CN108061403A - A kind of two-way self-cascade heat pump system - Google Patents
A kind of two-way self-cascade heat pump system Download PDFInfo
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- CN108061403A CN108061403A CN201710751437.2A CN201710751437A CN108061403A CN 108061403 A CN108061403 A CN 108061403A CN 201710751437 A CN201710751437 A CN 201710751437A CN 108061403 A CN108061403 A CN 108061403A
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- heat exchanger
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- regenerator
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B30/00—Heat pumps
- F25B30/02—Heat pumps of the compression type
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B43/00—Arrangements for separating or purifying gases or liquids; Arrangements for vaporising the residuum of liquid refrigerant, e.g. by heat
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B47/00—Arrangements for preventing or removing deposits or corrosion, not provided for in another subclass
- F25B47/02—Defrosting cycles
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2600/00—Control issues
- F25B2600/25—Control of valves
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Compression-Type Refrigeration Machines With Reversible Cycles (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of two-way self-cascade heat pump systems, belong to technical field of heating.The two-way self-cascade heat pump system includes compressor, indoor heat exchanger, rectifying column, the first regenerator, the second regenerator, secondary throttling set, main throttling set, outdoor heat exchanger, the first four-way valve and the second four-way valve;Pass through the combination to double four-way valve ports connected state, it is the heating circuit of Auto-cascade cycle flow and defrosting circuit that compressor, indoor heat exchanger, rectifying column, the first regenerator, the second regenerator, secondary throttling set, main throttling set and outdoor heat exchanger, which are combined into, it defrosts when influencing the operational efficiency of system to there is frosting in outdoor heat exchanger, and can realize 75 DEG C or more of big temperature difference heating, it can be widely applied to heating technical field.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to heating system technical fields, specifically, are related to a kind of two-way self-cascade heat pump system.
Background technology
Drawn with the traditional heating modes for consuming coal resources heating due to it pollutes the problems such as big, efficiency is low and non-renewable
The worry of people is played, it is fully to carry out substituting traditional skill using air source heat pump technology to solve the problems, such as one of these feasible pattern
Art carries out heating, advances by leaps and bounds although air source heat pump technology achieves, and heat-pump apparatus is usually defeated still based on hot pump in low temp
Go out temperature less than 55 DEG C.
During being transformed using heat pump techniques to coal-burning stove for heating system, in order to match the room in former heating system
Interior end-equipment, it is necessary to export the hot water of higher temperature, but the vapor-compression cycle air source heat pump application that will be commonly used
In cold district can there are following defects:Heating capacity attenuation, heating efficiency reduce, compressor exhaust temperature rise causes heat pump
It cannot run or operational reliability reduces, leaving air temp is low and seriously affects the comfort of indoor environment.Therefore, to by heat pump
Technology is applied to cold district, need to overcome influence of the low temperature environment to its performance.
Auto-cascade refrigeration/heating technology is a kind of common technology for reaching big temperature-difference refrigerating/heating using single compressor,
It has been widely used in a variety of low temperature such as Cord blood case, low temperature thermostat bath, vacuum freeze drier, natural gas liquefaction device to set
A variety of high-temperature services such as standby and Teat pump boiler, water heating heat pump, the technology are to realize the big temperature of high temperature heat pump across effective way of heating
Footpath.Auto-cascade cycle high temperature heat pump leaving water temperature is up to 80 DEG C or more, and compressor exhaust temperature is suitable, and heating efficiency far surpasses 100%, than
The direct electro heating that conducts heat has apparent energy saving.But since it is based on non-azeotropic mixed working medium operation, intermediate heat transfer process is deposited
In gas-liquid separation and etc., it can not realize the same simple inverted running of common heat pump air conditioner, this is in 0 to winter outdoor temperature
Frosting situation when below DEG C causes very serious negative consequence.Since outdoor heat exchanger carries the effect of heat absorption heat exchange,
The heat exchange property degradation under the operating mode of frosting can cause heat pump performance and operation conditions to deteriorate, be unfavorable for the long-term of heat pump
It uses, therefore self-cascade heat pump usually requires separately to increase a set of electric defrosting equipment, the energy consumption that not only defrosts is big, and effect is poor.
The content of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of two-way self-cascade heat pump system, the group based on double four-way valve ports connected state
It closes, can realize that the big temperature difference heats in normal work, and can defrost, effectively improve to outdoor heat exchanger if necessary
The operational efficiency of heat pump and reduce cost investment.
