped with counterweight 1-3, is used for
Balance and stability penetrates gun attachment, to ensure experimentation stability.Shooting gun support column 2 is consolidated using support column fixed screw 1-2
It is scheduled on shooting gun pedestal 1, shooting gun is screwed in using shooting gun barrel fixed screw 2-1 in the correspondence position of shooting gun barrel 3-1
On support column 2.Shooting gun barrel 3-1 is internally provided with shooting barral of a gun 3-4, shooting gun barrel 3-1 rear ends and is provided with to shooting barral of a gun 3-4
It generates the shooting barral of a gun spring 3-2 of extremely strong elastic force, shooting barral of a gun 3-4 and shooting barral of a gun spring 3-2 rear end and is each attached to shooting
On the corresponding fixed positions of barral of a gun rear cover 3-30, shooting barral of a gun spring 3-2 front ends are fixed with 2 left side plane of shooting gun support column to be connected
It connects.Shooting barral of a gun rear cover 3-30 rear ends are fixed with shooting gun rear cover knob 3-3, with pulling shooting gun rear cover knob 3-3, shooting gun
Rear cover knob 3-3 can drive shooting barral of a gun rear cover 3-30, shooting barral of a gun rear cover 3-30 that can drive shooting barral of a gun spring 3-2 and shooting
Barral of a gun 3-4 moves backward a distance together, and decontroling shooting gun rear cover knob 3-3, shooting barral of a gun spring 3-2 can be to shooting barral of a gun
3-4 generates an extremely strong elastic force forward, and shooting barral of a gun 3-4 can impinge upon the bullet 5-0 put well in advance in shooting gun barrel 3-1,
Bullet 5-0, which travels forward, to be shot into bullet chamber 5.
Bullet chamber 5, which is fixed on, is freely rotated 4 edge of disk, and 5 axis of bullet chamber is tangent with disk 4 is freely rotated, and 5 matter of bullet chamber
The heart is exactly that the radius of disk 4 is freely rotated to shaft distance.Bullet chamber 5 is externally provided with bullet chamber enclosure 5-1, in bullet chamber enclosure 5-1
Equipped with bullet end chamber 5-2,5 inlet of bullet chamber is provided with bullet chamber spring leaf 5-3, in entry deterrence bullet end chamber 5-2
Bullet 5-0 fall.Disk 4 is freely rotated to be connected together with 8 spiral shell of axis is freely rotated using rotating disc retainer ring 8-1, is freely rotated
Be sleeved in axis 8 among upper whorl axial 7-1 and lower wheel shaft 7-2, be freely rotated disk 4 and be freely rotated axis 8 can upper whorl axial 7-1 and under
It is freely rotated among wheel shaft 7-2.Upper whorl axial 7-1 and lower wheel shaft 7-2 is separately fixed in wheel shaft fixed column 7 up and down, in upper lower whorl
The upper surface of axis fixed column 7 is provided with photoelectric door fixed disk 6, and differing 90 ° of positions at 6 edge of photoelectric door fixed disk is respectively fixed with
First photoelectric door 6-1 and the second photoelectric door 6-2.Be freely rotated 4 lower end of disk lag behind the first photoelectric door 6-1 30 ° of positions peace
Equipped with the bar 4-1 that is in the light.Average circumference sets three wheel shaft fixed column support legs 9 below upper and lower wheel shaft fixed column 7, respectively three
Support leg up and down adjustment bung flange 9-1 is set among a wheel shaft fixed column support leg 9.
The rotation information that disk 4 is freely rotated is transferred to electric cabinet 10 by photoelectric door transmission line of information 6-3, and electric cabinet 10 is used
Be freely rotated to record in 4 rotation process of disk, be freely rotated 4 lower end of disk be in the light bar 4-1 respectively by the first photoelectric door 6-1 with
Second photoelectric door 6-2 be in the light interval used in the time can be shown on time display screen 10-3, be provided with electricity on electric cabinet 10
Control case power switch 10-1, power supply indicator 10-2, time display screen 10-3 and the cable bus 10-4 for importing electric cabinet.