To achieve these goals, two-way self-cascade heat pump system provided by the invention include compressor, indoor heat exchanger,
Rectifying column, the first regenerator, the second regenerator, secondary throttling set, main throttling set, outdoor heat exchanger, the first four-way valve and the
Two four-way valves;The D ports of first four-way valve and the port of export of compressor connect, and E ports are connected with the input end of outdoor heat exchanger,
S ports are connected with the port of export of main throttling set, and C-terminal mouth is connected with the input end of indoor heat exchanger;The D ports of second four-way valve
It is connected with the port of export of outdoor heat exchanger, E ports are connected with the input end of rectifying column, the port of export of S ports and indoor heat exchanger
Connection, C-terminal mouth are connected with the input end of the second regenerator cold fluid pass;The input end of the zone of heat liberation of first regenerator with
The top vent port connection of rectifying column, the port of export of cold fluid pass by the kettle top heat exchanger of rectifying column and compressor into
The connection of mouth end;The port of export of the zone of heat liberation of second regenerator is connected with the input end of main throttling set;The bottom of rectifying column
Bleed port is connected by secondary throttling set with the input end of the cold fluid pass of the first regenerator.
By switching the combination of different port connected relation on two four-way valves, so that working medium edge is changed by compressor, interior
Hot device, rectifying column, the first regenerator, the second regenerator, secondary throttling set, main throttling set and outdoor heat exchanger connect into from
Overlapping flow loop circulation flow and indoor environment is heated or makes working medium along by compressor, outdoor heat exchanger, rectifying
The Auto-cascade cycle flow that column, the first regenerator, the second regenerator, secondary throttling set, main throttling set and indoor heat exchanger connect into
Loop circulation flow defrosts to outdoor heat exchanger, so as to defrost when frosting occurs in outdoor heat exchanger to it, with
Improve the operational efficiency of heat pump;Meanwhile the heating of the heat pump system and defrosting process are Auto-cascade cycle flow, based on throttling dress
The cooperation with regenerator is put, the heating temperature difference and the defrosting temperature difference can be effectively improved.
One specific scheme is parallel with power-on protection pipeline for the both ends of compressor, and power-on protection pipeline includes passing through pipe
Port of export shut-off valve, air accumulator and the input end shut-off valve that road is sequentially connected in series, so that compression function low voltage starting.
Another specific scheme point deposits pipeline to be connected to by rectifying column and compressor chamber, point deposits pipeline and includes fluid reservoir,
One end of fluid reservoir is connected by shut-off valve with the bottom bleed port of rectifying column, the other end by shut-off valve and compressor into
The connection of mouthful end with according to actual needs, point deposits out the extra working medium in part from circuit or when working medium is on the low side in the loop is filled with
Part is stored in the working medium in fluid reservoir, to meet actual condition needs.In addition, pipeline is deposited in performance loop using this point
Working medium concentration is adjusted, to optimize operating mode.
One preferred scheme is selected from hand expansion valve, electric expansion valve, capillary or heating power expansion valve for throttling set.
Another preferred scheme is selected from frequency-changeable compressor or invariable frequency compressor for compressor.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structure chart of the embodiment of the present invention 1;
Fig. 2 is the structure chart of the embodiment of the present invention 2;
Fig. 3 is the structure chart of the embodiment of the present invention 3.
Specific embodiment
With reference to embodiments and its attached drawing the invention will be further described.
Embodiment 1
Referring to Fig. 1, this two-way self-cascade heat pump system includes the compressor 1 connected by pipeline between port, indoor heat exchange
Device 2, rectifying column 3, the first regenerator 41, the second regenerator 42, secondary throttling set 43, main throttling set 5, outdoor heat exchanger 6, the
One four-way valve 7 and the second four-way valve 8;It is worked based on non-azeotropic mixed working medium.
The D ports of first four-way valve 7 are connected with the port of export of compressor 1, and S ports and the port of export of main throttling set 5 connect
Logical, E ports are connected with the input end of outdoor heat exchanger 6, and C-terminal mouth is connected with the input end of indoor heat exchanger 2.
The D ports of second four-way valve 8 are connected with the port of export of outdoor heat exchanger 6, S ports and the outlet of indoor heat exchanger 2
End connection, E ports are connected with the input end of rectifying column 3, and the input end of the cold fluid pass of C-terminal mouth and the second regenerator 42 connects
It is logical.
The input end of the zone of heat liberation of first regenerator 41 is connected with the top vent port of rectifying column 3, the port of export with
The input end connection of the zone of heat liberation of second regenerator 42;The input end of cold fluid pass is filled by triplate line and chromaffin body stream
The port of export connection of 43 port of export and the cold fluid runner of the second regenerator 42 is put, the port of export is changed by the kettle top of rectifying column 3
Input end after hot device with compressor 1 connects.The input end of main throttling set 5 goes out with the zone of heat liberation of the second regenerator 42
The connection of mouth end, the input end of secondary throttling set 43 are connected with the bottom bleed port of rectifying column 3.
By connecting the D ports of the first four-way valve 7 and the D ports of the second four-way valve 8 of C-terminal mouth and connection and C-terminal mouth, (1)
Start compressor 1, working medium is compressed into high temperature and high pressure gas, and exported by pipeline, flow through the D ports of the first four-way valve 7
With C-terminal mouth, heat exchanger 2 is got in, is heated by carrying out heat exchange with indoor medium, working medium is partially condensated as liquid in itself
Body;(2) working medium that gas-liquid two-phase coexists flows through the S ports of the second four-way valve 8 and E ports in the case where the conveying of follow-up working medium promotes,
Into rectifying column 3;In rectifying column 3, main component is the working medium of the low boiling component in mixed working fluid from the top of rectifying column 3
Exhaust port is discharged, and the zone of heat liberation of zone of heat liberation, the second regenerator 42 followed by the first regenerator 41 carries out two
By main 5 throttling refrigeration of throttling set after secondary precooling, and flow through the S ports of the first four-way valve 7 and E ports enter outdoor heat exchanger 6
Heat in middle absorption outdoor environment;Working medium through outdoor heat exchange flows through the D ends of the second four-way valve 8 under the promotion of follow-up working medium
Into the cold fluid pass of the second regenerator 42, precooling again is carried out with the gas to 3 top discharge of rectifying column for mouth and C-terminal mouth;
And the mixture containing more high boiling component throttles by secondary throttling set 43 and makes from 3 bottom bleed port outflow of rectifying column
Enter the cold fluid pass of the first regenerator 41 after being mixed after cold with the cold fluid of the second regenerator 42 outlet, rectifying column 3 is pushed up
The gas of portion's discharge carries out precooling for the first time, and flows through rectifying column 3 and flow back to compressor 1 and complete epicycle heating Xun Huan.In the cycling
In flow, absorbed heat by working medium from outside and internally heat release, entire circuit form heating circuit, be self-cascade heat pump flow;
During Xun Huan is heated herein, indoor heat exchanger 2 forms condenser, and outdoor heat exchanger 6 forms evaporator.
By connecting the D ports of the first four-way valve 7 and the D ports of the second four-way valve 8 of E ports and connection and E ports, (1)
Start compressor 1, working medium is compressed into high temperature and high pressure gas, and pass through Pipeline transport, flow through D ports and the E of the first four-way valve 7
Port into outdoor heat exchanger 6, is defrosted, part working medium is condensed into liquid by carrying out heat exchange with medium in external environment
Body;(2) working medium after exchanging heat flows through the D ports of the second four-way valve 8 and E ports, into rectifying column 3;In rectifying column 3, mainly
Ingredient is that the exhaust port at working medium from 3 top of rectifying column of the low boiling component in mixed working fluid is discharged, followed by first time
The zone of heat liberation of hot device 41, the zone of heat liberation of the second regenerator 42 are throttled system after carrying out precooling twice by main throttling set 5
It is cold, and flow through the S ports of the first four-way valve 7 and C-terminal mouth gets in the heat absorbed in heat exchanger 2 in indoor environment;Through room
The working medium of interior heat exchange flows through the S ports of the second four-way valve 8 and C-terminal mouth under the promotion of follow-up working medium, into the second regenerator 42
Cold fluid pass, precooling again is carried out with the gas to the discharge of the top of rectifying column 3;And the mixing containing more high boiling component
Object is cold with the outlet of the second regenerator 42 after secondary 43 throttling refrigeration of throttling set from 3 bottom bleed port outflow of rectifying column
Enter the cold fluid pass of the first regenerator 41 after fluid mixing, precooling for the first time is carried out to the gas of 3 top discharge of rectifying column, and
It flows through rectifying column 3 and flows back to compressor 1 and complete epicycle defrosting Xun Huan.In the circulation process, by working medium by the part of indoor
Heat is brought to outdoor heat exchanger 6 for defrosting, and entire circuit forms defrosting circuit, for Auto-cascade cycle defrosting flow;Xun Huan is removed herein
In the process of frost, indoor heat exchanger 2 forms evaporator, and outdoor heat exchanger 6 forms condenser.