First, laboratory operating procedures
1st, the leveling support leg 1-1 of shooting gun pedestal 1 is adjusted, makes shooting gun barrel 3-1 horizontal；
2nd, it is placed on after three wheel shaft fixed column support legs 9 are opened in front of shooting gun barrel 3-1, ensures 5 center line of bullet chamber
With shooting barral of a gun 3-4 center lines point-blank, the subtended angle and tune of three wheel shaft fixed column support legs 9 of adjusting can be passed through
The support leg up and down adjustment bung flange 9-1 among three wheel shaft fixed column support legs 9 is saved to realize, while disk 4 will also be freely rotated
It is adjusted to horizontality；
3rd, electric control box power switch 10-1 is opened, 10 power supply indicator 10-2 of electric cabinet is bright；
4th, hold shooting gun rear cover knob 3-3, pulled back along the direction of shooting barral of a gun 3-4, shooting barral of a gun spring 3-2 with
Shooting barral of a gun rear cover 3-30 is pulled to appropriate location, and bullet 5-0 is placed in the shooting gun barrel 3-1 of shooting barral of a gun 3-4 front ends；
5th, shooting gun rear cover knob 3-3, the 3-2 contractions of shooting barral of a gun spring are decontroled, moment pulls shooting barral of a gun 3-4 to transport forward
Dynamic to hit bullet 5-0, bullet 5-0 obtains huge momentum with very fast speed v0It flies out, into bullet chamber 5, bullet 5-0 enters son
Itself there can be the moment of momentum pass to before playing chamber 5 disk 4 is freely rotated, including bullet chamber 5 and bullet 5-0, and together turns
It is dynamic；
6th, disk 4 is freely rotated to rotate, the bar 4-1 that is in the light being freely rotated below disk 4 passes sequentially through the first photoelectric door 6-1 and
Two photoelectric door 6-2, the information that is in the light can pass to electric cabinet 10 by photoelectric door transmission line of information 6-3；
7th, electric cabinet 10 display can be freely rotated disk 4 and turn over time t used in 90 ° (pi/2) on time display screen 10-3；
8th, the angular speed that the rotation of disk 4 is freely rotated is ω=pi/2 t；
9th, the quality m of bullet 5-00, into 5 initial velocity v of bullet chamber0, then the bullet 5-0 moment of momentum is J0=m0v0R；Freely turn
4 mass M of Moving plate, radius R, rotational angular velocity ω are then freely rotated disk 4 and obtain the moment of momentumSon
Play the quality m of chamber 51, then moment of momentum J2=m1R2ω；Bullet 5-0's enters 5 moment of momentum J of bullet chamber3=m0R2ω；It is freely rotated
8 mass m of axis2, radius r, the moment of momentum
10th, verify：According to experimental data and measured relevant parameter, as above correlated components are calculated, if there is J0≈J1+J2+
J3+J4, then the Particle Group moment of momentum is conservation, and also just verification law of conservation of moment of momentum is to set up.
2nd, experimental principle
The moment of momentum is a key concept in college physics teaching, and the moment of momentum is called angular momentum, is momentum to space
The square of point or certain axis.If J is made to represent the moment of momentum, M represents torque, then has
Above formula is the differential form of the moment of momentum theorem, if dt is multiplied by both sides, then t is integrated, then
Formula (2) the right is impulsive moment, therefore the variation of the particle moment of momentum, gives the momentum of particle within the time equal to external force
Square；If though particle is acted on from external force or acted on by external force, the resultant moment identically vanishing that all external force puts certain, then to this
For point, the moment of momentum J of particle is permanent vector, i.e.,
J1-J2=0 (3)
Then the relation is law of conservation of moment of momentum, is also angular momentum conservation law.
It sets up for verification expression (3), is formed according to New experiment instrument, measure each particle respectively or participate in moving object correlation
Parameter and the corresponding moment of momentum.
The quality m of bullet 5-00, into 5 initial velocity v of bullet chamber0, then the bullet 5-0 moment of momentum is J0=m0v0R；It is freely rotated
4 mass M of disk, radius R, rotational angular velocity ω are then freely rotated disk 4 and obtain the moment of momentumBullet
The quality m of chamber 51, then moment of momentum J2=m1R2ω；Bullet 5-0's enters 5 moment of momentum J of bullet chamber3=m0R2ω；Axis 8 is freely rotated
Quality m2, radius r, the moment of momentum
If J0≈J1+J2+J3+J4It sets up, then the Particle Group moment of momentum is conservation, and also just verification law of conservation of moment of momentum is
It sets up.
3rd, the method for testing bullet velocity
As shown in figure 4, measurement bullet 5-0 speed is using double paper disk methods.A, B is two tissue sheets placed vertically, is used
With condition premised on spring elongation equal length during experiment, bullet 5-0 (quality m are allowed0) using initial velocity as v0From shooting gun barrel 3-
In 1 it is horizontal flat throw through A after be then passed through B, two pieces of paper piece leaves two holes, the height difference H in two holes, by measure two scraps of paper A,
The horizontal distance L of B, so as to calculate the initial velocity v of bullet0, as shown in Figure 4.