Heat with during defrosting, can by adjusting with the aperture that sets main throttling set 5 and secondary throttling set 43 with
Heating and defrosting temperature needed for control.
Wherein, frequency-changeable compressor or invariable frequency compressor can be selected in compressor 1;Air heat-exchange, water can be selected in indoor heat exchanger 2
The heat exchange modes such as medium heat exchange or radiation heat transfer, outdoor heat exchanger 6 may be selected using the heat exchange such as air heat-exchange or water-borne heat exchange
Mode, specific heat exchange mode are specifically determined by use demand and condition;Secondary throttling set 43 can be selected manual with main throttling set 5
Expansion valve, electric expansion valve, capillary or heating power expansion valve.
In the present embodiment, the control unit formed using two four-way valves being distributed in pipeline, to control from compression
Machine output working medium flow direction with allow working medium towards heating loop circulation flow and formed heating cycle or towards defrosting circuit cycle stream
Dynamic and form defrosting cycle, i.e., heating cycle and defrosting cycle are Auto-cascade cycle flow, and in cyclic process is heated working medium from
Indoor heat exchanger flows to outdoor heat exchanger, and working medium flows to indoor heat exchanger from outdoor heat exchanger in the cyclic process that defrosts, from
And two-way self-cascade heat pump system is formed, thus achieve the purpose that heating/defrosting in systems, you can in outdoor heat exchanger knot
White when seriously causing the heat exchange efficiency to decline, inverted running realizes the defrosting of outside, this way reduce initial cost cost and
Operation energy consumption simplifies equipment;And it can realize that 75 DEG C or more of the big temperature difference heats by the cooperation of regenerator and throttling set.
Embodiment 2
As the explanation to the embodiment of the present invention 2, the difference only pair with above-described embodiment 1 illustrates below.
Referring to Fig. 2, power-on protection pipeline is parallel at the both ends of compressor 1, which includes air accumulator 13,
One end of air accumulator 13 is connected by shut-off valve 11 with the input end of compressor 1, and the other end passes through shut-off valve 12 and compressor 1
The port of export connects, and during work, by the control to shut-off valve 11,12 open/close states, 1 two-port of compressor is bypassed, with
Compressor 1 is made to start under low-voltage load.
Embodiment 3
As the explanation to the embodiment of the present invention 3, the difference only pair with above-described embodiment 1 illustrates below.
Referring to Fig. 3, other be connected to point deposits pipeline between rectifying column 3 and compressor 1, this point, which deposits pipeline, includes fluid reservoir 92, stores up
One end of flow container 92 is connected by shut-off valve 91 with the bottom bleed port of rectifying column 3, and the other end passes through shut-off valve 93 and compression
The input end connection of machine 1.Pass through the control to two shut-off valve open/close states, in the loop during working medium surplus, the storage part division of labor
Matter;And working medium is filled with into circuit when working medium is on the low side, to ensure circuit operational efficiency.In addition, the master of rectifying column bottom storage
To be the high boiling component in mixed working fluid, it is high boiling component in mixed working fluid to make to store in fluid reservoir 91, therefore can
Working medium concentration in system is adjusted, to optimize the working condition of heat pump.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of two-way self-cascade heat pump system, is worked based on non-azeotropic mixed working medium, which is characterized in that including compression
Machine, indoor heat exchanger, rectifying column, the first regenerator, the second regenerator, secondary throttling set, main throttling set, outdoor heat exchanger,
First four-way valve and the second four-way valve;
The D ports of first four-way valve are connected with the port of export of the compressor, E ports and the import of the outdoor heat exchanger
End connection, S ports are connected with the port of export of the main throttling set, and C-terminal mouth is connected with the input end of the indoor heat exchanger;Institute
The D ports for stating the second four-way valve are connected with the port of export of the outdoor heat exchanger, and E ports and the input end of the rectifying column connect
Logical, S ports are connected with the port of export of the indoor heat exchanger, the input end of C-terminal mouth and the second regenerator cold fluid pass
Connection;
The input end of the zone of heat liberation of first regenerator is connected with the top vent port of the rectifying column, and cold fluid is led to
The port of export in road is connected by the kettle top heat exchanger of the rectifying column with the input end of the compressor;Second regenerator
The port of export of zone of heat liberation is connected with the input end of the main throttling set;The bottom bleed port of the rectifying column with it is described
The input end of the cold fluid pass of first regenerator is connected by the secondary throttling set.
2. two-way self-cascade heat pump system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The both ends of the compressor are parallel with power-on protection pipeline, and the power-on protection pipeline includes what is be sequentially connected in series by pipeline
Port of export shut-off valve, air accumulator and input end shut-off valve.
3. two-way self-cascade heat pump system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
It is connected to by the rectifying column and the compressor chamber and point deposits pipeline, depositing pipeline for described point includes fluid reservoir, the fluid reservoir
One end connected by shut-off valve with the bottom bleed port of the rectifying column, the other end passes through shut-off valve and the compressor
Input end connects.
4. two-way self-cascade heat pump system according to claim 3, it is characterised in that:
The both ends of the compressor are parallel with power-on protection pipeline, and the power-on protection pipeline includes what is be sequentially connected in series by pipeline
Port of export shut-off valve, air accumulator and input end shut-off valve.
5. the two-way self-cascade heat pump system according to any one of Claims 1-4 claim, it is characterised in that:
Throttling set is hand expansion valve, electric expansion valve, capillary or heating power expansion valve.
6. the two-way self-cascade heat pump system according to any one of Claims 1-4 claim, it is characterised in that:
The compressor is frequency-changeable compressor or invariable frequency compressor.
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CN201710751437.2A CN108061403A (en) | 2017-08-28 | 2017-08-28 | A kind of two-way self-cascade heat pump system |
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CN201710751437.2A CN108061403A (en) | 2017-08-28 | 2017-08-28 | A kind of two-way self-cascade heat pump system |
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109668381A (en) * | 2018-12-13 | 2019-04-23 | 中原工学院 | A kind of vacuum freezing drying device using mixed non-azeotropic refrigerant |
CN111043785A (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2020-04-21 | 浙江大学 | Rectification type self-cascade refrigeration system with precooling function |
CN111043783A (en) * | 2019-12-27 | 2020-04-21 | 浙江大学 | Self-cascade refrigeration system for trapping cryogenic water vapor and control method |
CN113715574A (en) * | 2021-07-29 | 2021-11-30 | 西安交通大学 | Transcritical carbon dioxide electric vehicle thermal management system and frostless control method thereof |
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US3938349A (en) * | 1973-09-21 | 1976-02-17 | Daikin Kogyo Co., Ltd. | Refrigerating apparatus with superheat control |
CN1590927A (en) * | 2003-09-05 | 2005-03-09 | Lg电子株式会社 | Air conditioner comprising heat exchanger and means for switching cooling cycle |
CN104857903A (en) * | 2014-02-21 | 2015-08-26 | 中国科学院工程热物理研究所 | Chemical heat pump unit containing reactive distillation column and tandem exothermic reactors |
CN106924988A (en) * | 2017-01-25 | 2017-07-07 | 浙江大学 | A kind of rectification type Auto-cascade cycle low-temperature condensing vapour piece-rate system with cold recovery |
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Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPS4923335B1 (en) * | 1967-07-24 | 1974-06-14 | ||
US3938349A (en) * | 1973-09-21 | 1976-02-17 | Daikin Kogyo Co., Ltd. | Refrigerating apparatus with superheat control |
CN1590927A (en) * | 2003-09-05 | 2005-03-09 | Lg电子株式会社 | Air conditioner comprising heat exchanger and means for switching cooling cycle |
CN104857903A (en) * | 2014-02-21 | 2015-08-26 | 中国科学院工程热物理研究所 | Chemical heat pump unit containing reactive distillation column and tandem exothermic reactors |
CN106924988A (en) * | 2017-01-25 | 2017-07-07 | 浙江大学 | A kind of rectification type Auto-cascade cycle low-temperature condensing vapour piece-rate system with cold recovery |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109668381A (en) * | 2018-12-13 | 2019-04-23 | 中原工学院 | A kind of vacuum freezing drying device using mixed non-azeotropic refrigerant |
CN111043783A (en) * | 2019-12-27 | 2020-04-21 | 浙江大学 | Self-cascade refrigeration system for trapping cryogenic water vapor and control method |
CN111043785A (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2020-04-21 | 浙江大学 | Rectification type self-cascade refrigeration system with precooling function |
CN111043785B (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2021-02-09 | 浙江大学 | Rectification type self-cascade refrigeration system with precooling function |
CN113715574A (en) * | 2021-07-29 | 2021-11-30 | 西安交通大学 | Transcritical carbon dioxide electric vehicle thermal management system and frostless control method thereof |
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Application publication date: 20180522 |