If being t through the time used in two scraps of paper horizontal distance of A, B, according to rule of horizontal projectile movement, there is horizontal direction at the uniform velocity
It moves
L=v0t(4)
The movement of falling object of vertical direction obtains
The initial velocity that simultaneous (4), (5) two formulas can obtain bullet is
Claims (4)
1. a kind of novel quantitative verifies law of conservation of moment of momentum experiment instrument, it is characterised in that：Including shooting gun pedestal (1), shooting
Disk (4), bullet chamber (5), photoelectric door fixed disk (6), upper and lower wheel shaft fixed column is freely rotated in gun dagger (2), shooting gun (3)
(7), axis (8), wheel shaft fixed column support leg (9) and electric cabinet (10) is freely rotated；Shooting gun pedestal (1) is arranged with leveling branch
Support leg (1-1), shooting gun pedestal (1) are equipped with counterweight (1-3)；Shooting gun support column (2) uses support column fixed screw (1-
2) it is fixed on shooting gun pedestal (1), is fixed in the correspondence position of the shooting gun barrel (3-1) of shooting gun (3) using shooting gun barrel
Screw (2-1) is screwed on shooting gun support column (2)；
Shooting gun barrel (3-1) is internally provided with shooting barral of a gun (3-4), and shooting gun barrel (3-1) rear end is provided with to shooting barral of a gun (3-
4) the shooting barral of a gun spring (3-2) of high elastic force is generated, shooting barral of a gun (3-4) and shooting barral of a gun spring (3-2) rear end are fixed
On the corresponding fixed position of shooting barral of a gun rear cover (3-30), shooting barral of a gun spring (3-2) front end is left with shooting gun support column (2)
Side plane is fixedly connected；Shooting barral of a gun rear cover (3-30) rear end is fixed with shooting gun rear cover knob (3-3), pulls shooting gun rear cover
Bullet (5-0) is placed in shooting gun barrel (3-1) and positioned at shooting barral of a gun (3-4) front end before knob (3-3)；
Shoot barral of a gun (3-4) center line and bullet chamber (5) center line point-blank, bullet chamber (5), which is fixed on, to be freely rotated
Disk (4) edge, bullet chamber (5) center line is tangent with disk (4) is freely rotated, i.e., bullet chamber (5) barycenter to shaft distance is exactly certainly
By the radius of rotating disc (4)；Disk (4) is freely rotated and is connected to one with axis (8) spiral shell is freely rotated using rotating disc retainer ring (8-1)
It rises, is freely rotated in axis (8) and is sleeved among upper whorl axial (7-1) and lower wheel shaft (7-2), disk (4) is freely rotated and axis is freely rotated
(8) can be freely rotated among upper whorl axial (7-1) and lower wheel shaft (7-2)；Upper whorl axial (7-1) and lower wheel shaft (7-2) are fixed respectively
On upper and lower wheel shaft fixed column (7), the upper surface of upper and lower wheel shaft fixed column (7) is provided with photoelectric door fixed disk (6), in photoelectricity
Door fixed disk (6) edge differs 90 ° of positions and is respectively fixed with the first photoelectric door (6-1) and the second photoelectric door (6-2)；Freely turning
30 ° of positions that Moving plate (4) lower end lags behind the first photoelectric door (6-1) are equipped with the bar that is in the light (4-1).
2. novel quantitative according to claim 1 verifies law of conservation of moment of momentum experiment instrument, it is characterised in that：Bullet chamber
(5) bullet chamber enclosure (5-1) is externally provided with, is equipped with bullet end chamber (5-2) in bullet chamber enclosure (5-1), bullet chamber (5) inlet is set
It is equipped with bullet chamber spring leaf (5-3).
3. novel quantitative according to claim 1 verifies law of conservation of moment of momentum experiment instrument, it is characterised in that：In upper lower whorl
Average circumference sets three wheel shaft fixed column support legs (9) below axis fixed column (7), among wheel shaft fixed column support leg (9)
Support leg up and down adjustment bung flange (9-1) is set.
4. novel quantitative according to claim 1 verifies law of conservation of moment of momentum experiment instrument, it is characterised in that：It is freely rotated
Disk (4) connects electric cabinet (10) by photoelectric door transmission line of information (6-3), and electric cabinet is provided with electric control box power switch on (10)
(10-1), power supply indicator (10-2), time display screen (10-3) and cable bus (10-4).
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| CN204882598U (en) * | 2015-10-20 | 2015-12-16 | 大连民族大学 | Device of flyer speed is measured with law of conservation of angular mo mentum |
| CN105405340A (en) * | 2015-12-11 | 2016-03-16 | 浙江大学城市学院 | Angular momentum conservation demonstration and quantitative determination experimental instrument |
| CN205541570U (en) * | 2015-12-22 | 2016-08-31 | 西安电子科技大学 | Inertia and theorem of angular momentum's presentation device |
| CN105528942A (en) * | 2016-01-27 | 2016-04-27 | 浙江大学城市学院 | Motion pattern research experimental instrument for horizontal projectile steel ball |
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Application publication date: 20180525 |